Sugar Drip Research Articles

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) a potential biofuel feedstock: Analysis of cultivar performance in the Mid-Atlantic

Abstract Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) was tested as a potential biofuel crop in the U.S. Mid-Atlantic. All studies were conducted on private farmland in Wicomico Co., on Maryland's Eastern Shore. In total, twelve cultivars were tested: Dale, Della, E2324, High Kane II, Keller, KN Morris, M81E, Mennonite, Simon, Sugar Drip, Theis and Topper 76-6. Eight cultivars were grown each year, over three years, and poorly performing cultivars were replaced. The five cultivars with the highest potential as biofuel feedstocks were Dale, Della, Keller, KN Morris and M81E. Biomass ranged from 52.9 to 64.1 Mg ha−1, juice volume from 14.0 to 22.8 Mg ha−1, Brix from 13.1 to 15.1 and theoretical ethanol yield from 1000 to 1149 L ha−1. Theoretical ethanol yield was ca. ⅓ that of grain corn grown in Maryland over the study period (2776–3798 L ha−1). Of these cultivars, Della, M81E and KN Morris had the highest grain yield (1.94–2.41 Mg ha−1). Further studies should focus on increasing ethanol yield through the improvement of agronomic practices, efficient juice extraction and the use of the “whole-crop” (juice, grain and bagasse) to generate ethanol. Potential problems for growers include lodging, particularly in areas with high winds, and grain loss to birds.

Aggressiveness of Colletotrichum sublineola Strains from Sorghum bicolor and S. halepense to Sweet Sorghum Variety Sugar Drip, and Their Impact on Yield.

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) has been grown in the southeastern United States for more than 150 years on a relatively limited scale, primarily for forage and for the production of table syrup. However, interest in the crop has increased recently due to its potential as a feedstock for biofuels. Colletotrichum sublineola is the causal agent of anthracnose on cultivated sorghum and on the wild sorghum relative Johnsongrass (S. halepense). Anthracnose is an important disease of grain sorghum worldwide, but little is known about its impact on sweet sorghum in the U.S. The aggressiveness of four C. sublineola isolates collected from sweet and grain sorghum and from Johnsongrass at various locations across Kentucky was measured as disease incidence and severity on the susceptible heirloom sweet sorghum inbred Sugar Drip in inoculated field trials. The isolate from sweet sorghum was the most aggressive, while the two Johnsongrass isolates caused only minimal disease symptoms. Disease incidences of up to 99%, and severities of up to 16.7% of leaf area affected, had no negative effect on the yield of biomass, grain, juice, or Brix. Removal of sorghum seed heads increased Brix in the stalks and leaves, but did not affect susceptibility to anthracnose. The same group of fungal isolates was evaluated for aggressiveness in greenhouse assays on juvenile plants, and in the laboratory on seedlings and detached leaf sheaths. These protocols will be useful for prescreening sorghum germplasm for new sources of resistance or for characterizing the aggressiveness of new fungal isolates.

Influence of late planting on light interception, radiation use efficiency and biomass production of four sweet sorghum cultivars

As a measure of a plants ability to convert solar energy into biomass, radiation use efficiency (RUE) can be used to compare species and genotypes within species. Despite considerable research on RUE of biofuel species, few reports on sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) RUE are available. Radiation use efficiency and biomass yield of four sweet sorghum genotypes (‘Dale’, ‘M 81E’, ‘Topper 76-6’, and ‘Sugar Drip’) was assessed in response to two late planting dates in a two-year study. The late planting dates would coincide with abandoning double-crop plantings of soybean following wheat. Aboveground biomass yield and RUE (gbiomassMJ−1 intercepted photosynthetically active radiation (IPAR)) was measured every two weeks beginning four weeks after planting. Two estimates of RUE were calculated differing only in growth periods used (emergence to anthesis [EA] and during rapid linear growth [Max]). Biomass yields, EA, and Max RUE were similar between years and sorghum cultivars, but differed between planting dates. Early-July plantings resulted in greater RUE than mid-July plantings. Averaged across cultivars at the first planting date both years EA and Max RUE were 3.11 and 3.96gMJ−1IPAR, respectively, compared to 2.40 (EA RUE) and 2.79gMJ−1IPAR (Max RUE) at the second planting date. Mean biomass yield across years and cultivars was 10.67 and 8.63Mgha−1 at the first and second planting dates, respectively. These results confirm expected decreases in RUE and biomass production of late-planted sweet sorghum, but also illustrate that, even when planted late, sweet sorghum efficiently converts intercepted PAR to biomass.

Nitrogen Rate and Variety Impact Diseases and Yield of Sorghum for Biofuel

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is a potential bioenergy feedstock, for which the disease threat is unknown. Impact of N rate on aboveground dry matter (ADM), total fermentable sugar concentration (°Bx), total fermentable sugar yield (TFSY), and diseases on sweet, forage, and silage/grain sorghum varieties was evaluated in 2009, 2010, and 2011 on rainfed sites in southwest Alabama. A factorial design arranged in a split plot with four replications of 22, 44, 88, and 132 kg ha−1 N as the main plot and variety as subplots was used. Dale and M81‐E sweet sorghum were grown in all years, SS405 forage and NK300 silage/grain sorghum replaced Sugar Drip sweet and SS1515 silage/grain sorghum in 2010 and 2011, respectively. No significant N rate or N rate × variety interaction for any variable was noted. Variety impacted plant population, ADM, TFSY, and °Bx. Mean ADM and TFSY peaked at 32.0 Mg ha−1 for M81‐E and 3.78 Mg ha−1 for Dale. Despite a lower ADM than M81‐E, Dale had higher °Bx and TFSY. Sugar Drip, SS1515, and NK300 had low biomass and sugar yields. Anthracnose, rough leaf spot, and zonate leaf spot severity differed by variety. Severe anthracnose occurred on SS405 and less so on M81E, while the remaining varieties suffered limited rough leaf spot and/or zonate leaf spot damage. As potential bioenergy feedstocks for the Southeast, Dale and M‐81E had comparable ADM along with higher TFSY and °Bx with restricted disease, while anthracnose poses a significant roadblock to forage sorghum feedstock utilization.

Ethanol from sweet sorghum in a year-round production cycle

Four sweet sorghum varieties, M81E, Sugar Drip, Top 76-6, and Umbrella, were sowed early in the years 2011 and 2012 in two experimental plots located in the Guatemalan Pacific lowlands within the sugarcane-producing region. Three harvests were done, a first cut and two consecutive ratoon crops. Stalk biomass, stalk sugar content, and proportions of individual sugars in the extracted juice were measured. Ethanol production employing simultaneous sugar extraction from stalk particles and fermentation by a commercial yeast strain was carried out in 2011 samples from the first harvest and second ratoon crop. Fresh stalk biomass productivity was the same for the first harvest and the first ratoon crop, but it was dependent on variety and site. The second ratoon crop diminished drastically without exception. Considering only two harvests per year, Top 76-6 had the best overall productivity with a rounded average of 47 Mg/ha/harvest, equivalent to 94 Mg/ha/year, and the higher sugar productivity, equal to 5,285 kg/ha/harvest or approximately 11 Mg/ha/year. Proportions of individual sugars at harvest varied among varieties, sites, and year, and three sample groups were identified by hierarchical clustering. An inverse correlation was found between stalk sugar content and the ratio between hexoses and sucrose at harvest, implying that the smaller the ratio, the higher the sugar content. Ethanol production was between 200 and 250 g/ethanol/kg of dry stem for Sugar Drip, Top 76-6, and Umbrella varieties for first harvest samples. The data for the second ratoon crop was lower for all varieties and sites. Ethanol productivity was higher for Umbrella and Top 76-6 and equal to approximately 2,500 L/ha/harvest.

Juice, Ethanol, and Grain Yield Potential of Five Sweet Sorghum (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> [L.] Moench) Cultivars

Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) accumulates fermentable sugars in the stem and is increasingly being studied as a potential source of feedstock for bioethanol production. The objective of this study was to evaluate biomass and grain yield in five sweet sorghum cultivars (Dale, M81E, Sugar Drip, Della and Keller) and to determine quality of extractable juice and grain. Randomized complete block experiments were performed in the summer of 2009, 2010, and 2011. Leaf dry weight varied with year and cultivar and averaged 6177 kg·ha-1. Fresh stem weight ranged from 21 to 54 Mg·ha-1 with a mean across years and cultivars of 32.9 Mg·ha-1. Variations in stem weight were correlated with extractable juice volumes that ranged from 10 to 24 m3·ha-1. Juice Brix values fell within a narrow range (14% - 19%) across years and cultivars with an average of 15.6%. In all production years, theoretical sugar and ethanol yield were always numerically higher for Keller and M81E. Grain yield was lowest in Keller (90 kg·ha-1), but ranged from 400 to 1300 kg·ha-1 in other cultivars with a mean of 584 kg·ha-1 across years. However, Keller had the highest starch content with a lower proportion of resistant starch in the grain. Except for Keller, the cultivars tested are potential sources of both fermentable sugars and grain.

간척지 토양에서 바이오에탄올용 단수수 유전자원의 생육특성

농업유전자원센터 및 국외에서 수집한 단수수 유전자원 140품종을 대상으로 주요 형질변이를 탐색하여 우리나라 간척지 토양에 알맞는 품종을 선정하고 아울러 단수수 품종 육성에 필요한 기초 자료를 얻고자 수행한 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 간척지 토양에서 단수수의 작물학적 생육특성은 간장 175 cm, 수장 26 cm, 절수 9개, 경태 11.6 mm, 생경중 12.1 톤/ha, 출수소요일수 96일이었다. 2. 바이오에탄올 생산에 크게 영향하는 당도 범위는 5.7~23.5 Brix였고, 평균 14.1 Brix였으며, 20 Brix를 초과하는 고 당도 품종은 Sugar Drip Cane Seed(23.5 Brix), Indiana Amber(21.4 Brix), Dwarf Blackhull Kafir(21.7)이었으며, 고 당도 품종육성에 유망한 유전자원이었다. 3. 생경중의 범위는 20~50 톤/ha이었고, 평균 12.1 톤/ha이었으며, 생경중 30톤/ha 이상으로 높은 품종은 Honey (50.3 톤/ha), IS8012(36.6 톤/ha), Dwarf Blackhull Kafir(35.3 톤/ha) 등 이었다. 4. 주요 형질간의 상관관계는 간장과 수장, 절수, 경태, 생경중, 출수소요일수 간에, 절수와 경태, 생경중 간에 고도로 유의한 정의 상관을 나타내었다. 5. 생경중은 간장, 절수, 경태, 출수소요일수와 고도로 유의한 정의 상관을 나타내었다. Variation of major characteristics of 140 sweet sorghum germplasm which had been collected from domestic and foreign countries were investigated to study the possibility of bioethanol production in reclamed soil of Korea. Averages of culm length, ear length, the number of nodes, stem diameter, fresh weight yield, and growth duration from seeding to heading were 175 cm, 26 cm, 9, 11.6 mm, 12.1 t/ha, and 96 days, respectively. Sugar content, which has a great effect on bioethanol, ranged from 5.7 to 23.5 Brix (average 14.1 Brix). Sugar contents of selected two varieties were more than 20 Brix. Fresh weight yield ranged from 20 to 50 t/ha (average 12.1 t/ha). Fresh weight yield of selected three varieties were more than 30 t/ha. Culm length showed highly significant positive correlation with the ear length, the number of nodes, stem diameter, fresh weight yield, and growth duration from seeding to heading. The number of node showed highly significant positive correlation with stem diameter and fresh weight yield. Fresh weight yield showed highly significant positive correlation with culm length, the number of nodes, stem diameter, and growth duration from seeding to heading.

Evaluation of Public Sweet Sorghum A-Lines for Use in Hybrid Production

A fundamental need for commercialization of sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] as a bioenergy crop is an adequate seed supply, which will require development of hybrid varieties using dwarf seed-parent lines. A set of six public sweet sorghum A-lines (Dwarf Kansas Sourless, KS9, N36, N38, N39, and N4692) were crossed with a set of six public sweet sorghum cultivars (Brawley, Kansas Collier, Dale, Sugar Drip, Waconia, and Wray). Grain, fiber, and sugar yields were determined, and conversion formulas were applied to estimate ethanol yields. Hybrids were grown in fields at Ithaca, NE, USA, in 1983–1984 fertilized with 112 kg ha−1 N. In terms of yield components and overall ethanol yields, one A-line, N38, was inferior. Average total ethanol yields from hybrids made on the other A-lines were not significantly different, suggesting that any of those five A-lines could be useful seed-parents. With the exception of grain yield, cultivars used as pollen parents were among the highest-performing entries for all traits. For all traits directly contributing to total ethanol yield (grain yield, juice yield, % soluble solids, sugar yield, fiber yield), hybrids were also among the highest-performing entries. Results of this study demonstrate that hybrid sweet sorghum with performance criteria equivalent to existing sweet sorghum cultivars can be produced on the sweet sorghum seed-parent lines A-Dwarf Kansas Sourless, A-KS9, A-N36, A-N39, and A-N4692. Identification of specific seed-parent × pollen parent lines with characteristics best suited for particular growing regions and end-user needs will be critical for commercial hybrid development.

Heterosis in Sweet Sorghum and Selection of a New Sweet Sorghum Hybrid for Use in Syrup Production in Appalachia

ABSTRACTAlthough heterosis is well established in grain and forage sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], reports of heterosis in sweet sorghum are limited to results from grain sorghum × sweet sorghum hybrids. Recent development of cytoplasmic male‐sterile sweet sorghum lines allows creation of sweet sorghum hybrids for research and industry. Male sterility may also affect allocation of photosynthate to plant parts, creating the potential to increase sugar content in stems by eliminating seed as a sink. The objectives of this study were to compare performance of A3 cytoplasmic male‐sterile lines and A3 cytoplasmic male‐sterile hybrids to fertile B3 counterparts and to each other. A3 cytoplasmic male‐sterile ‘Dale’, ‘Wray’, ‘Sugar Drip’, and N100 were crossed in all combinations to their male‐fertile counterparts, resulting in 20 genotypes including the male‐fertile lines. The 20 genotypes were grown in a randomized complete block in 2004 and 2005 at Lexington, KY. Male‐sterile hybrids and lines had higher brix than male‐fertile lines. Hybrids produced greater stalk yield due to taller plants with greater stem diameter. Juice fraction and juice composition remained relatively unchanged. Only six hybrids showed positive heterosis for brix. The greater juice yield and higher sugar content of selected hybrids such as A3 N100 × Dale could produce more total syrup or ethanol than current pure‐line sweet sorghum varieties.

Simulating Forage Sorghum Yields with SORKAM

AbstractA validated crop model can be a valuable tool for evaluating new production and management practices, particularly for crops routinely grown in environments that produce large variation in field performance tests. Previous work has been done to validate SORKAM a crop growth model for grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench]. The purpose of this study was to determine the ability of SORKAM to simulate forage sorghum yields for a wide range of environmental conditions. Data for the simulations used in the validation process were taken from performance tests for four cultivars (‘Early Sumac’, ‘Atlas’, ‘Sugar Drip’, and ‘Canex’) conducted at two sites in Kansas over 25 yr. Simulated bloom date, grain, stover, and total dry matter yields were regressed on measured data. The SORKAM model simulated bloom dates without bias; however, the root mean square error (RMSE) was 8 d, and the model tended to overestimate bloom date under conditions of water deficit. The model generally overpredicted yields of the four cultivars for grain (bias = 3.2 Mg ha−1), stover (bias = 2.0 Mg ha−1), and total dry matter (bias = 5.2 Mg ha−1). In addition to overestimation of total dry matter production, weaknesses in the SORKAM model in simulating forage sorghum growth included inability to simulate phenological development accurately under moisture deficit stress and to partition dry matter into grain and stover. These problems must be resolved before SORKAM can be used to address management decisions.

Production of Normal Panicles by Sorghum Plants Systemically Infected by Downy Mildew in Zimbabwe

The general belief is that sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) plants systemically infected by downy mildew, caused by Perono-sclerospora sorghi (Weston & Uppal) C. G. Shaw, produce either no panicles or sterile panicles. During 1986-1987, 25 systemically infected plants from each of 13 moderately susceptible sorghum selections were tested for panicle production. A sandwich technique was used to inoculate germinating seeds with conidia of P. sorghi, and the seeds were planted in pots. Incidence of systemic downy mildew among selections ranged from IS to 30%. Only the diseased plants in each selection were retained. All infected plants had at least the five uppermost leaves severely infected with abundant conidia at heading. Leaf shredding occurred in some selections. All infected plants produced seed; most panicles had full seed set. The seeds were well filled and viable (90% germination). About 200 plants of each of three highly susceptible cultivars—Sugar Drip, Marupantse, and DMS 652 — were also tested for this trait in a downy mildew nursery. Incidence of the disease in these cultivars ranged from 44 to 72%. Normal panicles were produced by 4% of diseased Marupantse plants, 66% of diseased Sugar Drip plants, and 70% of diseased DMS 652 plants. This appears to be the first report of the production of normal panicles by sorghum plants systemically infected by downy mildew.

Título en español

La línea androestéril de sorgo A Rhodesian (Sorghum arundinaceum) se cruzó con dos yerbas sudan (S. sudanense) "Sweet Sudan" (TX 372) y "Piper", y seis sorgos forrajeros (S. bicolor (L.) Moench), "Sugar Drip". "Brawley", "Roma", "Collier", "Sumac" y "Meridian" (Mer.) 55-1 . Los ocho F1 y los ocho progenitores masculinos se evaluaron en términos de forraje verde (GF), forraje seco (DF), materia seca (DM), proteína bruta (CP), número de cañas, altura de la planta, proporción de hoja a caña y potencial de ácido cianhídrico (HCN-p) a los 60 días. El análisis de HCN-p se hizo a los 45 días. Se cortó tres veces: el primero a los 60 días de sembrar y los siguientes cada 60 días. La heterosis se estudió en todos los caracteres. Las producciones de GF y DF fueron más altas en el segundo corte de 60 días en todos los genotipos al compararlas con las del primer corte. La CP fue más alta en el primer corte. Los híbridos fueron los mejores productores en todos los cortes; fueron superiores a los progenitores masculinos en casi todos los caracteres, excepto la proporción hoja/tallo, CP y HCN-p, a los 45 y 60 días. Al combinarse los tres cortes, el análisis de varianza mostró diferencias significativas entre genotipos en todos los caracteres, excepto DM en el caso de los progenitores masculinos. Los híbridos F1 de A Rhodesian x Sumac y A Rhodesian x Roma fueron los mejores productores en términos de GF y DF. El sorgo forrajero Sugar Drip fue el mejor productor entre los progenitores masculinos. La producción de DF de los híbridos sobrepasó la de los progenitores masculinos en un 19%. La producción de DF de aproximadamente 19 t/ha de los híbridos arriba indicados compara favorablemente con los mejores sorgos forrajeros disponibles. Se observó heterosis en los caracteres más importantes. El híbrido F1 A Rhodesian x Piper, arrojó los valores más altos, 60 y 97% más DF que el promedio de los padres y del padre con la heterosis mayor, respectivamente. Los altos rendimientos de DF, el bajo contenido de ácido cianhídrico y el excelente contenido de proteína de los mejores híbridos, hace de estos genotipos material con un buen potencial para usarlos en un programa de cultivo intensivo en el trópico. Según se demostró en un estudio anterior, la yerba sudan a Rhodesian mostró ser una línea androestéril con excelentes potencialidades para usarla en el desarrollo de híbridos de sorgo forrajero en Puerto Rico. Este trabajo se llevó a cabo en la línea experimental de la Estación de Investigaciones en Agricultura Tropical del Departamento de Agricultura de los Estados Unidos en lsabela, Puerto Rico.

Título en español

En la finca experimental MIT A de lsabela, Puerto Rico, el pasto sudan androestéril, A Rhodesian, se cruzó con tres pastos sudan (Common, Greenleaf y Piper) y con seis sorgos forrajeros (Sart, Millo Blanco, Bloomless, Forage sorgo X Sugar Drip, Collier y Brawley). Los nueve híbridos F1 se evaluaron en términos de forraje verde (GF), materia seca (DM), y proteína bruta (CP), y altura durante 140 días. El estudio se llevó a cabo en un Oxisol en la zona noroeste de Puerto Rico. Se llevaron a cabo cuatro cortes; el primero a los 45 días después de la siembra y subsiguientemente cada 30 días, aproximademente. Al combinar los cuatro cortes, la producció6n de GF y DF del híbrido A Rhodesian sudan x Common, fue 30% y 29% mejor que los de A Rhodesian x Sart y A Rhodesian x Greenleaf. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre los nueve híbridos en términos de CP, pero la producción de CP fue significativamente más alta en el híbrido A Rhodesian x Common, con 2712 kg/ ha. Los híbridos A Rhodesian X Common y A Rhodesian x Greenleaf fueron en promedio los más altos. Se concluye que el pasto sudan androestéril A Rhodesian, es una línea prometedora con magníficas potencialidades para ser utilizada en el desarrollo de híbridos forrajeros. La producción de DF del híbrido F1 A Rhodesian X Common de sobre 20,000 kg/ha en un período de 140 días o de 143 kg•ha-1 •día-1 con una CP de 14.3% es excelente, especialmente cuando el pasto puede ser cosechado en los trópicos cada 30 días.

Animal Preference and Utilization of Selected Forage Sorghums Grazed in Fall and Winter1

AbstractThis study was initiated to determine forage quality and animal utilization of eight forage sorghum types (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) in situ after frost. Planting date was late to insure that plants would be in the boot to bloom stage by killing frost thus providing high yields of medium to high quality forage.As winter progressed, the available forage, percent digestion, and percent utilization declined for all types. The protein content was not affected during the winter season, but the percent dry matter increased with time. ‘Sugar Drip’ was consistently higher in the amount of forage utilized, in vitro dry matter digestion, and moisture content throughout the winter. ‘Pioneer 931’ produced higher yields than any other type, but was not used as efficiently as some of the other types.The research indicated that it is feasible to graze cured forage sorghums for maintenance rations with reasonably low costs in areas where the winters permit.

Comparative Study of Five Mosaic Virus Isolates Infecting Corn, Johnson Grass, and Sorghum in the United States

Five mosaic virus isolates infecting corn (Zea mays), Johnson grass (Sorghum halepense), or sweet sorghum (S. bicolor) from California, Virginia, Frankfort and Quicksand, Kentucky, and Mississippi, were related serologically on the basis of their reaction with maize dwarf mosaic virus strain A (MDMV-A) antiserum. They were distinct from each other in their effect on plant growth and severity of leaf symptoms on several sweet sorghum cultivars. The Frankfort, Ky., isolate generally produced the most severe leaf chlorosis on cultivars. The Virginia isolate caused a distinctive purplish-black discoloration of leaves of Rio sorghum. The Virginia and Quicksand isolates caused severe stunting of Rio sorghum with frequent killing of the growing points. The California, Quicksand, and Virginia isolates stunted Sugar Drip and Hay Grazer sorghums. Dilution end points distinguished the California, Mississippi, and Virginia isolates, while the thermal death points distinguished the Frankfort and Quicksand isolates. The five isolates were distinct from known strains of sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) based on infectivity in Johnson grass and reactivity with MDMV-A antiserum cross-absorbed so that it no longer reacted with strains A, B, D, E, and H of SCMV

Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies. XVI. The distribution and activity of alpha- and beta- amylases in germinating kaffircorn.

AbstractUnlike barley which possesses β‐amylase activity before germination, sorghum grain is devoid of this enzyme. Both α‐ and β‐amylase are produced during the germination of sorghum and, in any particular malting trial, the ratio of the enzymes to one another remains approximately constant throughout the trial. The actual value at which the ratio remains constant depends on the temperature of the malting and the variety but not on the watering treatment given during malting. The amylase concentration in the embryo is usually higher than in the endosperm but the total amount of amylase in the embryo is much less than in the endosperm. Although the embryo of sorghum is a minor contributor to the total amylase, it contributes more thsn does the embryo of barley to barley malt. The ratio of α‐ to β‐amylase in the embryo differs from that found in the endosperm. In Short Red kaffircorn, a common malting variety, the embryo contained ii significantly lower percentage of αamylase than the endosperm. The opposite was found with the Birdproof and Sugar Drip varieties, the embryo being the richer in αamylase.