Sugar Beet Fields Research Articles

Effect of Harvest Area and Replication on Detection of Treatment Differences in Sugar Beet Field Experiments

Effect of Harvest Area and Replication on Detection of Treatment Differences in Sugar Beet Field Experiments

Effect of Harvest Area and Replication on Detection of Treatment Differences in Sugar Beet Field Experiments

Yield and sucrose determinations from field plot trials are a vital part of sugar beet research programs concerned with breeding, varie­ tal evaluation, soil fertility, disease, pest control, or other aspects of sugar beet production. Various plot sizes and harvest sampling tech­ niques are used, most of which seem to be based on general experience and convenience rather than a systematic evaluation of the errors encountered in such experimentation. Surprisingly , the authors have been unable to locate any recent publications concerning optimum harvest areas, plot size, or the magnitude of differences one might expect to detect using various experimental techniques. In 1942, the ASSBT Standardization Committee recommended that sample areas two rows wide and 30 feet in length be harvested for demonstration strip trials, and for varietal trials that plots two to eight rows wide and 30 to 75 feet in length be used with the entire Flot being harvested if possible (1)3. No justification for these recommendations was given nor were any references made to supporting experimental data. The most recent publications found specifically evaluating the effect of numbers of samples or sample areas on experimental error are those of Immer (3,4,5) . This work represents one of the earliest applications of the analysis of variance to sugar beet research in this country. These papers essentially describe the results of uniformity trials , and while the results are still relevant, it would seem appropriate to evaluate the errors involved under present conditions.

The effect of plant spacing, nitrogen fertilizer and irrigation on the appearance of symptoms and spread of virus yellows in sugar-beet crops

SUMMARYSatisfactory comparisons of the incidence of virus yellows in sugar-beet fields or experimental plots with different amounts of N fertilizer can be made from visual symptoms early in the growing season, but not later because dressings of N fertilizer may then mask or delay the appearance of symptoms. Sugar-beet plants in the field infected with beet mild yellowing virus (BMYV) are less likely to show symptoms than those with beet yellows virus (BYV), and plants with BMYV in the glasshouse often fail to show clear symptoms.Crop yield will be affected by the spread of viruses and colonization of plants by aphids, which in turn are affected by such factors as plant density, nitrogen supply and irrigation. The presence or absence of virus diseases and of aphids should therefore be considered during studies on the effects of these agronomic factors on the growth and yield of sugar beet. Where ample rather than little N fertilizer is used a small increase in the percentage of plants infected with yellows can be expected, and aphids will be more numerous, if plants are not treated with insecticide. Irrigation may also increase yellows incidence (e.g. from 16% to 20% of plants at Broom's Barn in 1967), but any loss of potential yield from increased virus incidence will be small compared with that gained from the use of fertilizer or irrigation. However, plant density can appreciably affect yellows incidence. For example, at Broom's Barn in 1972, 51% of plants in crops with 17500 plants/ha contracted BMYV but only 15 % of plants in crops with 126500 plants/ha. The less dense crop lost 3–4% more of its potential yield due to yellows than the dense crop; this represents a difference due to virus of about 0·25 t sugar/ha.

A Resistance Model to Predict Evapotranspiration and Its Application to a Sugar Beet Field1

AbstractA method is needed to extrapolate the detailed micrometeorological and lysimetric determinations of evapo‐transpiration and its dependence on the microclimate and crop factors to fields where such detailed measurements are not made. The dependence of latent heat flux (LE) from a crop on crop resistance (rc), air resistance (ra), air temperature (Ta), water vapor pressure (ea), and net radiation minus soil heat flux (Rn‐S) was evaluated means of an electrical resistance analogue of the transfer process (referred here as the model) and by means an energy balance equation. The difficulties inherent in the application of the model to both the single leaf and the crop are discussed.The major difficulty in applying the resistance model to a field crop may be that the sinks and sources of latent and sensible heat flux may not be identical within the crop. Hourly LE predicted by the model and determined by the energy balance generally agreed within 5%. Daily totals of LE, evaluated by the two methods, agreed well on all occasions. Despite the objections to use of this model for a crop, it mimicked the behavior of the irrigated sugar beet crop used here. As more detailed data on experimental fields becomes available, the model may prove useful in extrapolation to extensive vegetated areas. It may also be usefully incorporated into larger models of total hydrologic systems in which evapotranspiration is an important component.

DDT, lindane and endrin in some agricultural soils in Finland

The residues of DDT and lindane were determined from 21 sugarbeet fields, and endrin was determined from the soil of 4 gardens. Previously, DDT and lindane have been used widely against sugarbeet pests, and endrin is used to control voles in gardens. The DDT-content (o,p’DDT + p,p’DDT + DDE) of soil samples was in average 0.73 ppm (minimum 0, maximum 2.35 ppm). The amount of DDE was about 5 % of the joint total of o,p’DDT and p,p’DDT. About 21 % (minimum 2 %, maximum 65 %) of the total amount of DDT applied to the field had remained at the time of taking samples. The average lindane content of the soil was 0.08 ppm (minimum 0.008, maximum 0.8 ppm). Of the amount of lindane, which was known to have been applied to the soil, 5—100 % had remained. The average endrin content of samples was 0.12 ppm (minimum 0, maximum 0.25 ppm). From the total amount of endrin applied to the area, 0—55 % was left.

Bionomics ofEmpoasca solanadelong on cotton in southern California

This study was initiated (1963) to obtain bionomical knowledge of Empoasca solana DeLong, the southern garden leafhopper, which could help improve integrated control measures on cotton. The following subjects were investigated in the field: relationship of populations on cotton to those on other crops in the area; seasonal occurrence and abundance; damage to cotton; association of parasites and predators with E. solana; seasonal occurrence and abundance of the parasites; effects of various control measures upon E. solana and the parasites. Laboratory investigations supplemented the field studies, with particular emphasis being placed upon the development of E. solana under controlled environmental conditions, the differentiation of all species of Empoasca found in California cotton fields, and the establishment of the types of injury inflicted upon cotton by the three species most commonly found on this crop in California. It was found that populations of E. solana overwinter in sugar beet fields in California’s southern desert valleys. High population levels are reached in late spring on sugar beets, and the populations move into adjacent cotton fields as sugar beets become unattractive to the leafhoppers. Population levels in cotton fields generally peak in early and mid-summer. The symptoms of feeding by E. solana on cotton include chlorosis and reddening of lower leaves of the plant. As a result of heavy feeding, young bolls and squares are shed and older bolls become soft and spongy. Yields are thus drastically affected. Three hymenopterous parasites were found to attack the egg of E. solana. They are: Abella subflava Girault, Aphelinoidea plutella Girault (Trichogrammatidae), and Anagrus giraulti Crawford (Mymaridae). Only giraulti exhibits an increase in numbers with an increase in the numbers of E. solana. Under controlled environmental conditions, E. solana exhibits its maximum reproductive capacity at 80° F. The developmental period is shorter at 90° F than at 80° F, but the number of eggs produced at 90° F is also drastically reduced. Six species of Empoasca occur on cotton in California. These are E. abrupta DeLong, E. arida DeLong, E. fabae (Harris), E. filamenta DeLong, E. mexara Ross and Moore, and E. solana DeLong. E. abrupta, E. mexara and E. solana occur on cotton primarily in the southern desert valleys while E. arida, E. fabae, and E. filamenta occur on cotton primarily in the San Joaquin Valley. E. abrupta and E. solana are found on cotton in both areas. These species are differentiated on the basis of various morphological characters associated with the male genitalia. Of these species E. abrupta, E. arida, and E. filamenta are primarily mesophyll feeders, while E. fabae and E. solana feed primarily upon phloem tissues. Species causing the most damage, and thus of greatest economic importance on cotton in California, are E. fabae and E. solana, both primarily phloem-feeders.

Turbulent Transport and Energy Balance as Affected by a Windbreak in an Irrigated Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris) Field1

AbstractTurbulent exchange coefficients for sugar beets sheltered by corn windbreaks and unsheltered were calculated by means of an energy balance. Occasionally measurements were made within the boundary layer characteristic of the underlying surfaces at four locations in shelter and in the open field. At such times the coefficients were 25% lower on the average in the sheltered area. These results agree with the few available reports on this subject.Decreased exchange coefficient in the sheltered area acts to suppress the transport of sensible heat. The suppression of upward sensible heat transport in a Great Plains irrigated valley during the morning results in an increase in energy available for consumption as latent heat. During the afternoon, however, when sensible heat is advected to the crop, latent heat flux is lower in the sheltered crop than in the open field. Thus the total daily latent heat flux may be the same in both plots. The sheltered crop is subjected to a reduced evaporative demand, however, during periods when water stress is most likely.

A plot seeder for sugarbeet field experiments

A plot seeder for sugarbeet field experiments

Energy and CO2 Balance of an Irrigated Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris) Field in the Great Plains1

AbstractThe fluxes of latent heat and CO2 above an irrigated sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) field in the North Platte Valley of Nebraska were calculated by means of the energy balance. The advection of sensible heat to the field was large only when strong dry winds predominated or when the field acted as a leading edge of the irrigated river valley.Little evidence was found of midday depression in sugar beet photosynthetic rate. Contrary to reported aerodynamic evaluations of CO2 flux in the field, the energy balance calculations do not reveal a relationship between wind speed and CO2 flux, except for a negative correlation during a dry windy period. This decrease was attributed to increased stomatal resistance.The crop appeared to be light‐saturated at 0.8 cal cm‐2 min‐l short wave radiation. When CO2 flux is corrected for soil CO2 emission and plant respiration, agreement with plant sampling measurements of dry matter increase is good. Water use ranged from 171 g per g dry matter fixed on a cloudy day to an average of 365 g per g dry matter fixed on clear days. Since the sugar beet crop is saturated at less than full sunlight, water use is greater than is necessary for the production obtained.

Needle nematodes (Longidorus spp.) and stubby‐root nematodes (Trichodorus spp.) harmful to sugar beet and other field crops in England

SUMMARY Longidorus attenuatus produces galls at the tips of roots of field crops, including sugar beet, growing in alkaline, sandy soils in eastern England. L. elongatus produces similar, but often larger, galls on the roots of sugar beet and other crops in sandy soils in the W. Midlands and in Fen peats. Trichodorus spp. cause ‘stubby root’ of sugar beet and can feed on many field crops. Seven species of Trichodorus were found in sandy soils in eastern England. L. attenuatus, L. elongatus and Trichodorus spp. aggregate around roots and stunt sugar beet and other crop plants. L. attenuatus is commoner below plough depth than in the topsoil, whereas T. cylindricus, T. pachy‐dermus and T. anemones are more abundant in the topsoil. These nematodes cause some forms of ‘Docking disorder’.

Biology and Relationship of the Leafhopper Aceratagallia calcaris to Yellow Vein Disease of Sugarbeets12

Aceratagallia calcaris Oman was found to be a vector of the sugarbeet yellow vein pathogen, presumably a virus. Vector efficiency was low, and transmission was erratic and unpredictable. Vector efficiency was not increased by using 5 sugarbeet hybrids and 2 inbreds as test plants. Nymphs were capable of acquiring virus. The minimum acquisition-latent period of the virus in the vector was 27-29 days. Sugarbeets showed initial symptoms in an average of 33 days. A. calcaris developed in an average of 34.9 days with 1203 degree-days (base = 45°F). The average preoviposition and oviposition periods were 4 and 55 days, respectively. The average number of eggs per female was 101. Ordinarily A. calcaris did not occur in large numbers in Nebraska sugarbeet fields, and this sparse occurrence coupled with low Vector efficiency produced merely trace amounts of the disease. During the 5-year period (1964-68), yellow vein was economically important only in 1964 when heavy infestations of A. calcaris occurred in central Nebraska.

The effcct of bolting and seed stalk removal on yield and sucrose content of sugarbeets

=The occurrence of seed stalks in commercial sugarbeet fields is generally considered undesirable by both the gTower and company personnel. A small percentage of bolters will make a sugarbeet field look extremely ragged. Growers frequently instruct their labor to remove the seed stalks at the same time they are weeding the beets. Only limited information has beeh published con­ cerning the effect of bolters or the removal of these seed stalks on yield and sucrose content of sugarbeets. The weather in February and the first part of March of 1967 was favorable for the planting of sugarbeets in much of the area in which the Utah-Idaho Sugar Company grows beets. However, in the later part of March, April and part of May it was adverse to planting or gTowing sugarbeets. This adverse weather caused excessive bolting in many of the early planted fields, which afforded an opportunity to evaluate the effect of bolting on the yield and sucrose content of sugarbeets. Experimental P rocedure To fully evaluate the effect of bolting three separate tes ts or three parts of the same test were conducted. The first was to compare beets that had bolted with beets that had not bolted. The second was to compare beets from the same field but with different planting dates where the earlier planting dates had bolting beets and the later date did not. The third was to remove the seed stalks from alternate six-row strips and compare the strips that had the bolters removed vvith strips where the bolters were not removed. All tests were conducted 'with Utah­ Idaho monogerm hybrid #2. Paired Sample Comparisons Samples were gathered intermittently from five fields by selecting two n on-bolting beets with a bolting beet in between, or two bolting beets with a non-bolting beet in between. All samples were taken from areas that had full stands, which meant that the beets adjacent to the sampled beets and the beets in adjacent rows were not more than 15 inches apart with a mini­ mum of 30 paired samples from each field. Four of the selected fields 'were in the Garland, Utah area and one was in the Toppenish, Washington area.

Nutritional conditions in sugarbeet fields of Western United States and chemical composition of leaf and petiole tissue, including minor elements

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Burning Weeds in Drainage Ditches to Suppress Populations of Green Peach Aphids and Incidence of Beet Western Yellows Disease in Sugarbeets12

Burning the weeds in drainage ditches in a 22-squaremile area near sugarbeet fields during the winter reduced subsequent populations of Myzus persicae a (Sulzer) in the fields by 51-91% and the number of diseased beets by 77-84%. The increase in yield was calculated to be 1.5-2.3 tons of beets per acre. Depending on the condition of the ditches, weeds can be burned at a cost of $75-$185 per mile. The cost per acre of beets protected depends on the number of acres in the area. In this study, the area contained 1435 acres, and the cost ranged from $2.50 to $6.85 per acre.

Sugarbeet virus diseases in Arizona, 1965-1968

Methods Monthly disease surveys were conducted in sugarbeet fields throughout the Salt River Valley in central Arizona from November through June of 1965-66, 1966-67 and 1967-68. Six experimental strip-fields were included the first year and 30 com­ mercial fields were surveyed in each of the latter two seasons. In each experimental field, an area of approximately 4300 ft2 was selected for plant-by-plant disease counts. Virus incidence in commercial fields was assessed by counting diseased plants in 20 samples of 50 plants each, situated at equal intervals along two random diagonals of the fields. 1\ew diagonals were traversed each month. Data included the monthly incidence of yellows (beet and western), curly top, beet mosaic, cucumber mosaic, yellow vein and rosette virus diseases . All fields were planted with Spreckels' Sugar Company's curly-top resistant variety S

Influence of Crop Sequence, Nitrogen Fertilizer and Herbicides on Weed Seed Populations in Sugar Beet Fields1

AbstractThe crop sequence in which sugar beets followed beans had lower weed seed populations than did sugar beets following barley and corn. The rate and time of application of nitrogen fertilizer had a significant effect on weed seed numbers in sugar beet fields. Where high levels of N were applied, high densities of weed seed occurred. Chemical weed control treatments significantly reduced populations of all weeds studied when compared to mechanical cultivation treatments. Significant differences between interactions were found for N fertilizer and crop sequence, weed control and crop sequence and weed control and N fertilizer.

テンサイ畑でのヨトウガの生態,特に成虫の発生消長と産卵について

テンサイ畑でのヨトウガの生態,特に成虫の発生消長と産卵について

Cross‐pollination between fields of sugar beet

AbstractTheoretical and experimental data on the travel and deposition of small particles in the atmosphere are used to calculate the cross‐pollination between neighbouring plots of sugar beet grown for seed.If two 20 acre plots are situated at a distance apart of 1,000 m the number of pollen grains falling on one plot which come from the other is about 4 × 10−3 of the number which come from the plot itself. The effect of varying the size and separation of the plots is calculated, and a very approximate estimate of the contribution from background sources of pollen is given.The calculations are made for average meteorological conditions. In moderately unstable conditions the proportion of cross‐pollination between plots is likely to be reduced by about 25 per cent.

Controlling soil crusting in sugar beet fields by applying concentrated sulfuric acid

Controlling soil crusting in sugar beet fields by applying concentrated sulfuric acid

Competitive relationships in virus-infested sugar beet fields

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