Sufficient Rigidity Research Articles

BOIMPY Scaffold: Accessing Ultrahigh Molar Extinction Coefficient AIEgen for SWIR Imaging‐Guided Photothermal Cancer Ablation

AbstractDespite the extensive reporting of versatile aggregation‐induced emission luminogens (AIEgens), boosting their molar extinction coefficient (MEC, ε ≈ 103–104 M−1cm−1) remains a formidable challenge, which poses a significant obstacle to achieving the ceiling of their output performance. In this work, an “aggrandizing absorption reservoir” approach is proposed to designing AIEgens with remarkable photons‐harvesting ability, ultimately enlarging its output performance in terms of short‐wave infrared (SWIR, 900–1700 nm) emission and photothermal effect. For the first time, the (bis‐(borondifluoride)‐8‐imidazodipyrromethene) (BOIMPY) unit, which provides sufficient rigidity and strong electron‐withdrawing ability by employing benzimidazole as a bridging ligand binding two BF2 units, is utilized to fabricate novel AIEgen (TPEB) that exhibits an ultrahigh MEC up to 1.29 × 105 M−1 cm−1 at 828 nm. To the best of knowledge, this is the highest MEC reported among AIEgens with near‐infrared absorption. Thanks to its remarkable photon‐harvesting ability, TPEB exhibits strong fluorescence in the SWIR region and a good photothermal effect. The as‐prepared TPEB NPs are successfully applied for SWIR imaging‐guided photothermal antitumor therapy. The proposed “aggrandizing absorption reservoir” approach provides a novel guideline for designing versatile AIEgens for biomedical applications.

Automatic crack detection method for high-speed railway box girder based on deep learning techniques and inspection robot

Box girders serve as crucial upper-level load-bearing components in high-speed railway simply-supported bridges, requiring sufficient structural rigidity during operation. The occurrence of cracks compromises the overall stiffness of the structure, posing significant safety risks and potentially leading to substantial loss of life and property. Therefore, it is essential to rapidly and accurately detect cracks within the girder structure, particularly in the interior of box girders where access for maintenance by personnel is inconvenient. To address this issue, this paper proposes a robot-based framework for crack detection in high-speed railway box girder, and accurately evaluate the damage status of structures. This comprehensive framework includes an image generation network for generating high-quality crack images, a lightweight object detection algorithm for rapidly identifying crack targets, and a high-precision semantic segmentation algorithm for accurately extracting crack pixels. Comparative analysis with mainstream algorithms validates the superiority of the proposed methods. Moreover, preliminary validation through simulated tests highlights the feasibility of the proposed framework, offering novel method and theoretical support for the intelligent operation and maintenance of high-speed railway bridge structures.

Experimental investigation of EBROG and bore-epoxy anchorage methods used for interior RC beam-column joints strengthened with CFRP sheets

In severe earthquakes, the energy dissipation and ductility capacities of the structures depend on the performance of the beam-column joints where the load transfer is performed. Experiences in past earthquakes have shown that damage occurs in the beam-column joints that do not have sufficient strength and rigidity. In particular, the shear failure observed in deficient detailed joints has caused the collapse of many structures. Joints are effectively retrofitted with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets to increase the earthquake safety of the structures. However, the debonding problem experienced in CFRP sheets significantly affects the efficiency of the applied retrofit and the earthquake behavior of the member. In this study, the retrofit of reinforced concrete beam-column joints with deficient shear strength was carried out with CFRP sheets by using externally bonded reinforcement on grooves (EBROG) and bore-epoxy anchorage methods. These two retrofit methods were applied to effectively utilize the full capacity of CFRP sheets by delaying the debonding. Six ½ scaled reinforced concrete (RC) interior beam–column specimens without transverse reinforcement in the joint core were constructed. One reference and five retrofitted joints were subjected to displacement-controlled cyclic loading. The shear failures in the specimens were delayed until advanced displacement levels. The use of EBROG and bore-epoxy anchorage methods improved the yield load of the specimens by 32 % to 69.05 % compared to the reference specimen. Additionally, significant increases were observed in the initial stiffness, load-carrying, and energy dissipation capacities of the retrofitted specimens up to 68 %, 64 %, and 104 %, respectively. The ductility of the retrofitted specimens increased by approximately 7 % to 26 %. The EBROG and bore-epoxy anchorage methods proved to be highly successful in preventing the early debonding of CFRP sheets. In specimens strengthened with EBROG and bore-epoxy anchorage methods, the displacement values at which the FRP sheets began to debonding approximately doubled. It was concluded that EBROG and bore-epoxy anchorage methods were more effective than the externally bonded reinforcement (EBR) method in improving the overall structural performance of the joints.

Superlarge, Rigidified DNA Tetrahedron with a Y-Shaped Backbone for Organizing Biomolecules Spatially and Maintaining Their Full Bioactivity.

A major impediment to the clinical translation of DNA tiling nanostructures is a technical bottleneck for the programmable assembly of DNA architectures with well-defined local geometry due to the inability to achieve both sufficient structural rigidity and a large framework. In this work, a Y-backbone was inserted into each face to construct a superlarge, sufficiently rigidified tetrahedral DNA nanostructure (called RDT) with extremely high efficiency. In RDT, the spatial size increased by 6.86-fold, and the structural rigidity was enhanced at least 4-fold, contributing to an ∼350-fold improvement in the resistance to nucleolytic degradation even without a protective coating. RDT can be mounted onto an artificial lipid-bilayer membrane with molecular-level precision and well-defined spatial orientation that can be validated using the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) assay. The spatial orientation of Y-shaped backbone-rigidified RDT is unachievable for conventional DNA polyhedrons and ensures a high level of precision in the geometric positioning of diverse biomolecules with an approximately homogeneous environment. In tests of RDT, surface-confined horseradish peroxidase (HRP) exhibited nearly 100% catalytic activity and targeting aptamer-immobilized gold nanoparticles showed 5.3-fold enhanced cellular internalization. Significantly, RDT exhibited a 27.5-fold enhanced structural stability in a bodily environment and did not induce detectable systemic toxicity.

Design, Development and Application of a Modular Electromagnetic Induction (EMI) Sensor for Near-Surface Geophysical Surveys.

Low-frequency electromagnetic induction (EMI) is a non-invasive geophysical method that is based on the induction of electromagnetic (EM) waves into the subsurface to quantify changes in electrical conductivity. In this study, we present an open (design details and software are accessible) and modular system for the collection of EMI data. The instrument proposed allows for the separations between the transmitter to be adjusted and up to four receiving antennas as well as the acquisition frequency (in the range between 3 and 50 kHz) to permit measurements with variable depth of investigation. The sensor provides access to raw data and the software described in this study allows control of the signal processing chain. The design specifications permit apparent conductivity measurements in the range of between 1 mS/m and 1000 mS/m, with a resolution of 1.0 mS/m and with a sampling rate of up to 10 samples per second. The sensor allows for a synchronous acquisition of a time stamp and a location stamp for each data sample. The sensor has a mass of less than 5 kg, is portable and suitable for one-person operation, provides 4 h of operation time on one battery charge, and provides sufficient rigidity for practical field operations.

Изучение вязкоэластичных свойств роговицы у пациентов с субклиническим кератоконусом

Abstrakt Corneal viscoelastic properties in patients with subclinical keratoconus I.V. Dutchin, E.L. Sorokin, Yu.V. Kutuzova, Ia.E. Pashentsev Fyodorov Eye Microsurgery Federal State Institution, Khabarovsk Branch, Khabarovsk, Russian Federation Far-Eastern State Medical University, Khabarovsk, Russian Federation Purpose. To evaluate corneal viscoelastic properties in subclinical keratoconus (SKC), analysis of its association with corneal thickness, and degree of risk of iatrogenic corneal ectasia. Material and methods. The main group consisted of 21 patients with signs SKC according to Pentacam (Oculus, Germany). The control group consisted of 21 patients without signs of subclinical SKC. In both groups, moderate myopia prevailed; groups were comparable in age and gender. A comparative statistical analysis of parameters of topography system Pentacam and corneal viscoelastic properties using the Corvis ST (Oculus, Germany) was carried out. Results. In the main group, the values: Corneal Applanation Velocity1, the Deformation Amplitude, and the Tomographic and Biomechanical Index (TBI) were statistically significantly higher compared to the control group. The values of the radius and the corneal central thickness, on the contrary, had statistically significantly lower values than in the control group. According to the values of the TBI (from 0 to 0.28), in the control group there was a «no obvious risk» of postoperative ectasia. In the main group, the average value of the TBI (0.43) was much higher than in the control group, which indicates weakened protective frames of cornea and risk of iatrogenic corneal ectasia in case of refractive surgery. There was no relationship between corneal thickness and TBI in the main group: r= –0.34 (p=0.13). Despite the signs of SKC in the main group, according to Pentacam, in 74% of eyes the corneal viscoelastic properties had sufficient rigidity for keratorefractive surgery. Conclusion. When selecting patients for keratorefractive surgery, along with assessing the parameters of corneal topography, it is also necessary to evaluate the corneal viscoelastic properties. Key words: subclinical keratoconus; fruste keratoconus; corneal viscoelastic properties, corneal biomechanical properties; iatrogenic corneal ectasia

Experimental response of semi-rigid reinforced concrete beam-column joints with bolted angle dissipating connections

Accelerated building construction is a challenge and opportunity for modern construction techniques such as prefabricated building. However, insufficient connection detail for precast structures resulted in serious damages (even collapse) in past earthquake, which significantly hit the further development of prefabricated building. With satisfactory seismic performance and minimal residual displacement, self-centering joint is an excellent alternative with respect to traditional prefabricated joint. In self-centering system, bolted connections are sufficiently utilized as energy dissipation system. However, the information about connection details is quite limited. Thus, a comprehensive experimental study was conducted to characterize the seismic behavior of semi-rigid reinforced concrete (RC) beam-column joints with bolted angle dissipating connections, namely, semi-rigid joints. Ten full-scale semi-rigid joints were tested under cyclic loading, taking the connection detail as variable. The main configurations of semi-rigid joints based on Eurocode 3 were angle thickness, angle stiffener, bolt diameter, column bolt gauge, rows of beam bolts, and grouting of beam bolts. The test results showed that, by adopting the ductile connection concept, it was possible to produce high ductility and abundant energy dissipation, control damages within the connection zone, and even achieve equivalent monolithic behavior through mobilizing a sufficient rigidity. Feasibility of replacing the damaged connection with a new one with the identical or higher capacity thus obtaining the equivalent or better performance with respect to the original tested joint is also evaluated. Finally, a theoretical model was proposed to evaluate the initial stiffness and bearing capacity of the joints. A good correlation was achieved as comparing to the test results. This research provides significant insight into the performance of precast semi-rigid joints and offers essential data for further investigation of developing design-oriented procedures.

(O-23) EFFECTIVENESS OF COMPREHENSIVE TREATMENT FOR ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION WITH MEDICATION AND SHOCKWAVE THERAPY: A REAL-LIFE STUDY

Abstract Objective To evaluate the effectiveness of adding shockwave therapy to pharmacological treatment in a cohort of men with erectile dysfunction in Colombia and Peru. Methods Observational cohort study. Patient records from those treated for erectile dysfunction in 2022 were reviewed. Patients over 18 years old, without other sexual dysfunctions were included. Changes in the IIEF-EF questionnaire score and the proportion of patients achieving penetration capability (EHS >2) after treatment were assessed. Results 317 patients met the criteria and were included in the analysis. 150 received medication only (group 1) and 167 received shockwave therapy + medication (group 2). The median duration of treatment was 4.8 months for group 1 and 5.6 months for group 2. The initial IIEF-EF score for group 1 was 15.8 (+/-5.4) and the average increase at the end of treatment was 7.35 (+/-5.4) points. In group 2, the initial IIEF-EF was 14.7 (+/-4.9) and the average increase was 7.47 (+/-5.8). At the end of treatment, 39.3% of patients in group 1 and 42.5% in group 2 reported no ED according to the IIEF-EF score. The proportion of patients who could not achieve penetration (EHS <=2) before treatment and achieved sufficient rigidity for penetration (EHS >2) after treatment was 85% in group 1 and 94% in group 2. Conclusions The additional use of shockwave therapy improves the outcomes of pharmacological treatment in patients with ED. Financing Boston Medical Group.

Morphogenesis of Hollow Bulbous Gypsum Structures Along a Brine Spring in Northeast Alberta

Abstract The stromatolite tufa mound at La Saline Lake developed along the Athabasca River Valley in northeast Alberta consists of a 30 m-high structure with a multi-meter thick caprock of stratified gypsum. The gypsum caprock developed when the meteoric-charged groundwater channeled along shallowly buried Upper Devonian limestone was redirected deeper and encountered anhydrite beds of the Middle Devonian Prairie Evaporite Formation, only 175–200 m below. Discharge of the sulfate-saturated brine from the central vent of the gypsum caprock eventually ceased and the flow was redirected to the western lakefront bank of the tufa mound. This active brine spring, characterized by total dissolved solids level of ∼79,000 mg/L, is channeled along a 25 m gully toward La Saline Lake. The bottom sediment in each of the interconnected brine pools along the gully consists of a 2–4 cm-thick calcite-gypsum thrombolite and an overlying gypsum crust. This sulfate crust developed as densely packed arrays of hollow botryoidal to hemispheroidal and bulbous gypsum protuberances, each 0.5–1.5 cm long, that extend upward into the brine. This is the first documented example of bulbous protuberances of gypsum that developed within brine pools with hollow interiors. The unusual hollowness of these bulbous gypsum protuberances resulted from the rapid encasement of gas bubbles that ascended from the underlying thrombolite ooze and were trapped within the overlying microbial mats and meshwork of gypsum crystallites on the surface of the bottom pool sediment. Nanoscale biomineralization of gypsum developed along the parallel arrays of microbial stalks within the enveloping mat, resulting in a meshwork of parallel aligned crystallites that encased the surfaces of the trapped bubbles. Continued abiotic gypsum precipitation transitioned the abiotic crystallites into enlarged needle-form crystallites distributed as parallel arrays along curvilinear growth surface laminae. Sufficient rigidity on the bubble surfaces precluded implosion-collapse or detachment. Strontium adsorption widely stabilized the acicular crystals, inhibiting complete coalescence as gypsum spar.

The influence of the side-arms structure on the properties of the liquid crystal dimers centred on mandelic acid

ABSTRACT With mandelic acid (MA) as the chiral core, two series of non-symmetric liquid crystal (LC) dimers have been synthesised by changing the rigidity of the side-arms, namely the DBM-nC2B series and the DBBM-nC2B series. In the DBM-nC2B series, one side-arm is the same, while the length of the flexible tail of the other side-arm increases from 0 to 4. The same is true of the DBBM-nC2B series. Chemical structures and LC properties of the two series LC dimers were characterised by FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DSC, TGA and POM. The results show that the DBM-nC2B series LC dimers display the nematic phase (N), and the DBBM-nC2B series LC dimers exhibit the chiral nematic phase (N*). It shows that the side-arm should have sufficient rigidity for MA to induce the N* phase. In the same series, when the length of the flexible tails of the side-arm increases from 0 to 4, it does not change the mesophase, while it has some effect on the melting temperature (Tm), the clearing temperature (TN(*)I), and mesophase range of the dimers. The molecular length-width ratio (l/w) and dipole moment (μ) were used to explain the variation of Tm and (TN(*)I) of LC dimer.

Evolution of the Lunar Tectonic Framework and Structures

The evolution of the Moon is driven by both endogenic (e.g., magmatism) and exogenic processes (e.g., impact). The lunar surface can be divided into 3 first-order tectonic units based on differences in geochemistry, crustal thickness, topography, and distribution of structures. However, the interpreted boundaries demarcated by different features varied widely. As research progresses, the understanding of the lunar structure is continuously improving, and new types of structures are constantly being discovered. The previous structural classification system needs to be updated. According to the major geological events and dynamic evolution, the evolutionary history of the Moon can be divided into 3 stages and 1 pivotal event. The first stage (4.52 to 4.3 Ga) is the evolution of the magmatic ocean, and it was dominated by endogenic processes. The formation of South Pole-Aitken (SPA) basin (~4.3 Ga) is the pivotal event of crustal evolution and indicates that the lunar crust had cooled and consolidated to sufficient rigidity to preserve structures. Both endogenic and exogenic processes were active in the second stage (4.3 to 3.0 Ga), which results in numerous impact basins, mare basalt flooding, and different types of associated structures. The last stage (3.0 Ga to the present) is late neotectonic activity, which has weak modification of the tectonic framework. Response of tectonic framework and structure to lunar major geological events had been organized and discussed in this paper, and key scientific issues are summarized. This study can provide reference and support for implementation of subsequent lunar exploration projects.

Stress-Strain State of an Asymmetrical Three-Layer Beam

Introduction. The three-layer structure, having a low weight, has sufficient rigidity and strength to absorb various force and physical impacts of both static and dynamic nature. By combining materials and thicknesses of bearing layers and filler, it is possible to achieve the desired physical and mechanical properties of the three-layer structure.In this regard, this paper considers the stress-strain state of a three-layer beam with different thicknesses of bearing layers and filler height.Materials and Methods. The calculation of a three-layer beam according to the known theory of calculation is presented. As an example, a three-layer beam with a length of 70 cm was considered, its width varied depending on the size of the hexagonal cell face of the filler. The thickness of the bearing layers was varied from 1 to 1.5 mm and the thickness of the filler from 0.12 to 0.30 mm. The bearing layers were made of aluminum AMG2-H, and the hexagonal honeycomb filler was made of aluminum alloy D16-AT.Results. Based on the obtained data, graphs of stresses and strains (deflections) variation with the distributed load were plotted for each tested specimen. The graphical dependences are given for symmetrical and asymmetrical three-layer beams.Discussion and Conclusion. The obtained theoretical data on deformations (deflections) and stresses made it possible to determine the effective combination of bearing layers, at which the three-layer beam becomes effective. On the basis of the analysis of these data, conclusions characterizing the efficiency improvement of the three-layer beam were made.

Novel IR Laser Debonding for Heterogeneous and 3D Integration

Wafer carrier and thin wafer support during processing is key in 3D integration and advanced packaging processes. Today carrier technology can be divided based on the application and carrier wafer material. While for DRAM and other stacked memory applications silicon carriers are preferred, demanding special adhesive systems for mechanical debond, the adhesion is tuned to be high enough for processing but low enough for post process thin layer debonding. Which means the thin wafer thickness needs to be maintained typically thicker than 40µm in order to have a sufficient mechanical rigidity and support during debonding. On the other hand, UV based laser debonding decouples the adhesion during processing while the debonding is digitally triggered by UV laser irradiation and controlled destruction of engineered polymeric layer at the glass carrier surface. Despite this is the more universal debonding process, glass wafers are generally not suited for all process lines. To solve the above described difficulties, IR laser debonding has been developed enabling the combination of silicon as a carrier substrate as well as laser debonding through silicon. One solutions is in advanced packaging, where silicon can be seen as a replacement for glass wafers but still in combination with developed adhesive systems. The more impacting application, however, is the combination of IR laser release with fusion and hybrid bonding.

Magnitude of erectile dysfunction and associated factors among adult diabetic men on follow-up at Goba and Robe hospitals, Bale Zone, South East Ethiopia: hospital-based cross-sectional study

PurposeErectile dysfunction is defined as the inability to achieve and/or maintain an erection of sufficient rigidity and duration to permit satisfactory sexual performance. The purpose of this study is to assess the prevalence of erectile dysfunction and associated factors among adult diabetic men on follow-up at Goba and Robe hospitals, Bale Zone, South East Ethiopia,2022.MethodsHospital-based cross-sectional study design was used among 420 adult diabetic men from March 1 to April 30 using a systematic random sampling technique. An international index of erectile function questionnaire containing five questions was used to assess the outcome variable. The data were entered, edited, and coded using Epidata version 4.6 and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Bivariable and multivariable binary logistic regression analysis were performed to identify factors associated with erectile dysfunction. Adjusted odds ratios with their corresponding 95% confidence interval were computed to estimate the strength of association. Statistical significance was declared at p-value < 0.05.ResultsThe prevalence of erectile dysfunction was found to be 354 (84.3%). Multivariable logistic regression revealed that erectile dysfunction is significantly associated with old age (AOR = 12.39, 95% CI:5.10–30.08), inadequate physical activity (AOR = 4.15, 95% CI:1.33–12.97), and being rich (AOR = 2.62, 95% CI = 1.21–5.66).ConclusionThe prevalence of erectile dysfunction in this study population is nearly nine out of ten. Age, inadequate physical activity, and wealth index were independent predictors of erectile dysfunction. Assessment and management of erectile dysfunction in diabetic clinics should be routine medical care.

Parametric optimization of 3D-printed PLA part using response surface methodology for mechanical properties

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to optimize the composition of 3D printing critical process parameters (nozzle temperature, layer thickness, and printing speed) to maximize the tensile strength and flexural strength of the biodegradable 3D printed PLA specimen using response surface methodology. For this purpose, after using the CCD of experiments with three independent parameters with two levels, 20 flat PLA parts were produced with an FDM-based 3D printer. The mechanical behavior of the 3D-printed PLA part was investigated, and a model was developed from the three parameters to get the scientific information to optimize the responses. As a result, it was noticed that the layer thickness and nozzle temperature greatly influenced mechanical response. One of the major aspects of the coronary stent is the mechanical behavior should be in accordance with the medical requirements such as flexibility, which is very necessary to facilitate the placement of the vessel in the artery, and sufficient radial rigidity is also required to support the vessel. Based on this aspect the identified responses are tensile and flexural strength.

Soft Hydrogen-Bonded Organic Frameworks Constructed Using a Flexible Organic Cage Hinge.

Soft porous crystals combine flexibility and porosity, allowing them to respond structurally to external physical and chemical environments. However, striking the right balance between flexibility and sufficient rigidity for porosity is challenging, particularly for molecular crystals formed by using weak intermolecular interactions. Here, we report a flexible oxygen-bridged prismatic organic cage molecule, Cage-6-COOH, which has three pillars that exhibit "hinge-like" rotational motion in the solid state. Cage-6-COOH can form a range of hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) where the "hinge" can accommodate a remarkable 67° dihedral angle range between neighboring units. This stems both from flexibility in the noncovalent hydrogen-bonding motifs in the HOFs and the molecular flexibility in the oxygen-linked cage hinge itself. The range of structures for Cage-6-COOH includes two topologically complex interpenetrated HOFs, CageHOF-2α and CageHOF-2β. CageHOF-2α is nonporous, while CageHOF-2β has permanent porosity and a surface area of 458 m2 g-1. The flexibility of Cage-6-COOH allows this molecule to rapidly transform from a low-crystallinity solid into the two crystalline interpenetrated HOFs, CageHOF-2α and CageHOF-2β, under mild conditions simply by using acetonitrile or ethanol vapor, respectively. This self-healing behavior was selective, with the CageHOF-2β structure exhibiting structural memory behavior.

On the buckling propagation and its arrest in buried offshore pipeline crossing strike-slip fault

This study focused on buckling propagation and its arrest in buried offshore pipelines crossing strike-slip faults. A buried offshore pipeline with integral arrestors was analyzed using nonlinear vector-form-intrinsic-finite-element-method-based shell elements and modified soil springs. The effects of different external pressures on structural response were investigated. Integral arrestors with different design parameters were tested to prevent flattening and flipping propagation. The results showed seven or five fluctuations in the flattening parameters with alternating orthogonal directions along the pipeline. These fluctuations led to multi-failure modes, including S-shaped and Z-shaped flexures, two local collapses followed by flattening propagations, and a single local collapse followed by flipping propagation. Integral arrestors should be designed specifically to provide sufficient local bending rigidity in the circumferential direction. The arrest mode of flattening propagation is stopping the earliest fluctuations whilst that of flipping propagation is stopping the earliest fluctuations and depressing the downstream reverse ovalities. For the same arrestor thickness, the smallest effective arrestor length to stop flattening propagation was significantly less than that for flipping propagation. The arrest is temporary because of gross deformation of cross-sections at integral arrestors or the downstream pipes, and secondary failure accidents are likely to occur with any external perturbation.

EVALUATION OF THE EFFICACY OF VARIOUS XYLENE SUBSTITUTES AS A CLEARING AGENT IN TISSUE PROCESSING: A COMPARATIVE STUDY

Conventional tissue processing is still remains the gold standard. Tissue processing is a physical process that involves chemical solutions reacting with biological specimens. The main purpose of tissue processing is to embed the tissue in solid medium, firm enough to support the tissue and give it sufficient rigidity to enable thin sections to be cut and soft enough not to damage the knife or tissue. For any tissue specimen to undergo diagnosis, it has to follow procedural steps such as fixation, dehydration, clearing, impregnation, embedding, sectioning and staining. Clearing is the process of replacing the dehydrating solution (which is not miscible with the embedding medium) with a substance which will be miscible with alcohol and the embedding medium. The most commonly used clearing agent is xylene. It has excellent clearing capabilities. But it cause unwelcome effects on the various system of the human body like on skin, eyes, nervous system, blood, liver and kidneys as reported by Kandyala et al. In the present study, we evaluate the efficacy of three materials like Kerosene, Turpentine and Olive oil other than xylene which are substitutes as a clearing agent in tissue processing and observe their effect on staining characteristics and compare with xylene. It is better promoting to eliminate xylene from the histology laboratory is a duty of those who are in decision-making positions. Since our study was limited in sample size and there are very less studies comparing all the four chemicals in clearing agent, it is recommended to carry this study in large scale with addition of different substitutes and analyzing with multiple observers.

A new dip-coating approach for plasticization-resistant polyimide hollow fiber membranes: In situ thermal imidization and cross-linking of polyamic acid

Polymeric hollow fiber membranes (HFMs) are in high demand for gas separation due to their superior processability and cost-effectiveness, despite exhibiting high vulnerability to plasticization. In this study, we present a new dip-coating technique for fabricating defect-free and plasticization-resistant polyimide HFMs on a cross-linked polyimide/polysilsesquioxane hollow fiber support. This is achieved through an in situ process involving thermal imidization and cross-linking of a polyamic acid (PAA) precursor solution. The use of a thermally stable cross-linked nanoporous hollow fiber support ensures the coating of various glassy PAA solutions prepared by different dianhydrides and diamine monomers without disturbing its internal pore structure. The resulting polyimide hollow fiber membranes enhanced CO2/CH4 separation performance compared to as-synthesized polyimide solution-coated counterpart. It is because in situ thermal imidization and cross-linking of PAA solutions induced the formation of more imine linkages, possibly generating larger free volume elements due to the disturbance of intersegmental chain packing while maintaining sufficient chain rigidity. Additionally, the membrane’s practical applicability was confirmed as the hollow fibers demonstrated resistance to plasticization when subjected to an equimolar CO2/CH4 mixed feed of approximately 50 bar. Our simple but versatile dip-coating approach allows for the formation of highly plasticization-resistant polyimide HFMs.

Analysis of Heavy Motor Vehicle Chassis Frame with Different Materials Equipped with CNG Cylinders of Composite Materials Using CAE Tools

Abstract: The transport sector now has a significant impact on both the economies of developed and developing nations The frame, also known as the chassis, is the main part of the vehicle because it has the highest design stress. This is vehicle support as all components are only supported on the chassis. Using the chassis as a platform, the front and rear suspensions are connected without dropping. At the same time, it can also be used for sudden stops, bumpy roads, and high-speed driving. It has sufficient rigidity to withstand impact, deflection, bending, vibration and shape deformation caused by causes. Scientific data obtained from various studies to date, weight, stress and strength, deformation, etc. have proven to be ideal for many factors. This can be done by changing the section and material of the chassis frame. The material chosen for this project is AISI4130 for LPO 1613 CNG BS-IV OBDII Front Engine Bus for Delhi Integrated Intermodal Transport System (DIMTS). Create 3D models in CAE Solid-works and analyze them with ANSYS 19.2. Automotive composite CNG cylinders are the best combination of the latest technology using carbon fiber reinforced seamless aluminum inner liner