Sufficient Psychometric Properties Research Articles

Global Assessment of Medication Adherence: Correlational Analyses of a Brief Tool for Evaluating Medication Adherence in Patients with Severe Mental Disorders.

Assessment of medication adherence of patients with severe mental disorders is an important aspect of long-term treatment. There is a need for a brief and practical tool to assess medication adherence. This study investigates the clinical, functional, and validational correlations of a short and easy-to-use tool. Global Assessment of Medication Adherence (GAMA) was prepared as a single item with 5 severity degrees, from complete adherence (1 point) to complete nonadherence (5 points). The scale was applied to patients with severe mental illnesses receiving outpatient and inpatient treatment. The GAMA scores were compared with psychopathology, clinical severity, insight, and functionality scale scores. While the validity analyses were tested with face, convergent, and criterion validity, interrater reliability was used for the reliability analysis. Data from 70 outpatients and 14 inpatients were examined. In the analyses performed for convergent validity, a positive correlation was found between GAMA scores and psychopathology (r=0.646, P < .001), and clinical severity (r = 0.692, P < .001), and a significant negative correlation was found between GAMA scores and insight (r = -0.793, P < .001), and functionality (r = -0.740, P < .001). There was a significant difference in the GAMA scores of 14 patients assessed during hospitalization and discharge. A high positive correlation was found between the GAMA measurements of the psychiatrist and the nurse at admission and discharge. This study shows that the GAMA has sufficient psychometric properties for assessing medication adherence. Due to its brevity, simplicity, and validity, the scale is appropriate for use in routine clinical practice and research.

A Study on the Reliability and Validity of the Social Media Leadership Scale in Education Organizations Sample

Purpose: In this study, it is aimed to develop a Likert-type scale that can measure the status of managers and employees working in organizations in the context of social media leadership in a sample of educational organizations. Design/Methodology/Approach: The study was conducted on teachers working in schools affiliated with the Ministry of National Education during the 2022–2023 academic year. Expert opinions were sought to ensure the construct validity of the scale. The content validity rates of the items were determined, and the content validity index of the scale was calculated as 0.88. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were conducted to test the validity of the scale. KMO and Bartlett tests were used to determine the suitability of the obtained data for factor analysis. The EFA revealed that the scale had a 5-factor structure, which was then confirmed by the CFA. The CFA results were supported by acceptable and excellent fit values. The conformity and validity of the scale and the correlation between the factors were calculated. The internal consistency reliability coefficient was used to determine the reliability of the scale. After the aforementioned procedures, the Social Media Leadership Scale (SMLLS) was developed. The SMLLS consists of 24 items with 5 factors: guidance, innovation, ethical principles, sensitivity, and awareness. The lowest score on the scale is 24, and the highest score is 120. Findings: The SMLS is a measurement tool developed to determine the leadership levels of social media users. The findings regarding the validity and reliability of the scale indicate that it has sufficient psychometric properties to determine the leadership levels of social media users. Highlights: This scale can be used to assess the current status of teachers and administrators working at various levels within educational institutions in the context of social media leadership.

Psychometric and edumetric properties of the Turkish version of the assessment of physiotherapy practice

BackgroundClinical education is a crucial process in which students learn how to use theoretical knowledge in clinical settings. However, there is no standardized assessment tool routinely used to evaluate the clinical performance of physiotherapy students in Turkey. This study aimed to examine the psychometric (validity and reliability) and edumetric (acceptability, feasibility, and educational impact) properties of the Turkish version of the Assessment of Physiotherapy Practices (APP-T).MethodsThis methodological study included 7 clinical educators and 174 4th-grade physiotherapy students at three universities in Turkey. Students were assessed with the APP-T on completion of 4-week clinical placements. The construct validity was examined using the exploratory factor analysis. The internal consistency was determined using Cronbach’s α-coefficient. The test-retest and inter-rater reliability were evaluated with the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). For the measurement error of the APP-T, standard error of measurement (SEM) and minimum detectable change (MDC) values were calculated. After the administration of the APP-T was completed, clinical educators were requested to provide feedback on the acceptability, applicability, and educational impact of the APP-T.ResultsExploratory factor analysis demonstrated the 20 items of the APP-T represent a single dominant dimension explaining 76.28% of the variance. Excellent test-retest and inter-rater reliability was detected by ICC = 0.94 and ICC = 0.77, respectively, and good internal consistency was detected by Cronbach’s α = 0.935. The MDC90 values for test-retest and inter-rater reliability were 3.11 and 6.86, respectively. Clinical educators provided generally positive feedback on the acceptability, feasibility, and educational impact of the APP-T.ConclusionsThe current findings provided evidence for universities and clinical educators that the APP-T has sufficient psychometric and educational properties for evaluating the clinical performance of physiotherapy students in Turkey.

Measuring adjustment of siblings of children with disabilities: psychometric properties across translations, age groups and informants

Objectives The Negative Adjustment Scale (NAS) is used to measure adjustment to having a sibling with a disability. However, several adaptations to the scale have been made, and implementation varies across studies and countries. This study examined the psychometric properties across different versions and provides directions for future use and development of the NAS. Methods The sample comprised 400 siblings aged 6–16 years old from Norway, the Netherlands and Belgium. Measurement invariance was assessed across age groups (8–11 vs. 12–16 years) and translations (Norwegian vs. Dutch), using a multi-group confirmatory factor analysis. The psychometric properties of the parent version were assessed among 102 parents from the Dutch sample. Results The internal consistency of the NAS was acceptable to good in all versions. A single factor model held across age groups and translations, although higher order invariance was not supported. The child and parent report versions of the NAS did not significantly correlate. Conclusions The NAS generally has sufficient psychometric properties. However, these vary across age groups, translations, and informants, causing the NAS to be less appropriate for comparisons between groups. Further adaptation of the NAS or developing a new scale for siblings of children with disabilities, is advised.

Evaluation of the psychometric properties of the homophobia scale in religious-based university students in Indonesia

This study aims to evaluate the psychometric properties of the homophobia scale in students attending religion-based universities in Indonesia. This research is important as homosexuality is a controversial issue in the country and is still a topic of debate. The Homophobia Scale is a tool that assesses attitudes towards homosexuality through 17 items measuring positive affirmation, negative cognition, and the perceived threat of homosexual behavior. The scale was adapted for the Indonesian context, which is predominantly religious, based on The Heterosexual Attitudes Towards Homosexuality (HATH) Scale and Items, originally translated by bilingual experts. The translated scale was then reviewed for content by psychologists and communication experts, and field-tested for reliability and validity. Data from 327 students aged 18–35 from both state and private religion-based universities were analyzed using Rasch model analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA), reliability analysis, and differential item functioning (DIF) assessment. The study found that the homophobia scale accounted for 42.4 % of the raw variance, indicating its unidimensionality. The scale demonstrated an acceptable level of personal reliability and excellent reliability for individual items. Results revealed significant demographic effects, with age and study program showing more differential item functioning (DIF). Male students were more tolerant towards homosexuals than females. Additionally, students at state universities tended to be more tolerant but held negative views of homosexuality when associated with AIDS. In conclusion, the homophobia scale assessed in this study exhibits promising construct validity and sufficient psychometric properties. The findings indicate that negative stigma towards homosexuals and homophobia still persist among students at religion-based universities in Indonesia, despite limited interaction with homosexuals.

Validation and structural exploration of the Chinese version of the Body Talk Scale

The Body Talk Scale (BTS) measures both negative body talk (including fat talk and muscle talk) and positive body talk across genders. In this study, we translated it into Chinese and assessed its structure, reliability and validity among mainland Chinese residents. Item analyses indicated that no item deletion was necessary for this study, and both exploratory factor analysis (n = 1853) and exploratory graph analysis (n = 1583) supported the three-factor structure of the original scale. Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the scale had a good model fit with CFI= 0.95, GFI= 0.93, TLI= 0.94, and RMSEA= 0.079(90 %CI [0.075, 0.084]). The results also showed that the Chinese version of the BTS had adequate criterion-related validity，internal consistency and six-week test-retest reliability. Meanwhile, the scale has good measurement invariance with respect to gender and can be tested for gender differences. In conclusion, the BTS showed sufficient psychometric properties in a Chinese sample, making it a valid instrument for studying body talk and health status in Chinese populations.

Psychometric assessment of the 10-item Thai version of the Experience in Close Relationship-Revised for Adolescents (ECR-R-10-AD)

The 18-item version of the Experiences in Close Relationships-revised (ECR-R-18) is a valid and reliable scale used among Thai adolescents. However, it revealed problematic items that impacted the scale’s internal consistency. The study aimed to achieve two objectives: (1) develop a new, shorter scale by retaining only highly loaded items equally between attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance, and (2) evaluate the psychometric properties of the shorter ECR-R version compared to the existing 18-item scale. Objective 1 was achieved through Study 1, involving 204 youths aged 16–18 years (64% female). All participants completed the 18-item ECR-R, and exploratory factor analysis was conducted to identify suitable items for the new ECR-R-AD. Objective 2 was fulfilled in Study 2, which included a total of 443 students in grades aged 15–18 years old (88% female) from Thai boarding schools in Northern Thailand. All participants completed both the 18-item ECR-R, and confirmatory factor analysis of both the existing 18-item and the new shorter scale was performed and compared. Additional measures including the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Perceived Stress Scale-10, and Relationship Questionnaire were completed alongside the ECR-R to assess convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity. The invariance test for the new ECR-R across genders was conducted using multigroup confirmatory factor analysis. For objective 1, Study 1 developed a new scale called "ECR-R-10-AD" with 10 items, comprising 5 for attachment anxiety and 5 for attachment avoidance. The McDonald’s omega values were 0.866 for avoidance and 0.823 for anxiety subscales. The corrected correlation between the ECR-R-18 and ECR-R-10-AD was significant. For objective 2, Study 2 found that the first-order two-factor solution model fit the data best for the ECR-R-10-AD. Convergent, discriminant, and criterion validity with other measurements and invariance tests based on sex were established for the ECR-R-AD. The ECR-R-10-AD provided sufficient psychometric properties among Thai adolescents. Factorial validity, convergent validity, and measurement invariance were established. As the ECR-R-10-AD is brief, it can be administered with less burden. Limitations and future research were discussed.

Psychometric properties and domains covered by patient-reported outcome measures used in trials assessing interventions for chronic pain

ObjectivesTo identify the patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) used in clinical trials assessing interventions for chronic pain, describe their psychometric properties, and the clinical domains they cover. Study Design and SettingWe identified phase 3 or 4 interventional trials: on adult participants (aged >18 years), registered in clinicaltrials.gov between January 1, 2021 and December 31, 2022, and which provided “chronic pain” as a keyword condition. We excluded diagnostic studies and phase 1 or 2 trials. In each trial, one reviewer extracted all outcomes registered and identified those captured using PROMs. For each PROM used in more than 1% of identified trials, two reviewers assessed whether it covered the six important clinical domains from the Initiative on Methods, Measurement, and Pain Assessment in Clinical Trials (IMMPACT): pain, emotional functioning, physical functioning, participant ratings of global improvement and satisfaction with treatment, symptoms and adverse events, and participant disposition (eg, adherence to medication). Second, reviewers searched PubMed for both the initial publication and latest review reporting the psychometric properties of each PROM and assessed their content validity, structural validity, internal consistency, reliability, measurement error, hypotheses testing, criterion validity, and responsiveness using published criteria from the literature. ResultsIn total, 596 trials assessing 4843 outcomes were included in the study (median sample size 60, interquartile range 40–100). Trials evaluated behavioral (22%), device-based (21%), and drug-based (10%) interventions. Of 495 unique PROMs, 55 were used in more than 1% trials (16 were generic pain measures; 8 were pain measures for specific diseases; and 30 were measures of other symptoms or consequences of pain). About 50% PROMs had more than 50% of psychometric properties rated as sufficient. Scales often focused on a single clinical domain. Only 25% trials measured at least three clinical domains from IMMPACT. ConclusionHalf of PROMs used in trials assessing interventions for chronic pain had sufficient psychometric properties for more than 50% of criteria assessed. Few PROMs assessed more than one important clinical domain. Only 25% of trials measured more than 3/6 clinical domains considered important by IMMPACT.

Accumulative Assessment of Upper Extremity.

The Fugl-Meyer assessment for upper extremity (FMA-UE) is a measure for assessing upper extremity motor function in patients with stroke. However, the considerable administration time of the assessment decreases its feasibility. This study aimed to develop an accumulative assessment system of upper extremity motor function (AAS-UE) based on the FMA-UE to improve administrative efficiency while retaining sufficient psychometric properties. The study used secondary data from 3 previous studies having FMA-UE datasets, including 2 follow-up studies for subacute stroke individuals and 1 test-retest study for individuals with chronic stroke. The AAS-UE adopted deep learning algorithms to use patients' prior information (ie, the FMA-UE scores in previous assessments, time interval of adjacent assessments, and chronicity of stroke) to select a short and personalized item set for the following assessment items and reproduce their FMA-UE scores. Our data included a total of 682 patients after stroke. The AAS-UE administered 10 different items for each patient. The AAS-UE demonstrated good concurrent validity (r = 0.97-0.99 with the FMA-UE), high test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation coefficient = 0.96), low random measurement error (percentage of minimal detectable change = 15.6%), good group-level responsiveness (standardized response mean = 0.65-1.07), and good individual-level responsiveness (30.5%-53.2% of patients showed significant improvement). These psychometric properties were comparable to those of the FMA-UE. The AAS-UE uses an innovative assessment method which makes good use of patients' prior information to achieve administrative efficiency with good psychometric properties. This study demonstrates a new assessment method to improve administrative efficiency while retaining psychometric properties, especially individual-level responsiveness and random measurement error, by making good use of patients' basic information and medical records.

Outcome measures for young people with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: A qualitative exploration of healthcare professionals' perceptions and practices.

Limited knowledge exists on current use of patient reported outcome measures (PROMs) and performance measures for adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis (AIS), as well as health care professionals' (HCPs) perceived barriers and facilitators towards their use. This study's objectives were: 1) to explore current practice of HCPs when assessing outcomes for AIS 2) to understand perceived barriers and facilitators of HCPs to use PROMs 3) to understand perceived barriers and facilitators of HCPs to use performance measures. A qualitative study recruited a purposive sample of HCPs from a tertiary hospital in the United Kingdom. Mean years of experience managing individuals with AIS was 11.8 years; and included surgeons, physiotherapists and nurses, educated at Bachelor, Masters and Doctoral level. Consent to participate and demographic information were collected in advance of the interviews. In-depth, virtual semi-structured interviews were informed by a topic guide based on current evidence. Interviews of approximately 45 minutes were audio and video recorded and transcribed verbatim alongside written field notes. Data were coded and analysed using inductive thematic analysis, involving researchers with topic and methodological expertise and input from a patient representative. Two themes emerged regarding current practice of using PROMs routine practice and personal evaluations. Four themes emerged as barriers to using PROMs for individuals with AIS: priority and support (e.g., HCPs focus on providing care), practical challenges (e.g., inadequate PROMs), patient-related challenges (e.g., patient preferences) and knowledge, education, and perceived value. Two themes emerged as facilitators: quality existing measure (e.g., sufficient psychometric properties), and priority and support (e.g., research department/culture). Themes for barriers to use performance measures were practicality (e.g., need physical space) and perceived value and knowledge (e.g., PROMs are more important), while the one theme for facilitators was practical consideration (e.g., acceptability). Although HCPs perceived the value of using outcome measures, current practice indicates limited use for individuals with AIS. The findings revealed different barriers and facilitators to implement PROMs in practice. Adopting performance measure are limited due to lack of knowledge and perceived value alongside the practicality, while considering practical factors can improve the use of these measures in practice.

Evlilik Çatışma Alanları İndeksi ve Çatışma Çözme Stilleri Envanteri’nin Geliştirilmesi: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışmaları

The purpose of this study is to develop the Conflict Areas Index (CAI) to identify possible conflict areas that couples experience in their marriages and to develop the Conflict Styles Inventory (CSI) to assess how they deal with these conflicts. Exploratory (N=374) and confirmatory (N=152) factor analysis and test-retest (N=49) examinations were conducted with a sample of 575 married individuals in total. For the first scale, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to examine the construct validity of the CAI. According to the results, a single component giving frequency values for 15 different conflict areas was identified. In the criterion-related validity studies, the scale had a significant, negative, and strong correlation with the Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) (r=-.72) and the level of satisfaction with the relationship (r=-.67). The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was found as .91. For the second scale, the construct validity of the CSI was examined using Exploratory Factor Analysis. The results revealed a three-dimensional structure named destructive, passive, and active conflict resolution styles. In the criterion-related validity studies, it was found significant and positive correlations between destructive (r=.14) and passive (r=.18) conflict resolution styles with CAI scores and a significant and negative correlation between active resolution style with CAI scores. In addition, there were significant and negative correlations between destructive (r=-.15) and passive (r=-.12) conflict resolution styles with the RAS scores and a significant and positive correlation between active conflict resolution style with the RAS scores. The Cronbach's alpha coefficients were .88, .87, and .87 for destructive, passive, and active conflict resolution styles, respectively. The correlation values between the scores of the CSI within a 14-day time interval were ⍴=.94, ⍴=.91, and ⍴=.83 for destructive, passive, and active conflict resolution styles, respectively. These results indicated that CAI and CSI have sufficient psychometric properties that can be used to assess conflict areas and conflict resolution styles of married individuals.

A 4pL item response theory examination of perceived stigma in the screening of eating disorders with the SCOFF among college students

We examined the psychometric properties of the SCOFF, a screening instrument for eating disorders, with consideration of the perceived stigma of items that can produce socially desirable responding among a sample of college students. The results of the current study suggest evidence of the sufficient psychometric properties of the SCOFF in terms of confirmatory factor and item response theory analyses. However, two items of the SCOFF revealed that individuals who otherwise endorsed other items of the SCOFF were less likely to endorse the items of Fat and Food. It is hypothesized that this is the result of perceived stigma regarding those two items that prompts individuals to respond in a socially desirable way. A weighted scoring procedure was developed to counteract the performance of these two items, but the psychometric performance was only slightly better and there would be a clear tradeoff of specificity over sensitivity if utilized. Future research should consider other ways to counteract such perceived stigma.Level of evidence Level III: Evidence obtained from cohort or case–control analytic studies.

Risk of autism spectrum disorder and association of its symptoms with psychiatric and substance use disorders in non-clinical student sample in Kenya: cross-sectional study.

The prevalence and patterns of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms/traits and the associations of ASD with psychiatric and substance use disorders has not been documented in non-clinical students in Sub-Saharan Africa, and Kenya in particular. To document the risk level of ASD and its traits in a Kenyan student population (high school, college and university) using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ); and to determine the associations between ASD and other psychiatric and substance use disorders. This was a cross-sectional study among students (n = 9626). We used instruments with sufficient psychometric properties and good discriminative validity to collect data. A cut-off score of ≥32 on the AQ was used to identify those at high risk of ASD. We conducted the following statistical tests: (a) basic descriptive statistics; (b) chi-squared tests and Fisher's exact tests to analyse associations between categorical variables and ASD; (c) independent t-tests to examine two-group comparisons with ASD; (d) one-way analysis of variance to make comparisons between categorical variables with three or more groups and ASD; (e) statistically significant (P < 0.05) variables fitted into an ordinal logistic regression model to identify determinants of ASD; (f) Pearson's correlation and reliability analysis. Of the total sample, 54 (0.56%) were at high risk of ASD. Sociodemographic differences were found in the mean scores for the various traits, and statistically significant (P < 0.05) associations we found between ASD and various psychiatric and substance use disorders. Risk of ASD, gender characteristics and associations with psychiatric and substance use disorders are similar in this Kenyan sample to those found in Western settings in non-clinical populations.

Mobile memory gas station: A valid phone screen for cognitive impairment

AbstractBackgroundConventional neuropsychological assessments for cognitive impairment are burdensome. We developed a novel Wechat applet for detecting cognitive impairment. The Mobile Memory Gas Station is an assessment tool for rapid screening of cognitive functions, covering 7 important cognitive domains (memory, attention, executive function, language, visuospatial skills, social cognition, and computing).Method102 patients were recruited (Normal control: 51; mild cognitive impairment: 32, dementia: 19) to detect the diagnostic ability of this applet.ResultCompared to conventional neuropsychological assessments, Mobile Memory Gas Station results in faster evaluations (10 min) and generates higher accuracy at detecting abnormal cognition. Our Results showed that this applet had good correlation with MMSE (P &lt; 0.01), MoCA (P&lt; 0.01) and moderate agreement for detecting MCI and dementia.ConclusionThis applet demonstrated sufficient psychometric properties to be useful for screening of MCI, especially when clinic visits are not feasible. These findings are instrumental for patient screening, monitoring and management.

Applying Item Response Theory to the Evaluation and Revision of the Wettkampfangst-Inventar-State (WAI-S)

Abstract: Research investigating competitive anxiety is typically based on the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 ( Martens, Burton et al., 1990 ), its revision, or its derivatives in other languages. The psychometric quality of these scales as a whole has been determined according to classic test theory but it has not been assessed at the item level. Thus, the present research assessed the psychometric properties of the German derivative of this instrument, the German Wettkampfangst-Inventar-State (WAI-S; Ehrlenspiel et al., 2009 ) at the item level and tested a revised and extended version of the WAI-S by using an analytical approach based on item response theory. In Study 1, graded response models (GRMs) were fitted to the three subscales of the WAI-S using the original dataset collected for its development. We provided evidence indicating the sufficient psychometric properties of the somatic subscale, but we also identified some unfavorable properties of items in the cognitive anxiety and the self-confidence subscales. Thus, in Study 2, a revised and extended 16-item version of the WAI-S with 10 new items was generated and administered to a new sample of 322 German athletes. On the basis of the GRM results, we identified items with poor quality. We subsequently selected 12 appropriate items to generate a revised version of the WAI-S with stronger psychometric properties than the original instrument. We believe that the revised version of the WAI-S will increase the usability of competitive state anxiety assessments in both research and practice.

Development and validation of the Chinese version of the self-management support scale for kidney transplant recipients

BackgroundProviding self-management support to kidney transplant recipients is essential. However, a scale to identify the self-management support they have received is lacking. The purpose of this study is to develop a Self-management Support Scale for Kidney Transplant Recipients (SMSSKTR) and test its psychometric properties.MethodsThis is an instrument development and validation study, which has a three-stage cross-sectional design. In Stage 1, a preliminary item pool was formed using a literature review, semi-structured interviews, and the Delphi method. In Stage 2, six experts were invited to assess content validity. A convenience sample of 313 participants was used to explore the factor structure by using exploratory factor analysis. The test-retest reliability was assessed using the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). In Stage 3, two hundred and sixty-five participants were recruited to validate the factor structure by using confirmatory factor analysis. Convergent validity was examined using Spearman’s correlation coefficient. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient and corrected item-total correlation coefficient were used to test the reliability of the entire scale and its dimensions. The study was reported according to the STARD and GRRAS checklists.ResultsAn initial 40-item scale was developed in Stage 1. In Stage 2, three factors with 22 items emerged from the exploratory factor analysis: instrumental support, psychosocial support, and relational support. The content validity index of the scale was 0.97. The intra-class correlation coefficient for the entire scale and the subscales were 0.915, 0.771, 0.896, and 0.832, respectively. In Stage 3, the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three-factor model had a good fit. The score of the scale was positively associated with that of the Self-Management Scale of Renal Transplant Recipients (r = 0.532). Cronbach’s alpha was 0.959 for the entire scale and 0.956–0.958 for the three subscales. The corrected item-total correlation coefficient ranged from 0.62 to 0.82.ConclusionThe 22-item SMSSKTR has sufficient psychometric properties to assess the self-management support they have received, which has not been measured before.

Reliability and validity of the problematic TikTok Use Scale among the general population.

This study aims to provide a scale for measuring problematic TikTok use levels by adapting items from the Instagram Addiction Scale. The 372 participants were determined by a convenience sampling method, and data were collected through Google online forms. Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) were performed for construct validity and criterion-related validity analysis. Criterion-related validity for the Problematic TikTok Use Scale (PTTUS) was tested using correlation analysis between the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale and Social Media Use Disorder Scale. EFA indicated that a three-factor structure should be formed. The first factor is the sub-dimension of obsession and consists of 4 items, the second factor is the escapism sub-dimension and consists of 6 items, and the third factor is the lack of control sub-dimension and consists of 6 items. The model fit for adapting the PTTUS into Turkish was examined with first-level CFA, χ2/sd, RMSEA, CFI, GFI, AGFI, and SRMR, the obtained values show that the three-factor structure of the scale provides acceptable fit. Reliability analyses showed that Cronbach's alpha internal consistency reliability coefficient ranged from 0.83 to 0.90; McDonald's Omega reliability values was 0.84 to 0.90, and test-retest correlation coefficient ranged from 0.68 to 0.73, indicating sufficient internal consistency and test-retest reliability. Based on this information, PTTUS is a measurement tool with sufficient psychometric properties that can be applied to determine individuals' levels of problematic TikTok use.

Dublin Anti-Bullying Self-Efficacy Scales: Bifactor and Item Response Theory Models.

Dublin Anti-Bullying Self-Efficacy Scales aim to measure the effectiveness of school anti-bullying programs in promoting five steps that victims and bystanders take against online and offline bullying behaviors. These steps are anti-bullying self-efficacy beliefs to recognize bullying behaviors, comprehend emergency, take responsibility, know what to do, and intervene. However, when an anti-bullying program is very effective for the majority of participants who give high scores, a considerable number of participants who give low scores are very likely to be detected as outliers. This raises two measurement issues. First, high scores create highly negatively skewed data and lead to measuring a unidimensional rather than multidimensional construct. This could be one reason why recent research has been unclear about the extent to which the scales measure a unidimensional, multidimensional, or bifactor construct. Second, should outliers be removed or be considered as participants for whom the program was ineffective? If the scales had measurement invariance across the group of outliers and non-outliers or low and high self-efficacy, it could be concluded that the anti-bullying program was ineffective for some participants. The current research aims to address these issues by testing both measurement invariance as well as unidimensional and bifactor models of anti-bullying self-efficacy. Results of Pure Exploratory Bifactor (PEBI) Analyses and Item Response Theory (IRT) with Two-Parameter-Logistic (2PL) Models of data from a convenience sample of 14-year-old students in Ireland (N = 1,222) indicated sufficient psychometric properties of both unidimensional and multidimensional scales for victim offline, victim online, bystander offline, and bystander online. Further research can use these scales for measuring the bifactor model of anti-bullying self-efficacy as well as the cut-off score for distinguishing between low and high anti-bullying self-efficacy.

Psychometric properties of the risk, pain, and injury questionnaire in Chinese collegiate athletes and its relationship with locus of control.

This study aimed to adapt the Risk, Pain, and Injury Questionnaire (RPIQ) to Chinese collegiate athletes and examine its reliability and validity. Six hundred thirty collegiate athletes aged 17 to 24 years agreed to complete the RPIQ, the Chinese version of the SIAS and an LOC scale. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA, n = 300) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA, n = 330) were conducted to explore its structure, and convergent and construct validity were investigated by examining the relationships between various factors of the RPIQ, LOC, SIAS and injury risk. The results of EFA show the Chinese version of the RPIQ contained 12 items and was divided into three factors: tough, pressed and rational choice. CFA confirmed its factorial structure (CMIN/DF = 2.61, CFI = 0.93, TLI = 0.91, RMSEA = 0.07). The reliability of the scale was satisfactory (Cronbach's alpha = 0.75). Significant associations between the RPIQ factors and LOC and SIAS were found, suggesting the construct validity of the scale was acceptable. Additionally, significant gender differences were found in the RPIQ factors and athletes who participated in individual sports scored higher on tough and rational choice factors than those who participated in team sports. The Chinese version of the RPIQ has sufficient psychometric properties and can be used as a reliable and effective tool for measuring attitudes of the risk, pain and injury of collegiate athletes.

Evaluation Of The Validity And Reliability Of The Turkish Version Of The Perceived Vulnerability To Disease Scale

The spread of communicable diseases and causing disease in many living things is defined as an epidemic. Epidemics lead to an increase in anxiety and fear levels in society. Studies show that disgust also promotes psychologically-based response behaviors that serve as the first line of defense against pathogens, especially in situations such as pandemics. All of these defensive responses are referred to as the "behavioral immune system". The behavioral immune system is involved in triggering perceived vulnerability to infectious disease (PVD). This system is hypersensitive to any sign that might represent a threat from a pathogen, thus minimizing the possibility of infection. Studies show that protective behaviors are based on perceptions of high vulnerability to the disease. This study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of the PVD-S for Turkish society and language. The study is methodological research conducted between February and April 2021. The participants were university students studying at different faculties. In the reliability analysis of the Turkish version of the scale, the internal consistency of Cronbach's alpha coefficient was 0.712. Test-retest evaluation of the scale yielded an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.882 and a Spearman correlation coefficient of 0.815. When content equivalent form validity was evaluated, it was found that there was a weak and positive correlation between the SAI and PVD-S scores (r=0.268; p=0.003). The total variance explained by the scale after EFA was calculated as 56.517% and it was found that the scale items were divided into 4 sub-dimensions (infection perception, infection perception reverse-scored, germ avoidance, germ avoidance reverse-scored) using the Varimax rotation method. According to the data we obtained as a result of our study, it appears that the Turkish version of the PVD-S has sufficient psychometric properties and has adequate validity and reliability, especially in the young population.