Sufficient Number Of People Research Articles

Ethnicity, gender and community sentences

ObjectivesThis paper presents findings from administrative data analysis examining differences between ethnic groups and men and women in the number and type of requirements that make up community sentences as well as the effectiveness of different requirements in terms of successful completion of the sentence.
 MethodsThe paper presents findings from analysis of the Data First probation and criminal justice linked datasets. The analysis will focus on whether:
 
 there are differences between ethnic groups and men and women in the number and type of requirements that make up community-based orders (rehabilitation, unpaid work, curfew and accredited programmes)
 some requirements are more effective in terms of successful completion of the order.
 
 The paper presents findings from regression analysis used to examine the above relationships while controlling for other relevant variables such as age, number of previous convictions and offence type.
 FindingsGraphs will be used to set out differences between broad ethnic groups and men and women in the total number of requirements which make up community-based orders and the proportion of offenders from each group which receive each of the main types of requirement namely: rehabilitation; unpaid work; curfew; and accredited programmes. Graphs will also be used to set out differences between the different order requirements in terms of successful completion. The paper will also present findings from regression analysis which will identify differences after taking account of other factors. The findings will of necessity be based on broad ethnic groups as it is unlikely that there will be sufficient numbers of people within more narrow ethnic groups to meet statistical disclosure criteria.
 ConclusionThere is a lack of information on relationships between ethnicity, gender and community sentences. Better understanding of these relationships has been identified as crucial by HM Inspectorate of Probation. This paper provides more information on these relationships enabling policy decisions to be better targeted to provide equality of outcomes.

Paul’s Pattern of Handling the Pop Culture Based on 1 Corinthians 9:19-27

The emergence of pop culture is inevitable and irresistible. Society in general will find it difficult to accept something new and tend to reject it until there are positives to be found. Despite the absence of any positive aspects, popular culture will continue to exist and evolve as long as a sufficient number of people in society have embraced it through the advanced information technology available on the internet today. After a particular notion or conviction has been acknowledged by specific segments of society, it becomes difficult for even the more established members of the community to question or disprove it. Refusing to accept the new culture, such as pop culture, could lead to social unrest and possibly even trigger conflicts. To ensure that the culture continues to exist and evolve in a regulated manner, it must be handled with appropriate and intelligent methods. Communication channels must be kept open to allow the Gospel to guide the development of the new culture in a constructive direction.

Impartiality and fair play revisited

Impartiality and fair play revisited

The Effect of Mindfulness on the Stress Management of DISASTER Era

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to verify the effectiveness of mindfulness in the stress management of military leaders. In the long-term situation in the COVID-19, the military leaders are increasingly anxious and also they are often exposed to extreme stress environments. Considering this situation, the contents of mindfulness were combined in leadership coaching program, and the military leaders were able to confirm the psychological well-being and stress relief after the mindfulness program before the lecture. Method: For this purpose, the program was designed based on the results of previous studies and needs sur-veys, and the problems revealed through expert verification and preliminary program implementation were re-vised and supplemented. The effects of coaching lectures on subjective well-being and psychological well-being were verified by arranging 8 military leaders participants in the experimental group, the comparative group(the psychological well-being program) and the control group, respectively, with the students participating in the main executive course. Results: As a result, the experimental group showed significant differences in both subjective well-being and psychological well-being of the comparative group and the control group. To measure the cognitive factors of subjective well-being, the Satisfaction With Life Scale(SWLS) developed by Diener et al.(1985) and adapted by Ryu Yeon-ji(1996) was used. This scale consists of five questions in total, and consists of seven-point scales. The emotional factors were used the Index of General Effect, which was translated by Lee Soo Il(1997). This scale is a tool to measure positive-negative emotional aspects, with a total of 9 questions, each of which is paired with two adjectives and a seven-point scale. In this study, Cronbach s value was .83 and Cronbach s value of emotional well-being was .86. Conclusion: In the analysis of participants experience reports and the observations of the hosts, it was con-firmed that the experimental group who participated in the psychological well-being promotion program for the stress management of the military leaders had a positive change in the psychological well-being improvement. However, this study has a limitation in generalizing the results of the study to all military leaders because it causes sampling errors by recruiting applicants, which is a non-probable sampling method, in the recruitment of research subjects. In addition, since only 8 people were assigned to each group, it is necessary to conduct a study that has sufficient number of people considering external validity.

Factors that influence enrollment in syringe services programs in rural areas: a qualitative study among program clients in Appalachian Kentucky

BackgroundEnrolling sufficient number of people who inject drugs (PWID) into syringe services programs (SSP) is important to curtail outbreaks of drug-related harms. Still, little is known about barriers and facilitators to SSP enrollment in rural areas with no history of such programs. This study’s purpose was to develop a grounded theory of the role of the risk environment and individual characteristics of PWID in shaping SSP enrollment in rural Kentucky.MethodsWe conducted one-on-one semi-structured interviews with 41 clients of 5 SSPs that were established in rural counties in Appalachian Kentucky in 2017–2018. Interviews covered PWID needs, the process of becoming aware of SSPs, and barriers and facilitators to SSP enrollment. Applying constructivist grounded theory methods and guided by the Intersectional Risk Environment Framework (IREF), we applied open, axial and selective coding to develop the grounded theory.ResultsStigma, a feature of IREF’s meso-level social domain, is the main factor hampering SSP enrollment. PWID hesitated to visit SSPs because of internalized stigma and because of anticipated stigma from police, friends, family and healthcare providers. Fear of stigma was often mitigated or amplified by a constellation of meso-level environmental factors related to healthcare (e.g., SSPs) and social (PWID networks) domains and by PWID’s individual characteristics. SSPs mitigated stigma as a barrier to enrollment by providing low threshold services in a friendly atmosphere, and by offering their clients program IDs to protect them from paraphernalia charges. SSP clients spread positive information about the program within PWID networks and helped their hesitant peers to enroll by accompanying them to SSPs. Individual characteristics, including child custody, employment or high social status, made certain PWID more susceptible to drug-related stigma and hence more likely to delay SSP enrollment.ConclusionsFeatures of the social and healthcare environments operating at the meso-level, as well as PWID’s individual characteristics, appear to enhance or mitigate the effect of stigma as a barrier to SSP enrollment. SSPs opening in locations with high stigma against PWID need to ensure low threshold and friendly services, protect their clients from police and mobilize PWID networks to promote enrollment.

Laboratory tests for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 infection: basic principles and examples.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has circulated throughout the world causing the worst pandemic since 1918. All efforts have been marshalled towards testing different treatment approaches, obtaining clinical and epidemiological information, developing suitable diagnostic tests, and developing new vaccines. New ribonucleic acid (RNA)-based and viral vector-based vaccines have been developed and licensed under emergency use in many countries; however, there is a huge demand for vaccines, and it will take some time before a sufficient number of people are vaccinated to stop the circulation of the virus. Therefore, the proper diagnosis and identification of infected individuals are crucial for the isolation and treatment of these patients and tracing of their contacts. Many diagnostic tests and diag-nostic kits have been developed in a relatively short time. This review summarizes the principles of the available laboratory assays that are in use for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA, antigens, or antibodies.

Antecedents and Extent of Financial Inclusion : A Cross-Sectional Study

According to the latest study by World Bank on financial inclusion, globally 31% of people are excluded from access to formal financial services. But despite growth in account ownership, inequality persists. The objective of the present study was to examine the current status of financial inclusion and to further explore the factors leading towards the lower level of financial access among the households. The study was conducted in four districts of the National Capital Region in India namely, Ghaziabad, Noida, Gurugram, and Faridabad, with a sample size of 300 respondents between the period of 2018 – 2019. The study is unique in nature, as the survey was conducted both in rural and urban areas. The factor analysis technique was applied to explore a large set of variables into few factors affecting the financial inclusion. Further, the households were grouped into three degrees on the basis of their financial behavior and attitude. Finally, the study concluded that supply-side and demand-side factors were the main factors for the lower access to basic banking services. Furthermore, financial attitude, financial knowledge, and financial behavior were the factors shaping the minds of the respondents. The results revealed that majority of the respondents fell under Degree 1, that is, having access to banking products, but their level of financial literacy and active usage of bank accounts was significantly low. Therefore, it is concluded that though a sufficient number of people had a formal bank account, there existed a low level of financial literacy due to which they were not active users of financial services.

Are We Ready for the Arrival of the New COVID-19 Vaccinations? Great Promises and Unknown Challenges Still to Come.

While the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to strike and collect its death toll throughout the globe, as of 31 January 2021, the vaccine candidates worldwide were 292, of which 70 were in clinical testing. Several vaccines have been approved worldwide, and in particular, three have been so far authorized for use in the EU. Vaccination can be, in fact, an efficient way to mitigate the devastating effect of the pandemic and offer protection to some vulnerable strata of the population (i.e., the elderly) and reduce the social and economic burden of the current crisis. Regardless, a question is still open: after vaccination availability for the public, will vaccination campaigns be effective in reaching all the strata and a sufficient number of people in order to guarantee herd immunity? In other words: after we have it, will we be able to use it? Following the trends in vaccine hesitancy in recent years, there is a growing distrust of COVID-19 vaccinations. In addition, the online context and competition between pro- and anti-vaxxers show a trend in which anti-vaccination movements tend to capture the attention of those who are hesitant. Describing this context and analyzing its possible causes, what interventions or strategies could be effective to reduce COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy? Will social media trend analysis be helpful in trying to solve this complex issue? Are there perspectives for an efficient implementation of COVID-19 vaccination coverage as well as for all the other vaccinations?

Answering Key Questions About COVID-19 Vaccines

This Viewpoint offers provisional answers to common questions the public will have about approved COVID-19 vaccines, including what they can expect regarding its effectiveness and safety, trustworthiness of the approval process, and whether society can return to normal once sufficient numbers of people are immunized

The Psycho-Epistemology of Freedom

Abstract In Independent Judgment and Introspection: Fundamental Requirements of the Free Society, Jerry Kirkpatrick maintains that a free society can exist only when a sufficient number of people have healthy psycho-epistemologies. He identifies fundamental aspects in our culture that work against this end. Building on the work of Objectivist psychologist Edith Packer, he presents a process for improving one's psycho-epistemology. Kirkpatrick also traces the history of child-rearing practices and relates the process of change to the work of many other psychologists including Horney, Freud, Ellis, and Rogers.

The anti-vaccination debate and themicrobiome: How paradigm shifts in the life sciences create new challenges for the vaccination debate.

EMBO Reports (2019) 20: e47709[OpenUrl][1][FREE Full Text][2] Vaccination is a public health intervention that depends on numbers: what matters is not just that individuals are immunised against particular pathogens, but that a certain percentage of the population is vaccinated in order to achieve so‐called “herd immunity” [1]. A high proportion of vaccinated people makes it more difficult for pathogens to spread among a host population. This helps to protect vulnerable individuals such as non‐vaccinated newborns, the elderly or immunocompromised patients. As the percentage required for herd immunity is usually high—80–95% of the population—a key focus of health policy is to make sure that a sufficient number of people get themselves and their children vaccinated. > Anti‐vaccination advocates often refer to a holistic view of the body, emphasising co‐existence, integration and harmony between humans and their environment. However, an increasing number of people, particularly in the developed world, refuse vaccines both for themselves and for their children [2]. This worrisome trend puts the public health goal of herd immunity in jeopardy. A reduction in the uptake of the MMR vaccine, for instance, has been linked to an increase in measles cases in Europe, which reached a record high in 2018 (http://www.euro.who.int/en/media-centre/sections/press-releases/2018/measles-cases-hit-record-high-in-the-european-region). The reasons why people refuse or delay vaccinations are manifold and complex. A key factor is the perception that vaccines could endanger human health. This worry has been a part of the debate for more than a century [3] but emerged with particular force after the publication of the fraudulent Wakefield paper in 1998 [4]. Another important factor behind vaccine hesitancy is an “alternative” view of the human body and health [5]. Anti‐vaccination advocates often refer to a holistic view of the body, emphasising co‐existence, integration and harmony between humans and their environment. … [1]: {openurl}?query=rft.jtitle%253DEMBO%2BReports%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Adoi%252F10.15252%252Fembr.201947709%26rft_id%253Dinfo%253Apmid%252F30700429%26rft.genre%253Darticle%26rft_val_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Ajournal%26ctx_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ver%253DZ39.88-2004%26url_ctx_fmt%253Dinfo%253Aofi%252Ffmt%253Akev%253Amtx%253Actx [2]: /lookup/ijlink?linkType=FULL&journalCode=embor&resid=20/3/e47709&atom=%2Fembor%2F20%2F3%2Fe47709.atom

Our Unconstitutional Reapportionment Process

This Article argues that the process used to reapportion representatives among the states after each census violates Section Two of the Fourteenth Amendment. Section Two states that the apportionment of representatives must be done based on population unless a state disenfranchises a sufficient number of people who are presumptively eligible voters. The reapportionment statutes say that apportionment must be done based only on population. By erasing Section Two’s penalty clause, these statutes are unconstitutional. There is time for Congress to correct this error before the next census. If not, then the courts should declare the next reapportionment null and void.

Using Field Experiments to Evaluate the Impact of Financial Planning and Counseling Interventions

Field experiments, which are a powerful research technique, are common in some fields, but they have not been widely used in studying the effect of financial and counseling planning interventions. Financial services can benefit from the expanded use of field experiments to explore potential causal mechanisms for the effects of financial planning and counseling interventions. This article describes the value of field experiments as well as the potential problems with the approach, in this context. Researchers and practitioners in financial planning and counseling should explore opportunities to conduct field experiments, especially in situations where studies can be carefully designed and implemented in a standardized way with a sufficient number of people and where valid measures are available.

Strategies to Enhance Utilization of National Hospital Insurance Fund Scheme Medical Cover by Informal Sector Populations in Kakamega County, Kenya

Social Health Insurance (SHI) has been preferred form of financing health care to reduce out of pocket expenditure on health care. Most countries are extending SHI programmes to people outside the formal sector in an effort to increase access to healthcare. However, this approach faces challenges of enrolment of sufficient numbers of people into a common risk pool and collection of contributions. The objective of this study was to evaluate strategies to enhance participation of people in the informal sector in Kakamega County in the National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) Scheme for access to health care. This was a descriptive qualitative study with sample units purposively selected. Ten Focus Group Discussions were conducted and several Key informants interviewed. Data obtained was scrutinized for emerging themes. The study established that people in the informal sector in Kakamega County were aware of the value of the NHIF cover for accessing health care but lack accurate information on the insurance function of the NHIF cover. Rigid scheme design features also discourage subscription. Major recommendations included policy review of rigid scheme conditions, making the scheme attractive and increasing registration centers. Policy decisions should focus on educating people working outside formal employments on insurance functions of the NHIF cover.

Нематеріальні ресурси адаптації сільського населення

The transformation processes, which continue in Ukraine for more than 20 years are associated with significant changes in the system of orientation of the population, including changing priorities in their needs, interests of society and the state. The basic condition for the country to reach the real sustainable development, according to many scientists, is a successful adaptation of the population, which is the development, by a sufficient number of people, of effective models of socio-economic behavior based on the use of individual resources. The subject of our study are non-material resources of the rural population, because they cannot be lost or alienated as a result of external influences and social experiments that occurred in the 90s of the last century and, unfortunately, have cyclically repeated. Under non-material resources we consider educational characteristics, professional qualification skills, informational and cultural opportunities, the peasants' connections and non-financial benefits of temporary labor migration. The study found that the information and cultural resources of the rural population are the scarcest. Long-term constraints to the use of modern information technologies such as the Internet, computer programs and databases, specialized periodicals, and visiting cultural institutions leads to mental-and-cultural and cognitive deprivation. Insufficiency or lack of information inevitably leads to its distortion and causes erroneous or inadequate decision-making, and the farmers' slow adaptation to rapidly changing conditions. Theoretical analysis of the development of relations among the rural population demonstrates the unilateralism of the resource development. There is a well-established network of horizontal interaction (family, neighbors) and vertical network relationships are almost completely absent. Any kind of care inaccessible to the rural population, peasants' representation in government and political movements are of local character. In order to diversify the risks associated with the implementation of an adaptation strategy, it is advisable to supplement the hopes for own assets with external interaction. It is proved that the educational and professional-qualification resources, provided their quality improvement and modernization, in the short term, will allow the rural population to build effective adaptation oriented behavioral strategies. Level of education meets, by certain criteria, the general European levels, while the use of this resource, in today's realities, is complicated by the inconsistency in orientation, profile, and quality of previous education with the requirements of the emerging labor market. Modernization of knowledge, institutionalization of new forms and methods of teaching, and the widespread introduction of lifelong education will positively influence the rapid evaluation of particular features of external changes and development of a rational adaptation strategy. The non-material adaptation resources include the effects of temporary labor migration. Without idealizing the process, and focusing only positive features in terms of adaptation of the population to the changing conditions, we found that working in more developed countries enhances the outlook, the formation of a new way of life, the transformation of priorities, and creating new needs for its own existence and livelihood of their families. Further studies will be directed to identify links between adaptation to available resources, including intangible ones, and improving (worsening) economic and situation of the farmers.

Where and When Can We Use Google Trends to Measure Issue Salience?

Google search data have several major advantages over traditional survey data. First, the high costs of running frequent surveys mean that most survey questions are only asked occasionally making comparisons over time difficult. By contrast, Google Trends provides information on search trends measured weekly. Second, there are many countries where surveys are only conducted sporadically, whereas Google search data are available anywhere in the world where sufficient numbers of people use its search engine. The Google Trends website allows researchers to download data for almost all countries at no cost and to download time series of any search term's popularity over time (provided enough people have searched for it). For these reasons, Google Trends is an attractive data source for social scientists.

An Industry Upturn with a Downside: Talent Needs Still Loom Large

Talent & Technology The oil and gas industry faces many challenging issues, now and in the future. Most industry participants are acutely aware of what they are. The knowledge gap created by “The Great Crew Change” that exists in most companies has been well documented and discussed. The problem is not one of filling the gaps. There are sufficient numbers of people entering the workforce to do that. The problem is one of “experience attrition,” and it is a challenge that must be addressed (Fig. 1). The characteristics and expectations of “generation Y” or the “new millennials” have been examined and debated. The real issues at hand are the growing multigenerational aspects of the workforce with its mix of four distinct generations with disparate life experiences, varying ways of communicating, and distinctly different goals for their professional careers. The first of the baby boomers reached age 60 in 2008. In perspective, the average age for retirement in the oil and gas industry is 59. Along with the recent global economic slow-down has been a rise in the average retirement age. These three impacts—boomers, industry retirees, and economic changes—are all interrelated and impacted by the cyclical nature of the oil and gas industry. This cyclicality is our industry’s hurdle in trying to resolve issues surrounding the employment of top talent going forward. Cyclicality is also the area over which the industry has least control. It is inevitable that the industry will be cyclical because it is based, quite simply, on supply and demand. Why is cyclicality so important? The answer becomes clear from the perspective of career time spans and talent management. Most employees in the oil and gas industry are responsible for developing a career spanning an average of 35 to 40 years. During the last 40-year time span, there have been seven business cycles. Driven by Wall Street and shareholder interests, the industry has always reacted to these cycles by reducing fixed costs as they would in any downturn in the economy. However, the main element of fixed costs is employee expense. So if the oil and gas industry is driven by quarterly earnings, as are many other industries, then it will respond by driving down fixed costs and therefore, employee costs.

Training listeners to identify the sounds of speech: I. A review of past studies.

In this first section of a two-part article we offer an overview of research on listeners' abilities to learn to hear the spectral-temporal details of simple and complex sounds, both speech and non-speech. In the second article, to appear in the October issue of The Hearing Journal, we will describe a new training system based on that science that has recently completed clinical validation trials with users of hearing aids and of cochlear implants.1,2

The median voter and the median consumer: Local private goods and population composition

When a product's product provision entails fixed costs, it will be made available only if a sufficient number of people want it. Some products are produced and consumed locally, so that provision requires not only a large group favoring the product but a large number nearby. Just as local governments provide public goods appealing to individuals sharing the median voter's preferences for local public goods, product markets may provide an analogous benefit to individuals sharing living communities whose consumers tend to share his preferences in private goods. Using zip code level data on chain restaurants and restaurants overall, this paper documents how the mix of locally available restaurants responds to the local mix of consumers, with three findings. First, based on survey data on chain restaurant patronage, restaurant preferences differ substantially by race and education. Second, there is a strong relationship between restaurants and population at the zip code level, suggesting that restaurants' geographic markets are small. Finally, the mix of locally available chain restaurants is sensitive to the zip code demographic mix by race and by education. Hence, differentiated product markets provide a benefit—proximity to preferred restaurants—to persons in geographic markets whose customers tend to share their preferences.

New Developments: The Company Response to Government Policies on Transport

The author presents a case–study of how a large private sector company has tried to respond constructively to current government policies on transport. The focus for implementation has been a Green Travel Plan (GTP), developed for company employees. A successful GTP needs to change the culture of the organization, provide both sticks and carrots to encourage sufficient numbers of people to change their travel habits. Delivering either or both of these requires a consistent and sustained approach by policy–makers, to match the efforts of private firms. Effective change depends of integrating the efforts of central government, local authorities, business, transport operators, police, the Highways Agency, individuals and the press.