Sufficient Evidence Of Carcinogenicity Research Articles

SAT565 Is Firefighting An Occupational Risk For Papillary Thyroid Cancer? A Case Report

Abstract Disclosure: S.A. Diamond-Rossi: None. P. Lee: None. C. Thomas: None. R. Stanislawski: None. J. Kim: None. Background: Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the most prevalent histologic type of thyroid cancer. The toxic exposures associated with firefighting from both protective gear and combustion products have brought to question whether this population is at an increased risk of developing certain malignancies, including thyroid cancer. The objective of this case report is to raise awareness of the possible association between firefighting and thyroid cancer. Case Presentation: A 46-year-old asymptomatic male career firefighter presented to our clinic following a mobile screening thyroid ultrasound which revealed bilateral suspicious nodules. FNAs of a 1.0 cm right nodule and 1.2 cm left nodule were consistent with papillary thyroid cancer. Lymph node mapping revealed bilateral suspicious lymph nodes in levels 3 and 4 with FNAs confirming metastatic PTC. He underwent total thyroidectomy with bilateral central and lateral lymph node dissections confirming multifocal disease, which included numerous submillimeter foci of PTC. 21 of 68 lymph nodes had metastatic disease. He is now scheduled for adjuvant radioactive iodine therapy. Discussion: Compared to the general population, firefighters have a higher incidence of thyroid cancer. In 2022, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) announced that occupational exposure as a firefighter would be considered a Group 1 carcinogen, designating this exposure as having sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in humans. In recognition of this risk, our local fire department, the Fairfax County Fire & Rescue, has implemented a cancer screening protocol offered to firefighters which includes a mobile thyroid ultrasound. Our patient had extensive disease with bilateral lymph node involvement requiring radioactive iodine after surgical resection. Without a screening ultrasound, it can be presumed that our patient would have presented later and perhaps with even more advanced disease. Firefighters are exposed to carcinogens and possible endocrine disrupting chemicals as part of their work, either via their protective equipment or products of the fire itself. More research is needed to determine if the higher incidence of thyroid cancer can be attributed to this occupational exposure versus surveillance bias due to increased screening of this population in recent years. Presentation: Saturday, June 17, 2023

Advanced Materials Design for Adsorption of Toxic Substances in Cigarette Smoke.

Cigarettes, despite being economically important legal consumer products, are highly addictive and harmful, particularly to the respiratory system. Tobacco smoke is a complex mixture containing over 7000 chemical compounds, 86 of which are identified to have "sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity" in either animal or human tests. Thus, tobacco smoke poses a significant health risk to humans. This article focuses on materials that help reduce the levels of major carcinogens in cigarette smoke; these include nicotine, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, tobacco-specific nitrosamines, hydrogen cyanide, carbon monoxide, and formaldehyde. Specifically, the research progress on adsorption effects and mechanisms of advanced materials such as cellulose, zeolite, activated carbon, graphene, and molecularly imprinted polymers are highlighted. The future trends and prospects in this field are also discussed. Notably, with advancements in supramolecular chemistry and materials engineering, the design of functionally oriented materials has become increasingly multidisciplinary. Certainly, several advanced materials can play a critical role in reducing the harmful effects of cigarette smoke. This review aims to serve as an insightful reference for the design of hybrid and functionally oriented advanced materials.

Multi-organ carcinogenicity by inhalation exposure to 2-Bromopropane in rats.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the carcinogenicity of 2-bromopropane (2-BP) in rats. Male and female F344 rats were exposed by whole body inhalation to 2-BP vapor at concentrations of 0, 67, 200, and 600 ppm for 6h/day, 5 days/week for 2 years. All rats of both sexes exposed to 600 ppm died or became moribund within 85 weeks. Death/moribunditywas caused by 2-BP induced tumors. In males, significantly increased tumors were malignant Zymbal's gland tumors; sebaceous adenoma and basal cell carcinoma of the skin/appendage; adenocarcinoma of the small/large intestine; follicular cell adenoma of the thyroid; fibroma of the subcutis, and malignant lymphoma of the lymph node. In addition, an increased trend in tumor incidence was found in the preputial gland, lung, forestomach, pancreas islet, brain, and spleen. In females, significantly increased tumors were adenocarcinoma and fibroadenoma of the mammary gland, squamous cell papilloma of the vagina, and large granular lymphocytic leukemia of the spleen. In addition, an increased trend in tumor incidence was found in Zymbal's gland, the clitoral gland, skin, large intestine, pancreas islet, uterus, and subcutis. Particularly, malignant Zymbal's gland tumors were induced even in males exposed to the lowest concentration, 67 ppm. Two-year inhalation exposure to 2-BP resulted in multi-organ carcinogenicity in rats. Based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in this study, 2-BP has the potential to be a human carcinogen.

An Updated Review on the Psychoactive, Toxic and Anticancer Properties of Kava.

Kava (Piper methysticum) has been widely consumed for many years in the South Pacific Islands and displays psychoactive properties, especially soothing and calming effects. This plant has been used in Western countries as a natural anxiolytic in recent decades. Kava has also been used to treat symptoms associated with depression, menopause, insomnia, and convulsions, among others. Along with its putative beneficial health effects, kava has been associated with liver injury and other toxic effects, including skin toxicity in heavy consumers, possibly related to its metabolic profile or interference in the metabolism of other xenobiotics. Kava extracts and kavalactones generally displayed negative results in genetic toxicology assays although there is sufficient evidence for carcinogenicity in experimental animals, most likely through a non-genotoxic mode of action. Nevertheless, the chemotherapeutic/chemopreventive potential of kava against cancer has also been suggested. Both in vitro and in vivo studies have evaluated the effects of flavokavains, kavalactones and/or kava extracts in different cancer models, showing the induction of apoptosis, cell cycle arrest and other antiproliferative effects in several types of cancer, including breast, prostate, bladder, and lung. Overall, in this scoping review, several aspects of kava efficacy and safety are discussed and some pertinent issues related to kava consumption are identified.

Opium, Street Opium, and Cancer Risk.

Opium is defined as the air-dried latex obtained by incision from the unripe capsules of Papaver somniferum L. Opium is a complex mixture that contains approximately 10% morphine and 2% codeine. It is commonly used to prepare opium tinctures for people with chronic diarrhea. Morphine and related opioids are powerful but highly addictive analgesics; designing less addictive opioids is an active area of pharmaceutical research that may lead to significant improvements in chronic pain management. Recently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified opium consumption as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1) based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in human studies. However, all human studies analyzed by the IARC Working Group included participants who consumed opium that was mixed, adulterated, and/or contaminated with known and probable human carcinogens (e.g., tarry residues of combusted opium, arsenic, lead, and chromium). The working group considered that these carcinogens were part of the complex mixture that opium is, rather than co-exposure or confounders. No evidence of carcinogenicity was available for pure opium in human, animal, or mechanistic studies. To avoid confusion and concern among health professionals and patients using medicinal opium preparations and in scientists involved in the design and development of new opium derivatives, opium should be classified in Group 3 (not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans). The term 'street opium' could be used to refer to opium that probably contains human carcinogens not present in pure opium and should remain in Group 1 (carcinogenic to humans).

REMOVAL OF BERYLLIUM (Be2+) FROM WATER SAMPLES BY SORPTION PROCESS: A REVIEW

Beryllium (Be2+) is an important industrial metal because of its unusual material properties: it is lighter than aluminium and six times stronger than steel. Beryllium is a strategic metal due to its low density combined with its strength, low neutron absorption, high melting point and high modulus of elasticity. Beryllium is often alloyed with other metals such as copper and is an important component of materials used in the aerospace, automotive, energy, defense, medical, and electronics industries. However, beryllium and its compounds are very toxic, especially to the lungs, skin, and eyes. Beryllium compounds are known carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans from human studies. Toxic effects of beryllium include immunotoxic, allergic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic effects. Mammalian tissues do not excrete it, so the effects are cumulative and can lead to death at high concentrations. Therefore, removal of Be2+ is important. In this review, the removal of Be2+ from water samples by sorption processes using different sorbents was summarized. The effects of process parameters on the removal of Be2+ have been summarized. The work discussed showed that ion exchange resins, various modified biosorbents metal oxides can be used for the removal of Be2+. The results showed that the pH of the solution has an important effect on the removal rate. Sorption kinetics vary from 3 minutes to 48h. When the functional groups are on the surface of the sorbent, the sorption process is rapid. However, if the surface of the sorbent is covered with oxides such as magnetite, it takes longer to reach equilibrium. Published work shows that more than 99 % of Be2+ can be removed from solution.

Oxidative Stress, Mutations and Chromosomal Aberrations Induced by In Vitro and In Vivo Exposure to Furan.

Furan is a volatile compound that is formed in foods during thermal processing. It is classified as a possible human carcinogen by international authorities based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals. Although a vast number of studies both in vitro and in vivo have been performed to investigate furan genotoxicity, the results are inconsistent, and its carcinogenic mode of action remains to be clarified. Here, we address the mutagenic and clastogenic activity of furan and its prime reactive metabolite cis-2 butene-1,4-dial (BDA) in mammalian cells in culture and in mouse animal models in a search for DNA lesions responsible of these effects. To this aim, Fanconi anemia-derived human cell lines defective in the repair of DNA inter-strand crosslinks (ICLs) and Ogg1−/− mice defective in the removal of 8-hydroxyguanine from DNA, were used. We show that both furan and BDA present a weak (if any) mutagenic activity but are clear inducers of clastogenic damage. ICLs are strongly indicated as key lesions for chromosomal damage whereas oxidized base lesions are unlikely to play a critical role.

Occupational exposure to antimony trioxide: a risk assessment

ObjectivesThe US National Toxicology Program (NTP) recently recommended in its Report on Carcinogens Monograph for Antimony Trioxide that antimony trioxide be listed as ‘reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen’...

Maternal occupational benzo(a)pyrene exposure and risk of cancer in children

Background/Aim: The International Agency for Research on Cancer has classified benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) as carcinogenic to humans, based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and supportive data on mechanistic pathways in humans. BaP is also a developmental toxicant. Yet, few studies assessed whether parental exposure to BaP is related to an increased risk for childhood cancers. Previous studies reported possible associations between environmental BaP exposure with risk increases in neuroblastoma and acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The aim of our study was to examine the relation between maternal occupational BaP exposure with risk of cancer in offspring.Methods: In this case-control study of Danish children (8339 cases, 208475 controls), we ascertained cases from the Cancer Registry and controls from the Central Population Register. Jobs during pregnancy were ascertained from the Supplemental Pension Fund, a mandatory supplement to the state pension. BaP exposure was determined via a job-exposure matrix developed for the Danish workforce. We used conditional logistic regression to determine associations with childhood cancer.Results: Ever occupational exposure to BaP during pregnancy was related to an increase in risk of neuroblastoma (Odds Ratio=1.65, 95% Confidence Interval 1.22, 2.23), while there was no increased risk for ALL (OR=1.02). We did not estimate any compelling risk increase for any other type of cancer, with effect estimates close to the null.Conclusions: This is the second study to report possible associations between BaP and neuroblastoma. Occupational exposures tend to be higher than ambient environmental exposures likely leading to greater fetal loss, which may in part explain variation in leukemia results compared to other studies.

Application of biological monitoring for exposure assessment of 1.3 Butadiene.

1, 3-Butadiene is an important industrial compound. Based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in laboratory animals and humans, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, in 1999, classified 1, 3-Butadiene as a probable carcinogen to humans (group 2A). The potential for exposure to vehicle exhaust containing these chemical compounds is very noticeable in urban locations. Exposure to incomplete combustion of gasoline has been a long time concern in many occupational fields, including policemen, service stations, and the petroleum industry but in Iran has rarely been studied. This study designed to determine the exposure levels for traffic policemen and gas station workers during routine work shift, by biological monitoring. With this aim, 25 policemen engaged in traffic control, 25 gas station workers and 25 occupationally non-exposed persons were investigated. Spot urine samples were obtained prior to and at the end of the work shift from each subject. The urinary levels of selected urinary metabolites (MHBMA and DHBMA) were determined by using LC-MS/MS. There were significant differences among the mean urinary concentrations of DHBMA in pre-shift samples of policemen, gas station workers and occupationally non-exposed persons. The mean urinary concentrations of DHBMA differed significantly among post-shift samples of policemen and gas station (ANOVA: p < 0.05 and Kruskal-Wallis test: p < 0.05). There was a significant difference in DHBMA concentrations between job categories (p < 0.05 by ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis test), and policemen and gas station workers were found to be probably the most exposed groups in this study.

2,2’-dichloro-4,4’-methylenedianiline – inhalable fraction and vapours. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

2,2’-dichloro-4,4’-methylenedianiline – inhalable fraction and vapours. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

Etoposide. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

Etoposide. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

Chloroethene. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

Chloroethene. Documentation of proposed values of occupational exposure limits (OELs)

Coumarin and Safrole Content in Cinnamon-Flavored Food Products on the Syrian Market

Some plants that are processed into foods often contain natural substances that may be hazardous to human health. One example is coumarin, which is known to cause liver and kidney damage in rats, mice and probably humans. Coumarin is found in different Cinnamomum species such as Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum loureiroi, and Cinnamomum burmannii; all commonly referred to as cassia. Another hazardous substance is Safrole. Safrole is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals; and is mainly present in cinnamon leaf oil and could be a possible contaminant in cinnamon powder. European Council’s Directive on food flavourings 88/388/EEC limits safrole in foodstuffs to 1ppm. The content of coumarin is regulated in the European Regulation (EC) No 1334/2008. In the present study, coumarin and safrole levels were analyzed in locally bought cinnamon samples and cinnamon-flavored food products using a validated HPLC method with diode array detector (DAD). Appreciable amounts of coumarin were found in bakery products with concentrations up to 39.466 mg/kg in certain kinds of cookies, whereas safrole was undetectable. Our exposure data on coumarin in bakery products show that there is still a need for a continued regulation of coumarin in foods. A toxicological re-evaluation of coumarin with the aim to derive scientifically founded maximum limits should be conducted with priority.

An overview of the toxicology and toxicokinetics of fusarenon-X, a type B trichothecene mycotoxin.

Fusarenon-X (FX) is a type B trichothecene mycotoxin that is frequently observed along with deoxynivalenol (DON) and nivalenol (NIV) in agricultural commodities. This review aims to give an overview of the literature concerning the toxicology and toxicokinetics of FX. FX is primarily found in cereals grown in temperate regions, but it can also be found worldwide because of the global transport of products. The major toxicity of FX occurs through inhibition of protein synthesis, followed by the disruption of DNA synthesis. Moreover, FX has also been shown to induce apoptosis in in vitro and in vivo studies. The targets of FX are organs containing actively proliferating cells, such as the thymus, spleen, skin, small intestine, testes and bone marrow. FX causes immunosuppression, intestinal malabsorption, developmental toxicity and genotoxicity. In addition, sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals is currently lacking, and the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies it as a group 3 carcinogen.

Historical review of the causes of cancer.

In the early 1900s, numerous seminal publications reported that high rates of cancer occurred in certain occupations. During this period, work with infectious agents produced only meager results which seemed irrelevant to humans. Then in the 1980s ground breaking evidence began to emerge that a variety of viruses also cause cancer in humans. There is now sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans for human T-cell lymphotrophic virus, human immunodeficiency virus, hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, human papillomavirus, Epstein-Barr virus, and human herpes virus 8 according to the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Many other causes of cancer have also been identified by the IARC, which include: Sunlight, tobacco, pharmaceuticals, hormones, alcohol, parasites, fungi, bacteria, salted fish, wood dust, and herbs. The World Cancer Research Fund and the American Institute for Cancer Research have determined additional causes of cancer, which include beta carotene, red meat, processed meats, low fibre diets, not breast feeding, obesity, increased adult height and sedentary lifestyles. In brief, a historical review of the discoveries of the causes of human cancer is presented with extended discussions of the difficulties encountered in identifying viral causes of cancer.

Prevention of disease caused by fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole: the way forward.

Few months after the publication of the monographic section of Annali dell'Istituto Superiore di Sanità second issue of 2014 "Health impact of fibres with fluoro-edenitic composition", the carcinogenicity of fluoro-edenite was assessed by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) in the frame of Monograph 111. The IARC Working Group concluded that there is sufficient evidence in humans that exposure to fluoro-edenite fibrous amphibole causes mesothelioma, and sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals. Fluoro-edenite was allocated to Group 1 (the agent is carcinogenic to humans). Now, in view of the recent IARC evaluation, preventive action in Biancavilla requires an upgrade. First of all, environmental monitoring has to be further implemented. All operations of house cleaning should be performed employing wet tools, in order to avoid dust-raising. It is very important that environmental and biological monitoring be related to epidemiological surveillance. The recently approved act of the Sicilian Government concerning a plan of health interventions in Biancavilla will favour cooperation between national, regional and local health institutions with the common goal of improving the quality and appropriateness of diagnostic and therapeutics procedures offered by the health services.

Fast and simple screening for the simultaneous analysis of seven metabolites derived from five volatile organic compounds in human urine using on-line solid-phase extraction coupled with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

Recently, the International Agency for Research on cancer classified outdoor air pollution and particulate matter from outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans (IARC Group 1), based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and experimental animals and strong mechanistic evidence. In particular, a wide variety of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are volatized or released into the atmosphere and can become ubiquitous, as they originate from many different natural and anthropogenic sources, such as paints, pesticides, vehicle exhausts, cooking fumes, and tobacco smoke. Humans may be exposed to VOCs through inhalation, ingestion, or dermal contact, which may increase the risk of leukemia, birth defects, neurocognitive impairment, and cancer. Therefore, the focus of this study was the development of a simple, effective and rapid sample preparation method for the simultaneous determination of seven metabolites (6 mercaptic acids+t,t-muconic acid) derived from five VOCs (acrylamide, 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, benzene, and xylene) in human urine by using automated on-line solid-phase extraction (SPE) coupled with liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). An aliquot of each diluted urinary sample was directly injected into an autosampler through a trap column to reduce contamination, and then the retained target compounds were eluted by back-flush mode into an analytical column for separation. Negative electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry was utilized for quantification. The coefficients of correlation (r2) for the calibration curves were greater than 0.995. Reproducibility was assessed by the precision and accuracy of intra-day and inter-day precision, which showed results for coefficient of variation (CV) that were low 0.9 to 6.6% and 3.7 to 8.5%, respectively, and results for recovery that ranged from 90.8 to 108.9% and 92.1 to 107.7%, respectively. The limits of detection (LOD) and limits of quantification (LOQ) were determined to within 0.010 to 0.769ngmL−1 and 0.033 to 2.564ngmL−1 in this study. A stability study test included 3 freeze/thaw cycles during short-term storage at room temperature for 36h and long-term storage at −20°C for 1 month, and the CV (coefficient of variation) showed less than 8.4, 7.4 and 9.7%, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to provide simple, small injection volumes (40µL) and a rapid LC–MS/MS method combined with an on-line SPE step for the simultaneous detection, identification, and quantification of seven metabolites derived from five VOCs in human urine for evaluation of the future risk of human exposure to volatile organic compounds.

Influence of usage time on exposure of snus users to nicotine, NNN and NNK from snus pouches

Poster POS1-23 presented at 2012 SRNT 18th Annual Meeting, March 13-16, Houston, Texas, USA. This study was entirely funded by British American Tobacco INTRODUCTION Measuring the amount of constituents extracted by snus consumers during use is a valuable step in estimating exposure to tobacco constituents. A factor potentially influencing the extent of exposure is the length of time that individual consumers keep snus pouches in their mouths during use. A 2007/2008 survey of snus use in Sweden established that, on average, use of pouched snus extends from approximately 30 minutes to just less than 120 minutes1. The objective of this study therefore was to quantify the importance of use duration on constituent transfer from pouched snus to the consumer over this timescale. The constituents selected for evaluation were nicotine and the two tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) classified by IARC as Group 1 (sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans)2, 4-(N-Methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and N-Nitrosonornicotine (NNN).

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) evaluation of the carcinogenicity of outdoor air pollution: focus on China.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified outdoor air pollution and the particulate matter (PM) in outdoor air pollution as carcinogenic to humans, as based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity in humans and experimental animals and strong support by mechanistic studies. The data with important contributions to the evaluation are reviewed, highlighting the data with particular relevance to China, and implications of the evaluation with respect to China are discussed. The air pollution levels in Chinese cities are among the highest observed in the world today and frequently exceed health-based national and international guidelines. Data from high-quality epidemiologic studies in Asia, Europe, and North America consistently show positive associations between lung cancer and PM exposure and other indicators of air pollution, which persist after adjustment for important lung cancer risk factors, such as tobacco smoking. Epidemiologic data from China are limited but nevertheless indicate an increased risk of lung cancer associated with several air pollutants. Excess cancer risk is also observed in experimental animals exposed to polluted outdoor air or extracted PM. The exposure of several species to outdoor air pollution is associated with markers of genetic damage that have been linked to increased cancer risk in humans. Numerous studies from China, especially genetic biomarker studies in exposed populations, support that the polluted air in China is genotoxic and carcinogenic to humans. The evaluation by IARC indicates both the need for further research into the cancer risks associated with exposure to air pollution in China and the urgent need to act to reduce exposure to the population.