Sufficient Condition For Inclusion Research Articles

Technological Socialization and Digital Inclusion: Understanding Digital Literacy Biographies among Young People in Madrid

The main goal of this article is to analyze young people’s technological socialization experiences to build a comprehensive model of the distinctive digital literacies interwoven with their biographies. Considering that digital accessibility is a necessary but not sufficient condition for inclusion, we identify which types of digital literacies are linked to the acquisition of digital competencies, confidence, and dispositions towards the incorporation of ICTs into daily activities; on the other hand, we also identify digital literacies that might engender motivated processes of self-exclusion from the digital realm, therefore reinforcing subjects’ digital exclusion. Methodologically, this article is based on 30 in-depth biographically-oriented qualitative interviews with young people living in the region of Madrid, Spain. Regarding results, four techno-social dimensions are proposed—motivation, degree of formality, degree of sociality, and type of technological domestication—to construct a typology of four ideal forms of digital literacy: unconscious literacy, self-motivated literacy, professional literacy, and social support. To achieve digital inclusion, self-motivation towards using digital technologies is mandatory, but social practices, academic and professional literacy might work as a secondary socialization process that enhance subjects’ affinity with ICTs. Nevertheless, the effect of social support is ambivalent: It could promote digital inclusion among people already interested in digital technologies, but it could also lead to dynamics of self-exclusion among people who are not confident regarding their digital competencies or disinterested in ICTs.

Total dual integrality and integral solutions of the linear complementarity problem

This paper deals with the problem of finding an integer solution to a linear complementarity problem (LCP). Chandrasekaran et al. [1] introduced the class I of integral matrices for which the corresponding LCP has an integer solution for every integral vector q, for which it has a solution and proved that for some well-known matrix classes principal unimodularity forms a necessary and sufficient condition for inclusion in the class I. In this paper, we identify some more well-known matrix classes for which principal unimodularity forms a necessary and sufficient condition for inclusion in the class I. The concept of total dual integrality is utilized to obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for existence of an integer solution to LCP with a hiddenK-matrix. We interconnect the concept of Hilbert basis with principal unimodularity of a matrix and the corresponding complementary cones. A necessary and sufficient condition is given for the existence of an integer solution of a linear fractional programming problem by using its LCP formulation.

Comparison of density topologies on the real line

Abstract In this paper will be considered density-like points and density-like topology in the family of Lebesgue measurable subsets of real numbers connected with a sequence 𝓙= {Jn } n∈ℕ of closed intervals tending to zero. The main result concerns necessary and sufficient condition for inclusion between that defined topologies.

‘We treat them all the same’: the attitudes, knowledge and practices of staff concerning old/er lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans residents in care homes

ABSTRACTThe distinct needs of lesbian, gay, bisexual and trans (LGBT) residents in care homes accommodating older people have been neglected in scholarship. On the basis of a survey of 187 individuals, including service managers and direct care staff, we propose three related arguments. First, whilst employees’ attitudes generally indicate a positive disposition towards LGBT residents, this appears unmatched by the ability to recognise such individuals and knowledge of the issues and policies affecting LGBT people. Statements such as, ‘We don't have any [LGBT residents] at the moment’ and ‘I/we treat them all the same’ were common refrains in responses to open-ended questions. They suggest the working of heteronormativity which could deny sexual and identity difference. Second, failure to recognise the distinct health and social care needs of LGBT residents means that they could be subject to a uniform service, which presumes a heterosexual past and cisgender status (compliance with ascribed gender), which risks compounding inequality and invisibility. Third, LGBT residents could be obliged to depend largely on the goodwill, knowledge and reflexivity of individual staff (including people of faith) to meet care and personal needs, though such qualities were necessary but not sufficient conditions for inclusion and no substitute for collective practices (involving commitment to learn about LGBT issues) that become integral to care homes’ everyday functioning. A collective approach is key to advancing inclusion, implementation of legal rights to self-expression and securing equality through differentiated provision.

Patients and Families andDSMRevision Process

Back to table of contents Previous article Next article LettersFull AccessPatients and Families and DSM Revision ProcessJohn Z. Sadler, M.D., and K. W. M. Fulford, D.Phil., M.B.John Z. SadlerSearch for more papers by this author, M.D., and K. W. M. FulfordSearch for more papers by this author, D.Phil., M.B.Published Online:1 May 2004https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.5.587-aAboutSectionsView EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InEmail In Reply: We appreciate the willingness of Dr. Spitzer and Dr. Balon to share their thoughts about our article. We were surprised by the passionate responses, because we feared that our article was too tentative. The arguments for and against the idea of patient and family involvement in the DSM revision process are substantive, and our ambivalence is genuine.Although it is clear that Drs. Spitzer and Balon do not favor patient and family involvement, we are puzzled by their rationales. For instance, Dr. Spitzer notes that consumer and family organizations are already included—they review drafts and communicate concerns to various DSM development committees and therefore "have input." Use of this point as a reason for not involving patients and families seems to contradict Dr. Spitzer's opposition to such involvement. If patient and family involvement is wrongheaded, then why are we doing it? Perhaps Dr. Spitzer expresses a minority opinion.Dr. Spitzer also notes that our article does not address the question of why the current level of involvement is not sufficient. The response is simple. We don't know whether the current level is sufficient. This question is worthy of discussion. From our reading of the literature on the DSM revision process, we find it difficult to assess the impact of "outsider input" on procedures and outcomes.Dr. Spitzer is especially concerned about our suggestion that patients and families may have critical viewpoints about the phrasing of diagnostic criteria and the descriptions of mental disorders. He feels that the airing of such concerns by patients and families would be "insulting" to DSM contributors. We certainly don't want to insult anyone, including our colleagues, friends, and respected leaders like Dr. Spitzer. We find his reaction puzzling on two counts. First, he seems to assume that patient and family involvement is connected to insensitivity on the part of DSM contributors, which certainly is not our view. When the DSM-IV mood disorders work group made suggestions to the DSM-IV task force, should the work group have been accused of insensitivity to the task force and of implying that the task force members needed to be educated about mood disorders? Second, Dr. Spitzer's haste to take offense at our considerations underlines how very sensitive the issues of stigma and negative evaluation are. Rather than brushing these issues aside, might a more thorough consideration of them be warranted?Dr. Spitzer's point that DSM committee members are chosen because they are experts is true. We regret omitting this documented fact. However, expertise is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for inclusion. Not all credible diagnostic experts are appointed to the committees, and therefore other criteria must be used to select members. We challenge Dr. Spitzer to deny that the factors we identified—other than expertise—are relevant, and indeed unavoidable, in determining "expertise."Most of the concerns raised by Dr. Balon were addressed in our article. In addition, he points out that we seem to imply that psychiatry is somehow different from the rest of medicine. He has pegged us dead on. Although we are entirely comfortable with psychiatric medicine, psychiatry is indeed different. Psychiatry's distinction emerges from what mental illness does to the personhood of the patient (1). Patients and families are the obvious experts in the experience of mental illnesses. Accordingly, the process of refining psychiatric diagnoses should take this unique perspective into account.Reference1. Sadler JZ: Mental health: III. issues in diagnosis, in The Encyclopedia of Bioethics, 3rd ed. Edited by Post SF. New York, Macmillan, 2003Google Scholar FiguresReferencesCited byDetailsCited byNone Volume 55Issue 5 May 2004Pages 587-a-588 Metrics History Published online 1 May 2004 Published in print 1 May 2004

Overlapping block-laterative methods for solving algebraic equations

In this paper we consider a general class of iterative processes and develop a method to parallelize the computations using overlapping decompositions and the inclusion principle. Sufficient conditions for inclusion and convergence are provided, as well as a variety of additional results for the case when the general interative process reduces to Newton's method.

The Descent of Rights and the Descent of Persons

Explication and evaluation of the relative ethnographic and theoretical merits of several constructions of “descent” and “descent groups” (by W. H. R. Rivers, M. Fortes, and W. Goodenough, among others) reveals that relations of descent can have right and duty values only where patri- or matrifiliation is the necessary and sufficient condition for inclusion in a social group. Therefore, only unilineally constituted groups should be described as descent groups.

Inclusion and equivalence between relational database schemata

Conceptual relations among relational database schemata are investigated. Two different definitions of inclusion and a definition of equivalence between schemata are given. Several examples of practical situations adequately handled by our definitions are shown. Finally, necessary and sufficient conditions for inclusion and equivalence are proved for two classes of schemata, meaningful in the relational theory.

On the inclusion of generalized H�lder classes

For the generalized Holder classes\(B_{P\theta }^{a,\varphi } \) with smoothness functions in the metric of Lp(RN) we obtain the necessary and sufficient conditions for inclusion. There follows in particular from these conditions a new inclusion theorem with respect to the index θ of these classes.