Sudden Transformation Research Articles

Literary and Cultural Enrichment in Soviet Armenia: Exploring Russian-Mediated Translation Traditions in the Soviet Era

This paper seeks to underline the pivotal role the Russian language played in nurturing a rich educational and cultural atmosphere in Soviet Armenia. In fact, Russian greatly contributed to the shaping of the educational environment exerting immense influence on the academic progress and intellectual growth. It aims to provide insight into the translation traditions prevalent in the Soviet era where Russian assumed the crucial role of a cultural facilitator. In fact, it served as an intermediary language for not only Armenia, but also other Soviet republics making the large body of foreign literature accessible for Soviet readers. Yet, following the abolition of the Soviet regime, translation practices and methodologies experienced a sudden transformation guaranteeing the rapid transition from translations mediated by Russian to direct translation approaches. We believe this study will help shed light on the interplay of language and culture in the context of Armenian’s historic journey from the Soviet era to the present day.

Innovative Transformation in Rehabilitation and Allied Health Sciences in the Post COVID-19 Era

Editorial: In the not-so-distant past, not so long ago in our story of human civilization when the field of rehabilitation and allied health sciences operated within the confines of traditional methodologies. Patient assessments, diagnoses, and treatments followed conventional paths, with healthcare professionals relying heavily on hands-on techniques and their practical experience. This traditional mode, deeply rooted in humancentric practices, proved effective for decades until the unforeseen arrival of an unprecedented challenge. It is said that there is no engaging story without an unforeseen twist and the novel Coronavirus did just that in our story as it put the whole world to a complete halt and shook the entire traditional healthcare system to its very foundations, transforming the healthcare industry for eons to come. In addition to implementing preventative measures to stop the virus from spreading in a highly interactive, multidisciplinary setting, the COVID-19 pandemic has presented significant hurdles for inpatient rehabilitation services in terms of developing a recovery route for patients who have recovered from the virus(1) In response to this crisis, there was a rapid paradigm shift in the fields of healthcare, especially rehabilitation and allied health sectors. Conventional practices gave way to innovative approaches, and the industry witnessed an accelerated adoption of telerehabilitation and allied health services. This sudden transformation marked a turning point, highlighting the significance of adaptability and technological integration in rehabilitation and allied healthcare. The need for remote patient care offered Telehealth services which is an acceptable means to get over physical obstacles and safety concerns so that patients and caregivers could receive the proper medical care.(2)

The Ecological Perspective in Nowadays’ Urban Landscape Planning in Transylvania

Abstract Nowadays’ (Transylvanian) urban landscape as a complex, built and natural, social and economic environment is undergoing a sudden and accelarated transformation. Urbanization is a defining feature of current spatial/urban metamorphosis in Transylvania, too, yet the current model of urban development profoundly alters the natural environment, often reducing biodiversity and ultimately threatening human wellbeing. Present not only in academic theory, but in a broader sense in the daily public debate for the past decades, ecological perspective has become one of the leading design principles in nowadays’ professional practice and theory in urban and spatial planning, a compulsory attribute of the contemporary mindset and (urban) landscape. Proposed research on ecological perspective in current urban (landscape) planning in Transylvania, Romania is focusing specifically on the role ecological perspective can play in understanding, the applying the more general and complex phenomenon of sustainability in the planning and management of landscapes. The idea of sustainability, the ecoregional approach are not only traditional attributes of the historical landscape, but also generators in present day development of cities around Transylvania, Romania. The ecological approach can enhance finding solutions in urgent social and environmental challanges regarding efficient management of resources, sustainable urban and spatial planning.

CHANGING YOUR MIND, ONE BELIEF AT A TIME

AbstractThe authors (Carrillo; a leadership coach, founder of WellWater, and curate at HTB Church in London, England); (Wiseman; former corporate executive who now works as a management researcher, executive advisor, and CEO of The Wiseman Group) believe that “To create a durable change in behavior, we need to change the beliefs behind the behavior. We need a change of mind, and one that lasts.” The article builds on the life story and personal/professional growth of Carrillo. They write: “He hasn’t stopped working on himself, but Fernando’s experience illustrates the slow, steady nature of transformational change and the practices that can help us change for good.” They outline “3 Practices to build better beliefs,” portrayed as a “success cycle” figure. The practices are: 1. Change your thought patterns 2. Gather supporting evidence 3. Help others change their minds. For instance, within practice 1 they note: “Our beliefs often begin with the words and actions of others toward us, which can then shape our sense of self. These beliefs need not actually be true to hold powerful sway over our assumptions and perceptions of reality.” This process takes time: “While we may occasionally experience sudden transformation, change is usually gradual, occurring in almost imperceptible increments.”

Multitude and Memory in the Chilean Social Uprising

Between October 2019 and March 2020 Chile experienced the most massive and heavily repressed cycle of social protests in its post-dictatorship (1973–90) history. This essay explores the social uprising as a critical event of political subjectivation through the story of Ricardo, an ordinary young medical technician with no background of political affiliation who fully immersed himself in the forefront of confrontation with the police in the ground zero protest zone while also providing first-aid assistance to those injured. Two vectors triggering Ricardo's unexpected and sudden transformation into an activist are identified: the intergenerational potency of antidictatorial memories and the power of the spontaneous multitude in demonstration. In recalling the dictatorship, Ricardo and his friends used to ask themselves, “What would I have done if I'd been there?” In the face of the social uprising, Ricardo brings to the present that generation-specific question and responds with total exposure, defending the multitude and healing the wounded. We argue that the event's critical nature is interpreted in the light of the past. Ricardo's involvement becomes an ethical imperative in his time and in his own history. This duty fuels his mobilization and desire for social transformation, blurring the analytical boundaries between ethics and politics.

The online interactive visual learning improves learning effectiveness and satisfaction of physicians with postgraduate year during the COVID-19 pandemic in Taiwan

BackgroundsMedical education has shifted from passive forms of teaching to more active learning strategies, particularly in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Research has discussed the challenges and disadvantages associated with online education, but there is limited documentation on physicians’ perceptions of this sudden and unexpected transformation in medical education. This study aimed to determine the effect of online interactive visual learning on physicians’ perceptions of the effectiveness and their satisfaction with this online learning experience.MethodsWe routinely recruited 64 unclassified physicians in the hospital’s postgraduate year (PGY) program between September 2021 and April 2022. PGY physicians received an online interactive visual learning course. Online (Google Form) testing and questionnaires before and after this course evaluated learning performance, learning attitude and satisfaction of these physicians.ResultsThe interactive online learning tools facilitated the physicians’ active learning processes by reducing their learning burden (burden vs. no burden: 4.69% vs. 68.75%) and increasing their learning interest (interest vs. no interest: 84.38% vs. 3.12%) in the online format. Post-test scores were significantly improved compared with pretest scores (post-test vs. pre-test: 5 vs. 4; p < 0.05) and their imaging recognition was markedly improved from baseline (post-test vs. pre-test: 85.19% vs. 61.11%). Levels of satisfaction correlated positively with the physicians’ learning burden (rs = 0.541), learning interest (rs = 0.562), and perceived benefits of imaging recognition (post-course: rs = 0.508; future: rs = 0.563) (all p < 0.05).ConclusionsOur online course with interactive visual learning facilitated PGY physicians’ learning performance, levels of satisfaction, interest, and perceived benefits of online learning. Hospitals and policymakers need to be aware that this learning approach can markedly enhance physicians’ academic outcomes and levels of clinical practice.

Student’s Challenges and Coping Strategies on Self-directed Modular Distance Learning: Input for Implementation Review

The sudden transformation of learning modality had a remarkable impact on education. Teachers and students have been facing challenges in adopting the changes in the system. Thus, the study aimed to explore students' challenges in implementing the self-directed modular learning modality. The study employed the quantitative and qualitative mixed method of research and thematic analysis technique. The study found that secondary students encountered challenges in implementing the modular modality, such as lack of access to modern technology, module content issues, family and financial matters, time management, communication with the teacher, and the teachers' unclear instruction. Thus, financial support (e.g., food, school supplies, and monetary assistance) will be extended to students to lessen stress, anxiety, and depression. The government will allocate a sufficient budget for internet connection, bending machines, and computer sets. Training and programs in line with the technical skills enhancement of the students and parents will be taken into consideration, and the JRMSU College of Education must facilitate this as an extension program.

Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace: Regulating International Radio Propaganda in Europe, 1921–1939

This article provides a major reassessment of interwar ‘wireless internationalism’, arguing that in the light of recent work on the wider history of internationalism, attempts to harness radio broadcasting to promote peace and mutual understanding among nations take on fresh significance. It uses previously neglected archival sources to explore how initiatives designed to amplify the benign, pacific effects of ‘wireless’ culminated in the League of Nations 1936 Convention on the Use of Broadcasting in the Cause of Peace. Like other wireless internationalist initiatives, this agreement has often been dismissed as inherently unrealistic. However, the earlier practical achievements of wireless internationalism should not be ignored. Until 1933, Europe’s broadcasting organisations worked together in a system of self-regulation that they themselves constructed under the auspices of the International Broadcasting Union. The League contributed to this system and also established its own wireless broadcasting station, Radio Nations, to promote its activities. It was only the rapid pace of geopolitical, technical, and organisational change after 1933 that rendered this system of self-regulation unworkable. The 1936 convention, built on earlier ideas about the nature of international broadcasting, was one of the casualties of this sudden transformation. Examining wireless internationalism in this new light can revise our understanding of interwar debates on freedom of expression and the regulation of international communication in an era of intensifying propaganda and ‘false news’.

A TOURISM INSTITUTIONAL ASSESSMENT EVALUATION OF STUDENTS FROM REMOTE LEARNING MODALITY

Upon the enter of COVID-19, the epidemic has caused a sudden transformation worldwide. As the Department of Education works to adapt and alter its delivery of learning, the educational industry is experiencing its fair share of growing pains. Assessments were put on hold while the pandemic continued to have an impact on the school system. Moreover, in adherence to the continual changes in the progress of education due to pandemic, and the learning gaps it caused the learners, every single academic institution should make an effort to evolve current methods to assure and ensure their students capability. Therefore, this research will focus on the investigation of the tourism institutional assessment evaluation of students from remote learning modality, and to determine if there is a significant effect of the benefits in institutional assessment towards students performance. Determined by descriptive-correlational research design and Analysis of variance (ANOVA) as the analytical tool, a total of 116 Grade 12 tourism promotion services students with 72% female (n=83), and 28% male (n=33) constitute the population of the study. Self-constructed survey questionnaire which composed of two parts using five-point Likert scale was used as a data collecting tool. In the analysis of data, descriptive statistics and regression analysis were used. The result show that majority of the respondents were already in their legal age, 18 years old and above, and most are female. Further, majority of the respondents parents are high school graduates, where some have regular and permanent employment with family income ranging from P10,000 and below which lies at the lowest family income range. Overall, the results imply that almost all of the students rated high in these identified benefits of institutional assessment which means that the students highly believes the benefits and effectiveness of the institutional assessment in strengthening their knowledge and skills, as an aid in their readiness for the National Assessment, and that it prepares them for their future workplace. The findings also indicate that majority of the respondents performed beyond excellent satisfactory level in their written, oral, and demonstration assessment. The three benefits of institutional assessment show significant effects on the students performance except only for the students preparedness for the workplace on the written assessment. Lastly, the result revealed that the institutional assessment was significantly beneficial for it influenced largely on the students performance during assessments.

Quality of Life in People With Unilateral Lower Limb Amputation at a Tertiary Rehabilitation Centre in Northern India: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background and purpose The patients after amputation undergo a sudden transformation in their quality of life. In India, amputation done at the appropriate time is a rare phenomenon because usually, the patients present themselves at the later stages. The surgeons, however, while performing amputation surgeries, primarily consider saving the life of a patient under adverse conditions when patients report to them very late that the surgeries are carried out urgently. Assessing the quality of life (QOL) and the various sociodemographic factors affecting the QOL paves the way for future rehabilitation programs. Aims and objectives To evaluate the quality of life of subjects with unilateral lower limb amputation among the North Indian population. Materials and methods This cross-sectional study was conducted in the tertiary rehabilitation center. A total of 106 Subjects were recruited. Informed consent was taken. WHOQOL-BREF contains 26 items covering four important aspects of QOL. The WHOQOL-BREF self-administered free questionnaire was used as a data collection tool, and the Hindi version downloaded from the WHO website was also used for those who can't understand English. Results The range of the physical domain, psychological domain, social domain, and environmental domain were 0 and 100. The mean score of different QOL transformed domain scores (on a scale of 100) were 47.91±20.12, 57.37±20.46, 59.36±25.32 and 51.50±21.96, respectively. Trauma was the leading cause of amputation, followed by diabetes mellitus, cancer, peripheral vascular disease, and other causes. Transtibial amputees were more in number compared to transfemoral. The percentage of male and female amputees was 78.30%, and 21.70%, respectively. Conclusion The physical domain was the most affected domain, followed by the psychological, social, and environmental domains. A delay in the prosthesis fitment aggravates the physical burden of amputees. Early prosthesis & psychological counseling will improve the QOL significantly.

Teaching English Online in the Times of Covid-19 at a Saudi University: Opportunities and Challenges

During the outbreak of Covid-19 pandemic in the late 2020, online learning has become a coercive solution and a last resort, not just a luxurious option of learning style. The forced sudden transition from face-to-face educational system to online education is an unprecedented phenomenon that represented a challenge in itself, therefore, needed to be explored and studied thoroughly. This study, based on a sequential explanatory mixed methods research design, aims to explore the opportunities and challenges of teaching English online in the times of Covid-19 through surveying English language instructors in the context of a Saudi government university in the city of Jeddah in the Western Region of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The study utilised a survey approach using an adopted questionnaire to 41 instructors (23 males and 18 females). Analyses of the data indicated that the majority of the teachers were knowledgeable and experienced enough with the online platforms, however, they were overwhelmed with the unexpected and sudden transformation to the full mode online learning. Furthermore, a large number of the participants expressed their initial frustration trying to adjust to the full mode online system, however, they found ample opportunities for more teaching and learning flexibility with an autonomous learning provision for the students.

An Online Physics Laboratory Delivered Through Live Broadcasting Media: A COVID-19 Teaching Experience

The COVID-19 pandemic has constituted a sudden educational transformation around the world. It has disrupted instructors, including physics educators, forcing them to adjust to remote teaching. The hands-on laboratory, one of the components of physics instruction, has also had to rapidly go online in all branches of this science, including nuclear physics. In this study, live broadcasting media was designed to conduct a remote nuclear physics laboratory. We then evaluated the immediate impact of this new mode of lab instruction on students’ learning and attitude toward this type of instruction. Fifty-nine 3rd-year physics students at a public university in Indonesia participated in this study. The effectiveness of instruction was examined by analyzing both weekly reports and open-ended responses about students’ learning experiences. In summary, it was evident that live broadcasting media was an effective way to conduct an online nuclear physics laboratory. Accordingly, students’ attitudes demonstrated constructive behaviors about their remote laboratorial experiences. Our findings imply that online platforms are one way to offer the physics laboratory during unanticipated transitions such as the COVID-19 pandemic. Students’ preference for a hands-on laboratory and the technical issues reported during the broadcasting session should be further examined to help design a remote nuclear physics laboratory that is even more accessible and enjoyable.

Digital Transformation: Inevitable Change or Sizable Opportunity? The Strategic Role of HR Management in Industry 4.0

Background: The impact of technologies on workers has been a recurring theme in occupational health psychology. In particular, the sudden digital transformation of the last two decades, accelerated by the COVID-19 pandemic, has stressed the urgency to investigate new ways of working that are characterized by flexibility and a constant increase of autonomy. In this perspective, this study aims to investigate the state of the art of the innovation process in Italian factories, explore whether and how digitalization can be seen as an opportunity, and imagine a new way of working characterized by adaptability, resilience, and openness to change. Methods: Thirty in-depth interviews of Italian experts in HR management were collected and analyzed using a mix-method approach. Results: The findings underline the Italian HR experts’ perceptions of the risks associated with rapid changes required by technological progress in terms of workers’ wellbeing and satisfaction and suggest how important it is that organizations rapidly set up learning and training programs to guide workers to the acquisition of new skills required by Industry 4.0. Conclusions: Future workplaces will be characterized by extreme versatility, which requires workers to increasingly have both technical and soft skills as well as the ability to collaborate and build functional relationships.

A Proposed Model for E-learning Adaptability Measurement During COVID-19 Pandemic Using Data Mining Techniques

E-learning became the main medium of education in the world for the past two years. COVID-19 virus has pushed all the universities and academic institutions to utilize and activate E-learning platforms and systems. The sudden and urgent transformation from the regular traditional learning system to E-learning system has involved many challenges and limitations. Therefore, the need to evaluate and enhance the current E-learning mechanism in Iraq became very urgent and critical need. The target level was students at higher education institutes which include university students in Basra city. The data collected based on students’ evaluation and opinions about E-learning based on their interaction and usage during two years under COVID-19 spread era. This research involved applying data mining techniques to sample dataset and utilizing the obtained results as feedback for a proposed model suggested by the authors to measure adaptability. The proposed model is derived from the idea of the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) with focus on the positivity as the main factor to measure adaptability. The results of the research showed approximate adaptation level of 52% which is very close compared to the actual situation in real life which involve limitations and challenges faced by Iraqi students.

Meta-Systemic Model of Transformation: A General Complexity-Based Approach in Political Science and International Relations

System-based research remains an important yet usually outdated and internally contradictory approach in political science and international relations. Based on concepts borrowed from physiology, cybernetics, and general system theory, the system-based approach popularised in the 1960s was cast away as outdated and ill-focused. Despite those systems, the theory was developed in natural sciences, eventually creating a paradigm more applicable to domestic and international politics. The weakest element of past systems (like the one proposed by D. Easton) was that they did not allow for a sudden and catastrophic transformation and lacked emergence. This paper aims to present a model that would allow for the system’s ordinary and catastrophic transformation. The complex adaptive system features were defined using relevant literature on a paradigm of complexity. Connecting it with the propositions of D. Easton, R. Axelrod, and M. Cohen, as well as R. Jervis, such a model was constructed. The theoretical introduction is supplanted with a general case study of the early phases of the Arab Spring in Tunisia. The model mirrors the complex systems’ dynamics, considering the agent-structure problem.

Mountains and the German Mind: Translations from Gessner to Messner, 1541–2009 ed. by Sean Ireton and Caroline Schaumann

Reviewed by: Mountains and the German Mind: Translations from Gessner to Messner, 1541–2009 ed. by Sean Ireton and Caroline Schaumann Noah Heringman Sean Ireton and Caroline Schaumann, eds. Mountains and the German Mind: Translations from Gessner to Messner, 1541–2009. Rochester, NY: Camden House, 2020. vii + 361 pp. A. C. Spectorsky prefaced his classic anthology, The Book of the Mountains (1955), by interrogating the figure of alpine "conquest": Currently, there has been an effusion of writing about the conquest of heretofore impregnable peaks. Conquest is an odd word used thus: Months and years of planning weeks and months of desperate and perilous toil are invested in a brief moment when perhaps two men, swaddled, numb, gasping like stranded fish, triumphantly stand with their heads some six feet higher than the hoary peak of a mountain which has—massive and impersonal—forced upon them adaptations almost beyond the limits of human flexibility and endurance. Not surprisingly, Spectorsky's curiosity about what it might mean to conquer a mountain led him to include several German-speaking authors in his anthology, and he could have found much additional material in Sean Ireton and Caroline Schaumann's new anthology, Mountains and the German Mind. Spectorsky had the scope to include a global cohort of authors from antiquity to the present, and to address "the total sense of the mountain world … of which mountain climbing is only a part." Mountains and the German Mind has the more modest aim of surveying German-language writings focused mainly on climbing. Alexander von Humboldt is the only author shared by the two anthologies, though the series of German expeditions to the Himalayas, featured in one chapter of Ireton and Schaumann's book, is also documented in The Book of the Mountains. Ireton and Schaumann's admirable goal is to make important German texts available for the first time in English. Each of its thirteen chapters consists of an introduction followed by a translation from a Germanophone mountaineer-author. As advertised, the German texts span the period 1541–2009, from the Swiss humanist Conrad Gessner to the South Tyrolese celebrity Reinhold Messner. [End Page 206] By depicting mountaineering as a centuries-old pursuit, this volume makes visible inherited tropes conditioning this pastime long before it was a sport, while also revealing unique constellations of scientific, aesthetic, and ideological positions that characterized each stage of its development. Some of the most persistent tropes include the sublime, nationalism and nativism, primitivism, survival, geological time, and claims of priority, the latter being a subset of the larger topos of mastery or "conquest" identified by Spectorsky in 1955. A more scholarly book from the 1950s, Marjorie Hope Nicolson's Mountain Gloom and Mountain Glory (1959), provides a key reference for the editors in their introduction and for the translators of the first two chapters. The early modern narratives of Gessner (trans. Dan Hooley) and Johann Jakob Scheuchzer (trans. Jennifer Jenkins) help to make clear the limitations of Nicolson's argument (drawing mainly on English literature) that a sudden cultural transformation in the late seventeenth century made the appreciation of mountains possible. While echoing Nicolson's insistence on actual travel through the mountains, these authors show that the English travelers she studies were latecomers on the scene. Even the third chapter, an excerpt from the 1784 Alpine travelogue of Sophie von La Roche (trans. Martina Kopf), shows the influence of a much longer tradition of interpreting mountains through the lens of "providential design." Christoph Weber's emphasis on this point in his introduction to Scheuchzer, together with Kopf's helpful gloss on the Swiss literary tradition that inspired La Roche, helps to establish "mountain glory" as an abiding through-line for the volume. The conquest of mountains, however, becomes a much more dominant preoccupation in the nineteenth century, bearing out the idea of a historical "shift" put forward by the editors. In chapter 5 on Humboldt, we find a strong emphasis on priority claims in the primary text, reinforced by Schaumann's contextualization of his "mountain feats." For Herrmann von Barth, the subject of the next chapter, conquest becomes the raison d'être of "Alpine sport": "Man longs to feel that he is...

A spectrophotometric analysis of cool white dwarfs in the Gaia and pan-STARRS footprint

ABSTRACT We present a spectrophotometric analysis of 2880 cool white dwarfs within 100 pc of the Sun and cooler than Teff ∼ 10 000 K, with grizy Pan-STARRS photometry and Gaia trigonometric parallaxes available. We also supplement our data sets with near-infrared JHK photometry, when available, which is shown to be essential for interpreting the coolest white dwarfs in our sample. We perform a detailed analysis of each individual object using state-of-the-art model atmospheres appropriate for each spectral type, including DA, DC, DQ, DZ, He-rich DA, and the so-called IR-faint white dwarfs. We discuss the temperature and mass distributions of each subsample, as well as revisit the spectral evolution of cool white dwarfs. We find little evidence in our sample for the transformation of a significant fraction of DA stars into He-atmosphere white dwarfs through the process of convective mixing between Teff = 10 000 and ∼6500 K, although the situation changes drastically in the range Teff = 6500–5500 K where the fraction of He-atmosphere white dwarfs reaches ∼45 per cent. However, we also provide strong evidence that at even cooler temperatures (Teff ≲ 5200 K), most DC white dwarfs have H atmospheres. We discuss a possible mechanism to account for this sudden transformation from He- to H-atmosphere white dwarfs involving the onset of crystallization and the occurrence of magnetism. Finally, we also argue that DQ, DZ, and DC white dwarfs may form a more homogeneous population than previously believed.

EFFECTS OF DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION, WORK FORM HOME, ANDEMPLOYEE ENGAGEMENT ON EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE THROUGH SELF-EFFICIENCY IN THE COVID-19 PANDEMI PERIOD AT THE LURAH OFFICE OF TANJUNGPINANG TIMUR DISTRICT

The workforce in government agencies is required to adjust to the sudden digital transformation. This appeal from Indonesian President Joko Widodo at a press conference at the Bogor Palace, West Java (15 March 2020) aims to minimize the spread of the Covid-19 Virus which requires people to study from home, worship from home, and carry out any activities at home. Minister of education Nadiem Makariem also appealed to all workers and teachers related to the temporary suspension of learning activities at schools and at universities affected by the Covid-19 virus to carry out teaching and learning from home through application technology. This policy is contained in the circular of the Minister of PAN-RB No.

Impact of Urbanization and Economic Growth in Albania

One of the goals of the study is to analyze how urbanization and economic growth are related, identify the elements that influence a nation's urbanization, and add to the body of theoretical and empirical research on urbanization. Over the past 32 years, Tirana has undergone a number of swift and challenging transformations in the economic, social, and political arenas. The sudden transformation of the natural and populated terrain serves as a stark example of an unforeseen and novel phenomenon for Albanian society. Various researchers have confirmed this statement but no previous study has used socio-economic data to study this relationship in the city of Tirana, as a city with a promising economic development. Urbanization is linked to problems including insufficient housing, poor waste management, and insufficient infrastructure, all of which are very difficult to eradicate and control. These problems are still a battle in developed nations. Tirana and other developing cities have a much higher rate of urbanization than did the wealthy nations of today when they were first developing (Dutt and Parai, 1994). Through an examination of the causal relationships between variables and their effects on the economy, this study looks at other aspects of population migration. This study is analytical and exploratory. The research findings can support attempts to discover acceptable solutions to urban problems, particularly in Tirana and beyond, by providing an up-to-date understanding of the elements that project urbanization. The study is based on contemporary urbanization theory, which is particularly relevant in the instance of Tirana. The following ways that this study will increase knowledge are as follows: it will pinpoint socioeconomic factors that attempt to forecast Tirana's urbanization; it will develop a method to measure urbanization and economic growth through a standardized measure. The basic methods according to which such an evaluative analysis will be made are related to the correlation between the variables as well as the regression analysis. The data have been obtained from INSTAT and the World Bank for the period 1998-2019.&#x0D; &#x0D; Received: 5 September 2022 / Accepted: 28 October 2022 / Published: 5 November 2022

Remote Learning in Higher Education: Evidence from Poland.

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought about a sudden transformation at universities. The previous mode of teaching has been replaced by remote education, the effectiveness of which depends, among other things, on the technological infrastructure of universities and the digital competence of lecturers and students. The main objective of this study is to evaluate remote learning in higher education from the students' point of view. The uniqueness of the present research approach lies in the identification of four dimensions (socio-emotional, developmental, time-financial, and negative attitude) of students' evaluation of remote learning in higher education. The survey was conducted on 999 students studying remotely, including 518 women and 481 men. Most of the students surveyed had been studying remotely for 1-2 years and were studying full-time for their first degree. The research tool consisted of 16 mixed survey questions. Six of them were related to sociodemographic factors (including those related to the respondents' education), and eight were related to their experiences with and opinions about remote education, respectively. The remaining two questions were used to collect respondents' evaluations of the degree of importance to them of various advantages and disadvantages of remote education. The research showed that among the advantages of remote learning for students, the most important are saving time, the possibility of studying at a university far from home (another city, another country), the possibility of combining work and study, and reduced commuting costs. On the other hand, the disadvantages of remote learning of greatest importance to students include the loss of social ties due to lack of contact with peers, feelings of fatigue resulting from excessive use of information and communication tools, and greater susceptibility to various forms of distraction. In addition, the shape of students' education was relevant to the different dimensions of their evaluation of remote learning in higher education. The social-emotional size of remote learning is more important for students who study remotely in a blended mode (compared to uniform). The developmental dimension is essential for students who participate in remote learning activities for longer during the day. In addition, a more extended period of remote learning promotes the greater importance of the time-financial dimension when evaluating remote knowledge.