Sudden Cardiac Arrest In Athletes Research Articles

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Management for Sudden Cardiac Arrest on Field Sport Activity

Background: Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the most common cause of sudden death in athletes, accounting for 75% of all deaths during activity and sports. In order to preserve athletes' lives, cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and on-site defibrillation with an Automated external defibrillator (AED) should be undertaken immediately. Thus, observers ought not to hesitate in performing cardiac compression to restore circulation. Aim: to increase the number of coaches or teams commencing CPR and so improve the opportunities of survival after sudden cardiac arrest. Material and Methods: By collecting a total of ten studies, this article implements a literature review methodology to evaluate CPR administration in occurrences of SCA among field athletes. CPR administration, on-field sports, SCA, and athletes as subjects are the study's main objectives. Results: In accordance with the study's results, administering AEDs earlier is more effective. The majority of cardiac arrests in the field aren't treated immediately and accurately, which leads to fatalities. Because a cardiac arrest occurring during the first 10 minutes is critical for the athlete's survival, each minute lowers the athlete's chances of surviving by 7-10%. Conclusion: SCA in athletes is a serious medical condition that frequently results in death. To save athletes' lives, CPR and on-site defibrillation using an AED must be performed immediately.

Sudden cardiac arrest in athletes and strategies to optimize preparedness.

Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is the leading cause of death in young athletes. Despite efforts to improve preparedness for cardiac emergencies, the incidence of out-of-hospital cardiac arrests in athletes remains high, and bystander awareness and readiness for SCA support are inadequate.Initiatives such as designing an emergency action plan (EAP) and mandating training in cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and automated external defibrillator use (AED) for team members and personnel can contribute to improved survival rates in SCA cases.This review provides an overview of SCA in athletes, focusing on identifying populations at the highest risk and evaluating the effectiveness of different screening practices in detecting conditions that may lead to SCA. We summarize current practices and recommendations for improving the response to SCA events, and we highlight the need for ongoing efforts to optimize preparedness through the implementation of EAPs and the training of individuals in CPR and AED use. Additionally, we propose a call to action to increase awareness and training in EAP development, CPR, and AED use for team members and personnel.To improve outcomes of SCA cases in athletes, it is crucial to enhance bystander awareness and preparedness for cardiac emergencies. Implementing EAPs and providing training in CPR and AED use for team members and personnel are essential steps toward improving survival rates in SCA cases.

Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Athletes: A Primary Level of Prevention.

Primary prevention of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) refers to the use of pharmacological or interventional therapy and healthy lifestyle modifications to prevent sudden cardiac death (SCD) in patients who have not experienced symptomatic, life-threatening persistent ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation or SCA but are considered to be at a higher risk. This review provides an overview of the physiological heart changes and distinct electrical manifestations, the etiology of SCA, and screening methods and interventions for the prevention of SCA in athletes. The American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association (AHA) Guidelines recommend screening with a 14-point history and physical examination. In most cases, a thorough clinical evaluation along with an ECGis sufficient for screening. Athletes with heart diseases leading to SCD are urged not to compete. Further decisions are taken following the European Society of Cardiology and the AHA's current workout recommendations. Early detection of cardiac disease allows for individualized risk evaluation and treatment, which has been shown to reduce mortality rates in athletes.

What are patients reading? Assessing the quality of online resources on sudden cardiac arrest in athletes

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Introduction Patients frequently use the internet as an educational resource and sometimes in complete substitution of an expert physician’s consultation. Sudden cardiac arrests (SCA) in athletes are often sensationalised and attract much online readership. No studies have explored the quality of online content relating to SCA in athletes. Purpose To assess the quality of online educational resources on SCA in athletes. Methods The first 200 hits of the search "sudden cardiac arrest in athletes" on Google were analyzed. For each website, reading difficulty was evaluated using 5 validated reading indices. Content quality was assessed with point-based scoring systems established by expert opinion. Results A total of 115 unique web domains met eligibility criteria, only 2 of which were within the limits of national recommended readability level (≤8th grade). 53.9% were from educational institutions. Mean content accuracy scored only 6.5 ± 3.9 out of 15 (43%), and mean school-grade reading level was 13.3 ± 2.9 years (equivalent to a post-secondary level of education). The majority of websites had poor lay appropriate explanations of concepts; 91.3% failed to adequately explain basic principles of treatment; 68.7% failed to mention over half of common etiologies associated with SCA; only 59.1% correctly cited incidence of SCA amongst young athletes; 24.3% did not explore management options and only 28.7% mentioned treatment options beyond immediate resuscitation. Higher reading difficulty correlated with higher accuracy scores (β 1.1, p < 0.001). Conclusion There is a paucity of accurate, lay language appropriate online health information on SCA in athletes. Incomprehensible and incomplete information may lead to inappropriate decisions by patients. A collaborative approach between experts and patients may assist in the creation of resources related to athletes’ health.

Sudden cardiac arrest in sports: a video analysis

ObjectivesInformation about sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in sports arises from registries, insurance claims and various reports. Analysing video footage of SCA during sports for scientific purposes has scarcely been done....

The prevention and management of sudden cardiac arrest in athletes

KEY POINTS Cardiac arrests that occur during sports competition are dramatic and unexpected, and attract much media interest, as athletes are often young and at the peak of physical fitness. The rate of sudden cardiac arrest during exercise in competitive athletes is about 0.75 per 100 000 athletes

Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Athletes: Do not Miss Suspicious Details

Introduction Sudden cardiac death (SCD) related to sports activities is an unexpected and rare event, usually occurring in young and apparently healthy athletes. The main cause of SCD in young athletes (< 35 years old) is ventricular arrhythmia (VA) associated with arrhythmogenic disorders (e.g. hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy - ARVC, channelopathies). Some of these conditions can be suspected by routine pre-participation clinical evaluation, while others remain undetectable even after careful screening.– This paper presents the case of a [...]

349 The Effect of Athletic Chest Protective Equipment on the Performance of Manual and Mechanical Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Simulation Study

Sudden cardiac arrest in athletes is a rare event, yet remains a leading causes of death in athletes. A small percent of these events is due to commotio cordis (CC), secondary to direct striking trauma to the chest. Many athletes wear various types of athletic chest protectors (ACP) to help prevent the incidence of CC. Studies indicate that almost 40% of cases occurred despite the use of ACPs. There has been little research to evaluate the impact of these ACPs on the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) compressions. Numerous studies have indicated that the quality of CPR during a cardiac arrest is correlated to patient outcome and overall mortality. In this study, we aim to observe: (1) whether the presence of ACPs will impact the quality of bystander CPR performance (2) whether the use of a LUCAS (mechanical compression) device will lead to a difference in CPR performance as compared to traditional compressions (3) whether the presence of ACP gear will have a detrimental effect on depth, rate, and hand positioning of both bystander and LUCAS CPR. This study was an observational, prospective study of a convenience sample of 26 residents of all levels of training, from a single emergency medicine residency. Residents performed CPR on a high fidelity Laerdal mannequin that provided real-time computer feedback and measured compression depth, rate, and proper hand placement. Multiple trials of CPR were performed: baseline CPR for both 1 minute and 2 minute cycles, and CPR on a mannequin wearing the ACP. The ACP used was a common, commercially available HEART-GARD. We also measured the time required to remove the ACP prior to initiating CPR. LUCAS CPR performance was measured both at baseline and over the ACP. For bystander CPR, there was a statistically significant difference in both percentage of correct hand placement and compression rate for baseline versus ACP compressions (85% versus 57%, p<0.05; 138 versus 142, p<0.05, respectively). Difference in compression depth were not significant (51.08 versus 50.08mm, p=0.39). With LUCAS CPR, there was no significant difference noted in aspects of CPR performance with or without an ACP in place. When comparing bystander versus LUCAS CPR quality, a significant difference was noted in compression rate (138 versus 101, p<0.01), but not in overall depth or hand placement when compressions were performed either at baseline or with ACP in place. Lastly, average time to remove the ACP prior to CPR initiation was noted to be 5.4 seconds. Previous research has shown that many variables have a critical impact on overall CPR quality, including compression depth, rate and hand placement. In our study, the use of an ACP had a significant impact on hand placement during bystander CPR. This may have a detrimental effect on bystander CPR quality. Considering ACP removal required only 5.4 seconds, it may be beneficial to remove the ACP prior to starting of bystander CPR. However, ACP equipment was shown to have no significant impact when a LUCAS device is utilized for mechanical CPR. In addition, there was a significant difference between resident and LUCAS CPR in rate of compressions, which plays a critical role in CPR quality.

Early recognition of sudden cardiac arrest in athletes during sports activity.

IntroductionSudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in athletes is an unexpected life-threatening event, which is often not recognised early and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is not always initiated immediately. We describe key features to rapidly recognise non-traumatic SCA in athletes during sports activity.MethodsWe reviewed videos and images of athletes suffering from non-traumatic SCA during sports activity. We searched Google images, Google videos and YouTube.com using the keywords ‘sudden cardiac death athlete’ and ‘resuscitation athlete’. We analysed (1) the athlete’s performance before syncope, (2) the athlete’s performance at the start of syncope, (3) the position of the body, and (4) the athlete’s facial expressions before CPR. We analysed our data by describing these four features to answer our research question.ResultsWe analysed the sequence of events in six well-known soccer players in whom a camera-witnessed non-traumatic SCA occurred during their athletic activity. All six athletes showed no changes before syncope. Four became unstable while standing and unexpectedly collapsed falling on their back. Two suddenly ‘dropped dead’ and fell face down. All six had their eyes wide open with a fixed gaze and fixed pupils.ConclusionsSudden unexpected loss of consciousness in an athlete in action and a fixed gaze eye position are key features of SCA. Immediate cardiac massage should follow. The described features to immediately recognise SCA in athletes during sports activity should be taught to everyone involved in athletic activity leading to earlier recognition of SCA followed by earlier CPR.

Update on Sideline and Event Preparation for Management of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Athletes

Sudden death in athletes occurs approximately once every 3 days in the United States. Each school or venue should have an emergency action plan that is coordinated with local emergency medical services (EMS). Access to early defibrillation to treat sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is critical. If EMS response times are greater than 3 to 5 minutes from collapse to first shock, an on-site automated external defibrillator (AED) should be available. Delays in recognition of SCA in athletes occur commonly. Any collapsed and unresponsive athlete should be considered to be in cardiac arrest and an AED should be applied for rhythm analysis as soon as possible. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be provided while waiting for an AED and interruptions in chest compressions should be minimized. Rehearsal of the emergency action plan with potential first responders is essential to ensuring an efficient response to SCA in athletics.

Update on sideline and event preparation for management of sudden cardiac arrest in athletes

Sudden death in athletes occurs approximately once every 3 days in the United States. Each school or venue should have an emergency action plan that is coordinated with local emergency medical services (EMS). Access to early defibrillation to treat sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) is critical. If EMS response times are greater than 3 to 5 minutes from collapse to first shock, an on-site automated external defibrillator (AED) should be available. Delays in recognition of SCA in athletes occur commonly. Any collapsed and unresponsive athlete should be considered to be in cardiac arrest and an AED should be applied for rhythm analysis as soon as possible. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation should be provided while waiting for an AED and interruptions in chest compressions should be minimized. Rehearsal of the emergency action plan with potential first responders is essential to ensuring an efficient response to SCA in athletics.

Inter Association Task Force Recommendations on Emergency Preparedness andManagement of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in High School andCollege Athletic Programs: A Consensus Statement

Objective. To assist high school andcollege athletic programs prepare for andrespond to a sudden cardiac arrest (SCA). This consensus statement summarizes our current understanding of SCA in young athletes, defines the necessary elements for emergency preparedness, andestablishes uniform treatment protocols for the management of SCA. Background: Sudden cardiac arrest is the leading cause of death in young athletes. The increasing presence of andtimely access to automated external defibrillators (AEDs) at sporting events provides a means of early defibrillation andthe potential for effective secondary prevention of sudden cardiac death. An Inter-Association Task Force was sponsored by the National Athletic Trainers' Association to develop consensus recommendations on emergency preparedness andmanagement of SCA in athletes. Recommendations. Comprehensive emergency planning is needed for high school andcollege athletic programs to ensure an efficient andstructured response to SCA. Essential elements of an emergency action plan include establishing an effective communication system, training of anticipated responders in cardiopulmonary resuscitation andAED use, access to an AED for early defibrillation, acquisition of necessary emergency equipment, coordination, andintegration of on-site responder andAED programs with the local emergency medical services system, andpractice andreview of the response plan. Prompt recognition of SCA, early activation of the emergency medical services system, the presence of a trained rescuer to initiate cardiopulmonary resuscitation, andaccess to early defibrillation are critical in the management of SCA. In any collapsed andunresponsive athlete, SCA should be suspected andan AED applied as soon as possible for rhythm analysis anddefibrillation if indicated.