Sucrose Production Research Articles

Effect of N Fertilization on Sugarbeet Crown Tissue Production and Processing Quality1

AbstractOver the past 4 decades, sucrose content of sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) has decreased while root yield has increased. Reasons reported include processing of more crown material, because mechanical harvesting removes less crown tissue than hand‐topping methods, and incre ased use of N fertilizer. Our objective was to determine the relationship between N application rate and sugarbeet crown tissue production, and its effects on processing quality of sugarbeets. Reported are the results of two studies conducted in 1975 and one in 1976, each using a different sugarbeet cultivar and seven N rates. Green petiole material was removed before each sugarbeet was sectioned into root and crown tissues for yield and quality analyses. Crown tissue increased linearly as rates of N application increased. Root tissue and recoverable sucrose yields were near maximum when spring soil NO3‐N or soil NO3‐N plus added N reached 200 to 225 kg/ha. At higher N levels, crown tissue yield increased and sucrose content in both root and crown tissues decreased, offsetting any potential benefits from increased whole beet yield. When N was adequate for maximmn sucrose production, crown tissue contributed approximately 20% of the total recoverable sucrose per ha. As N rate increased, sucrose concentration, extractable sucrose per metric ton, and purity decreased whereas Na, K, amino‐N, invert sugar, and imaturity index values increased for both root and crown tissues. Root tissue always had higher levels than crown tissue of extractable sucrose and purity and lower levels of Na, amino‐N, invert sugar, and impurity index. Crown tissue production can be minimized, and processing quality of sngarbeets can be improved by conservative use of N fertilizer.

Effect of Seedstalk Removal on Sucrose Production in Bolting Sugarbeets

Effect of Seedstalk Removal on Sucrose Production in Bolting Sugarbeets

Photosynthesis and increased production of protein.

Photosynthesis, the use of light energy in the conversion of CO2 and inorganic nutrients into plant material, is the ultimate source of the food protein necessary to man's existence. Given certain assumptions, the overall maximal theoretical photosynthetic efficiency of agricultural plants can be calculated. Actual measured maximal growth rates of plants are equivalent to efficiency levels well below that theoretical maximum. In air, C4 plants can some closer to the theoretical value than C3 plants, perhaps because C4 plants avoid the occurrence of measurable photorespiration and oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis. Alfalfa, a C3 legume, is an extremely productive protein source. Its protein yield per acre can surpass that of commonly grown C4 crops (corn, sorghum) and C3 seed crops (soybean, wheat, rice). Alfalfa leaf protein is of high nutritional quality and can apparently be used directly in the human diet, eliminating the protein loss involved in animal production. Plant protein productivity can be raised as part of an increase in overall crop yield. The growth of plants in atmospheres with elevated CO2 levels can result in increased yields. In C3 plants this is due, at least in part, to the suppression of photorespiration and oxygen inhibition of photosynthesis. We have investigated the effect of CO2 concentration on alfalfa photosynthetic metabolism. Our results support the contention that alfalfa productivity can be increased by an environment of elevated CO2. A second approach toward increased plant protein productivity is through regulation of carbon flow during photosynthesis so as to increase portein production relative to that of other plant constituents. In particular, we have investigated whether ammonia (the form in which plants first incorporate nitrogen) can act to regulate leaf carbon metabolism. Our results indicate that NH4+, in part through stimulation of pyruvate kinase, brings about increased production of amino acids at the expense of sucrose production in alfalfa. The effect may be of considerable importance in the regulation of green leaf protein synthesis.

14C]urea and [14C]sucrose as permeability indicators in histamine pulmonary edema

To see whether, by avoiding red blood cell transport effects, [14C]-sucrose would be a more sensitive lung vascular permeability indicator than [14C]urea, we compared the effects of 4 microgram/kg-min intravenous histamine phosphate infusions on lung vascular permeability-surface area products (PS) for each indicator in the same unanesthetized sheep. Histamine caused hematocrit, PaCO2 and pHa to increase and pulmonary arterial pressure and Pa02 to decrease. [14C]Urea PS (integral extraction calculation) increased from a base line value of 14.7 +/- 1.5 SE ml/s to 17.7 +/- 1.3 (P less than 0.05) with histamine, but [14C]sucrose PS did not change (base line, 6.5 +/- 2.9; histamine, 5.8 +/- 1.2). We conclude that [14C]urea is probably a more useful permeability indicator in the lung circulation than [14C]sucrose, because urea is more sensitive to moderate increases in permeability.

An investigation of photosynthetic sucrose production in bean leaves

First trifoliate leaves of wax beans. Phaseolus vulgaris, were exposed to 14CO2 in light for periods of 15 to 75 s. Leaves were frozen in liquid N2 and a chloroplast fraction was isolated nonaqueously. The chloroplast fraction contained a small amount of contaminating cytoplasm that could not be removed. Labelled photosynthetic compounds were separated from the whole leaves and from the corresponding chloroplast fractions and their radioactivity was measured.The compounds fell into two groups in their behaviour. Glyceric acid and ribulose, derived from photosynthetic 3-phosphoglyceric acid and ribulose diphosphate respectively, remained largely or exclusively in the chloroplast fraction. Labelled sucrose and serine and glycine, on the other hand, were located in the chloroplast fraction only during the first 15–30 s of 14CO2 supply, and appeared in the cytoplasmic fraction in increasing amounts thereafter. The results suggest that serine and glycine are produced in organelles in the layer of cytoplasm that closely surrounds the chloroplasts and is isolated with them in the non aqueous technique. Sucrose may also be synthesized from photosynthetic intermediates in this layer of cytoplasm. Sucrose was not formed from intermediates of the glycolate pathway in detached leaves.

Growth and Sugar Accumulation of Sugarcane. II. Dry Weight Increments and Estimates of Assimilation Rate

SUMMARYIncrements of fibre, sucrose and reducing sugars per cane were estimated for 12 varieties of sugarcane for successive periods in plant and ratoon crops. Sucrose production increased only as that of fibre and reducing sugars fell. Dry matter production per unit fresh weight of leaf blade was negatively correlated with an estimate of gram days of leaf per gram fresh weight of cane. In a further study the net assimilation rate of one variety was found to remain fairly constant over a period of six months at 0·55g/dm2/week. It is suggested that breeding should seek to reduce leaf area ratio while maintaining sucrose percentage cane.

14CO2 Uptake and Photosynthetic Products of Bean Leaves after 0.5 or 10 Hours Pretreatment of Plants with 100 % O2 in Light

Summary The effects of either 0.5 or 10 hours of pretreatment of bean leaves with 100 % O2 and illumination on 14CO2 uptake and on photosynthetic 14C-products after 2 minutes of fixation were examined. For comparative purposes these measurements were carried out after illumination of the leaves for 0.5 hours in 21 % O2. It was found that the 14CO2 uptake of leaves having been exposed to 100 % O2 for 0.5 or 10 hours was inhibited by 76.2 and 96.5 % respectively compared to that after pretreatment in air. The chlorophyll a and b contents in the leaves of plants pretreated with 100 % O2 for 10 hours was about 2.5 times lower than that of plants pretreated with air or with 100 % O2 for 0.5 hours. High O2 concentration treatments of plants caused a decrease in the incorporation of 14C into the labelling of the amino acid fraction. In the amino acids the bulk of the radioactivity was found in glycine and serine. The incorporation of radioactivity into these compounds was enhanced by pretreatment with 100 % O2. At the same time, the labelling of alanine and of glutamic and aspartic acids was lower compared to that after pretreatment in air. In the organic acid fraction the greatest part of the radioactivity was found in malate and was found in greater amounts after exposure to an atmosphere of 100 % O2. Glycolic acid was found after exposure to air and was absent after pretreatment 100 % O2. Among the sugars, sucrose was a major radioactive product either in air or in 100 % O2. A high O2 concentration and a treatment of the leaves in this atmosphere for 10 hours enhanced the incorporation of 14C into this compound. It is suggested that high O2 concentrations enhanced the glycolic acid pathway and inhibited the biosynthesis the amino acids derived from PGA. A high O2 may also stimulate the production of sucrose in this manner.

Sugarbeet Yield and Quality as Affected by Nitrogen Level1

AbstractThis study was conducted, under several climatic and soil conditions, to determine the effect of N level on sugarbeet yield and quality and to further develop and refine both soil and tissue test methods for predicting N fertilizer needs for efficient refined sucrose production. Previous studies indicate that N fertilizer needs for maximum sucrose production may be predicted by considering yield potential and all N sources.Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) were grown under field conditions at N fertilizer levels varying from 0 to 448 kg N/ha on six sites throughout southern Idaho to determine root yield, sucrose percentages, sucrose yield, impurity index, and plant N uptake in relation to the residual NO3‐N, mineralizable N, fertilizer N, and petiole NO3‐N. These experiments demonstrated that the N fertilizer needs of sugarbeets can be determined by relating the root yield potential to the measured residual NO3‐N plus a measured or estimated mineralizable N level for an area. Optimum N level from all available soil and fertilizer sources has been found to vary between 5 to 6 kg/metric ton of beet roots produced. Using data from the current experiment and a previous study, N fertilzer could be predicted within 56 kg N/ha of that needed for maximum sucrose yield in 83% of the sites using measured NO3‐N and mineralizable N levels, 67% using measured NO3‐N and average mineralizable N levels, and only 12.5% using recommendations by fieldmen. Linear correlations were found between the total available N, total plant N uptake, other plant N variables, and root quality factors, like percentage sucrose and impurity index. These relationships confirm previous findings and will be useful for predicting root quality, optimum harvest date, and for verifying recommended fertilization practices. The use of the proposed soil and tissue test will improve root quality and sucrose production, as well as production efficiency, that will economically benefit the consumer, producer, and manufacturer.

Effect of Irrigation Method and Late Season Nitrate-Nitrogen Concentration On Sucrose Production by Sugarbeets

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Myocardial transcapillary exchange in the hypertrophied heart of the dog

Myocardial transcapillary exchange was investigated in control hearts and in two types of hypertrophied hearts: exercise hypertrophy and pathological hypertrophy due to tricuspid insufficiency. Using the single-injection indicator diffusion method (6, 28), myocardial extractions (E), capillary clearances (C), and permeability surface area products (PS) of urea, sucrose, and inulin were measured in intact, pump-perfused, working hearts of anesthetized dogs. Both types of cardiac hypertrophy were associated with a decreased coronary vascular resistance. Myocardial E, C, and PS values from the exercised group were not significantly different from control. Dogs with pathological hypertrophy exhibited increased central venous pressures, RVEDP's, and heart rates which were greater than control values. The E, C, and PS values from the pathologically hypertrophied hearts were significantly greater than control. These increases in myocardial transcapillary exchange can be explained either by increasing the equivalent pore radius of myocardial capillary membranes from a control value of 70 to 100 A or by assuming that pathologically hypertrophied hearts have a myocardial capillary surface area available for exchange which is twice that of control hearts.

Long‐term Nitrogen Rates and Sources Influence Sugarbeet Yield and Quality1

AbstractApplication of excessive N to sugarbeet‐producing soils has caused a deterioration in sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) quality resulting in decreased sucrose production. The objective of the present work was to determine what rates of N fertilizer would produce maximum sucrose without sacrificing quality. Influences of repeated applications of sugarbeet yield and various quality factors, in a longtime organic and inorganic N sources and rates since 1953 on irrigated sugarbeet‐small grain rotation, were investigated in 1972 at Sidney, Montana. Nitrogen treatments included barnyard manure (22.4 and 67.2 metric tons/ha), green manure (alfalfa and biennial sweetclover), ammonium nitrate (O, 56, 112, 168, 224, 336, 448, and 560 kg N/ha) and a combination organic and inorganic N treatment (67.2 metric tons barnyard manure plus 112 kg inorganic N/ha).Highest sucrose production (7.9 metric tons/ha), obtained with 22.4 metric tons/ha of manure, was accompanied by root yields of 47.5 metric tons/ha, with sucrose percentage of 16.6 and petiole NO3‐N concentration (about 6 weeks before harvest) of 663 ppm. For the inorganic N treatments, highest sucrose yield (7.6 metric tons/ha) was obtained with 112 kg/ha of N, with similar results obtained for the green manure treatments. Inorganic N rates greater than 112 kg/ha caused progressive decreases in sucrose yields, sucrose percentage, and dry matter root weights. Dry matter root/top ratios of two or greater coincide with maximum sucrose yields. Increasing the rate of organic or inorganic N applied decreased dry matter root/top ratios.Results of this study indicate that either barnyard or green manure can be used successfully as a source of N for quality sugarbeet production.

Effects of Carbon Dioxide on Metabolism by the Glycollate Pathway in Leaves

When solutions of [14C]glycollate, glycine, serine, glycerate, or glucose were supplied to segments of wheat leaves through their cut bases in the light, most of the 14C was incorporated into sucrose in air but in C02-free air less sucrose was made. The synthesis of sucrose was decreased because metabolism of serine was partly blocked. Sucrose synthesis from glucose and glycerate in C02-free air was decreased but to a smaller extent ; relatively more CO2 was evolved and serine accumulated. The effects of DCMU and light of different wavelengths on metabolism by leaves of L-[U-14C]serine confirmed that simultaneous photosynthetic assimilation of carbon was necessary for the conversion of serine to sucrose. Of various products of photosynthesis fed exogenously to the leaves a-keto acids were the most effective in promoting photosynthesis of sucrose and release of 14C02 from 14C-labelled serine. This suggests that in C02-free air the metabolism of serine may be limited by a shortage of a-keto acid acceptors for the amino group. In C02-free air added glucose stimulated production of CO2 and sucrose from d-[U-14C] glycerate and no competitive effects were evident even though glucose is converted rapidly to sucrose under these conditions. In addition to a supply of keto acid, photosynthesis may also provide substrates that can be degraded and provide energy in the cytoplasm for the conversion of glycerate to sugar and phosphates and sucrose.

Determining Nitrogen Fertilizer Needs for Sugarbeets from Residual Soil Nitrate and Mineralizable Nitrogen1

AbstractSoil nitrate and mineralizable nitrogen are used to predict the root yield potential and N fertilizer needs of sugarbeets. Predicting the required N fertilizer for optimum refined sucrose production based on soil test procedures is needed because inadequate N limits root yield and high levels of N may reduce both extractable sucrose and sucrose yield.Sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.) were grown at 14 residual and fertilizer N rates to determine the root yield, sucrose percentage, sucrose yield, and N uptake in relation to the residual, mineralizable, and fertilizer N. A soil test to measure both the mineralizable and NO3‐N level of a soil was found to serve as a valuable guide in recommending N fertilizer for sugarbeets. The amount of N supplied from mineralizable sources in a uniformly cropped and fertilized field is expected to remain reasonably constant if adequate but not excess N fertilizer is supplied each year to the crop grown. Therefore, repeating the test for mineralizable N each year may not be necessary. Determining the amount of NO3‐N in the root zone, which is now feasible with rapid and accurate methods of soil analysis, combined with the predetermined mineralizable N, would increase the accuracy of N fertilizer recommendations.

Effects of Combinations of Liquid and Granular Formulations of Disulfoton and Cycloate on Sugarbeets 1

In greenhouse and field studies, liquid and granular combinations of disulfoton and cycloate at 1 and 4 lb AI/acre, respectively, were incorporated in soil before planting sugarbeets. In the greenhouse, the stand of sugarbeets and dry weights of seedlings were reduced most by the liquid-herbicide granular-insecticide treatment. In the field study, the disulfoton-cycloate mixtures produced necrotic cotyledons and leaves, as well as extensive stunting. The liquid-herbicide liquid-insecticide mixture was the most damaging combination, followed by the granular-herbicide liquid-insecticide, liquid-herbicide granular-insecticide, and the granular-herbicide granular-insecticide treatments. Mixing the herbicide with the insecticide did not reduce the ability of the herbicide to control weeds effectively: injured sugarbeet seedlings recovered fully after 3 months of growth and there was no significant difference between root weights, percent sucrose, or sucrose production for the various treatments at harvest.

Studies on the Roles of Boron in Growth and Sugar-Transport Processes of Sugarcane

Sugarcane growth and quality responses to low boron supply were examined with immature plants propagated in sand culture over a period of 5 1/2 months. Plants receiving only traces of boron in once-distilled water experienced significant growth and quality losses without developing visual B-deficiency symptoms. Growth decline was largely confined to lateral internode expansion. Boron insufficiency lowered sucrose production in leaves and significantly altered the rates of sugar transport in bathing storage-tissue slices. Evidence of biochemical boron roles in leaves and of physical-biochemical roles in storage tissues is presented. The importance of major micronutrient restrictions within the realm of "hidden hunger" is discussed.

Effect of Transplanting and Plastic Cover on Growth of Sugar Beets1

AbstractTwo field experiments were conducted to determine the effect of transplanting and plastic cover on the seasonal growth and yield of sugar beets (Beta vulgaris L.). Both transplanting and plastic cover increased leaf areas in June and early July and increased final root yields. Earlier planting also increased early leaf areas and final root yields. The results showed that treatments increasing leaf area in June and early July increased final root yields, but differences in leaf area that occurred in August or later were not associated with differences in yields. Transplanting or plastic cover increased recoverable sucrose production as much as 44 to 48% over the conventionally planted sugar beets in 1968 and 26 to 27% in 1969. The advantages of these practices were greater for April than for May plantings.

The effect of uranyl nitrate on sucrose production and storage in corn scutellum slices

Uranyl nitrate (1·5 × 10 −3 M) completely inhibited the storage of exogenous sucrose in slices of the corn scutellum, but had no effect on the storage of intracellularly synthesized sucrose. Sucrose production from glucose or fructose was inhibited by 15 and 35 per cent, respectively, and the inhibitions were not increased by a 10-fold greater uranyl ion concentration. Essentially the same degrees of inhibition were obtained when the slices were incubated with uranyl ion and sugar as when the slices were pretreated in uranyl ion and then washed and placed in sugar solutions. In the latter case, the inhibition was shown to be completely reversed by hydrogen ion or partially reversed by certain metal cations. Uranyl ion also strongly inhibited the exchange of sucrose between the bathing solution and the storage compartment of the cell. These results are consistent with a scheme which includes two sucrose transport membranes, one at the cell exterior for exogenous sucrose and the other at the cell interior between the sucrose synthesis and storage compartments and a membrane containing hydrophilic pores through which hexose molecules can freely diffuse from the cell exterior into the synthesis compartment.

Título en español.

Título en español.

Production and Secretion of Sucrose by Sugar-cane Leaf Tissue

Leaf discs, cut from mature plants of Saccharum officinarum were found to accumulate large quantities of starch and sugar, amounting to some 25 per cent of their initial dry weight, during 3 days of constant illumination. Secretion into the external medium of about one-third of the accumulated sucrose was effected by 10−4 M sodium iodoacetate. Concomitantly the inhibitor increased apparent photosynthesis. Various factors, including other respiratory inhibitors, failed to induce sucrose secretion, indicating a selective action of iodoacetate on the cell membranes.

Título en español.

Se estudió la interrelación entre las enzimas y la sacarosa en caña de azúcar inmadura a las 9 semanas después de recibir un tratamiento foliar con ácido giberélico (AG). Se usó silicio (Si) para inducir patrones de comportamiento de la sacarosa y las enzimas, que luego se compararon con los de plantas tratadas y no tratadas con AG. El objetivo final es explorar la base enzimática del crecimiento y la degradación del azúcar que sigue al crecimiento inicial estimulado por el AG. Para este estudio se fijaron tres objetivos: 1, Provocar acumulaciones definitivas de sacarosa mediante el uso diario de Si; 2, inducir tendencias enzimáticas que pudieran correlacionarse con niveles cambiantes de sacarosa; 3, demostrar que cuando las enzimas de la caña de azúcar dejan de recibir un estimulo para el crecimiento, se comportan igual que las de aquellas plantas que no han sido tratadas con AG. Se obtuvieron los siguientes resultados: 1. En las plantas tratadas con AG foliar (0.01 por ciento) ocurrió un alargamiento inicial de los entrenudos y un aumento en el peso verde. Los efectos visibles de crecimiento cesaron a las 9 semanas. El Si aplicado a concentraciones de 250 y 500 p.p.m. impidió moderadamente el crecimiento. Este efecto fue menos severo en las plantas tratadas con AG. 2. Los niveles de sacarosa aumentaron en los tejidos de las hojas, en el tejido reservante tierno y en los tallos como resultado de un aumento progresivo en las aplicaciones de Si. La concentración de Si más favorable para el crecimiento y la producción de sacarosa se mantuvo entre 100 y 250 p.p.m. 3. Se encontraron indicaciones de la presencia de un mecanismo moderador del Si que evita los cambios relativamente extremos en el comportamiento de las enzimas foliares. 4. La peroxidasa, oxidasa de polifenol, fosfatasa y ATP-asa fueron vigorosamente inhibidas en las hojas a medida que el suministro de Si se aumentaba. En todos los casos la sensitividad de la enzima al Si se alteró grandemente en las plantas tratadas foliarmente con AG. Igualmente se alteró la sensitividad de la amilasa al Si por la acción del AG. Concentraciones de 100 p.p.m. de Si estimularon la enzima en vez de retardarla, y generalmente concentraciones más elevadas apenas la inhibieron. 5. Los datos obtenidos sobre las enzimas y el azúcar se interpretaron como sigue: El crecimiento y los aumentos en la sacarosa ocasionados por el AG, aunque fácilmente determinables, cesaron a las 9 semanas. La base enzimática necesaria para el crecimiento y los aumentos en la sacarosa había desaparecido. Una composición enzimática distinta tanto en las plantas sin tratar como en las que fueron estimuladas la había sustituido. 6. Se concluyó que las plantas a las cuales se les suministraron tratamientos adicionales de AG con el fin de prolongar su crecimiento y aumentar la producción de azúcar, serían bioquímicamente distintas a las que se les suministró el tratamiento inicial. Se discuten las implicaciones prácticas que se derivan de los datos relativos al crecimiento, al azúcar y a las enzimas.