Succinyl Chitosan Research Articles

Influence of the Polymer Matrix Composition on the Size Range of Silver Nanoparticles Formed in a Succinyl Chitosan Solution Under the Action of Microwave Radiation

A new composite based on succinyl chitosan (SCTZ) and silver nanoparticles (NPs) with theinclusion of an additional component, polyethylene oxide (PEO), is developed. Microwave radiation and Dglucoseas a reducing agent are used to form silver NPs by reduction from metal ions. The presence of silverNPs in the obtained colloidal solutions is judged by the appearance of absorption bands in the electron plasmonresonance spectra ( max = 420 nm). It is shown that the introduction of an additional component in thepolymer matrix leads to a significant narrowing of the size range of the formed silver NPs.

Influence of the Polymer Matrix Composition on the Size Range of Silver Nanoparticles Formed in a Succinyl Chitosan Solution Under the Action of Microwave Radiation

Influence of the Polymer Matrix Composition on the Size Range of Silver Nanoparticles Formed in a Succinyl Chitosan Solution Under the Action of Microwave Radiation

A Voltammetric Sensor Based on Aluminophosphate Zeolite and a Composite of Betulinic Acid with a Chitosan Polyelectrolyte Complex for the Identification and Determination of Naproxen Enantiomers

A voltammetric sensor was developed based on a glassy carbon electrode with aluminophosphate zeolite finely dispersed on its surface, modified with a polyelectrolyte complex of chitosan with succinyl chitosan and betulinic acid, for the selective detection and determination of naproxen enantiomers. The electrochemical and analytical characteristics of the sensor were studied, and the effective electrode surface area (A = 9.8 ± 0.5 mm2) and charge transfer resistance (Ret = 649.9 ± 0.4 Ω) were calculated. In determining naproxen enantiomers, calibration characteristics are linear in the range from 2.5 × 10–5 to 1 × 10–3 M with limits of detection of 1.1 × 10–7 and 1.5 × 10–7 M and limits of quantification of 3.6 × 10–7 and 4.9 × 10–7 M for R- and S-naproxen, respectively. The sensor is more sensitive to R-naproxen (∆Ep = 60 mV, ipR/ipS = 1.40). The proposed sensor was used to recognize and determine naproxen enantiomers in human urine and plasma samples. Statistical evaluation of the results by the standard addition method showed that there was no systematic error.

Encapsulation of Allergens into Core–Shell Chitosan Microparticles for Allergen-Specific Subcutaneous Immunotherapy

IgE-mediated allergic reaction occurs in response to harmless environmental compounds, such as tree and grass pollen, fragments of household microorganisms, etc. To date, the only way to treat IgE-mediated allergy is allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT), which consists of a prolonged subcutaneous administration of allergen extracts or recombinant proteins. The long duration of the treatment, the cost and the risk of life-threatening adverse reactions are the main limiting factors for ASIT. The aim of this work was to develop allergen proteins encapsulated in chitosan-based microparticles that can be safely administered at high doses and in a rash protocol. The egg white allergen, Gal d 1 protein, was used as a model antigen. The protein was packed into core–shell type microparticles (MPs), in which the core was formed with succinyl chitosan conjugated to Gal d 1, subsequently coated with a shell formed by quaternized chitosan. The obtained core–shell MPs containing Gal d 1 in the core (Gal-MPs) were non-toxic to macrophage and fibroblast cell lines. At the same time, Gal-MPs were quickly engulfed by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells or RAW264.7 macrophage cells, as was visualized using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Encapsulated Gal d 1 was not recognized by Gal d 1-specific IgE in ELISA. Female BALB/c mice were immunized with Gal-MPs subcutaneously three times a week for 2 weeks. Immunization of mice resulted in IgG titers 1250 ± 200 without IgE production. Allergy in control and vaccinated mice was induced by low-dose Gal d 1 injections in the withers of mice. IgE was induced in control-sensitized but not in the vaccinated mice. Thus, preventive vaccination with the encapsulated allergens is safe and rapid; it significantly reduces the risk of IgE production induced by respiratory and oral allergens.

Preparation and physicochemical characterization of N-succinyl chitosan-coated liposomes for oral delivery of grape seed extract and evaluation of its effect on pulmonary fibrosis induced by bleomycin in rats.

This study aimed to develop an oral succinyl chitosan-coated liposomal formulation containing grape seed extract and assess its therapeutic efficacy in rats with bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis. N-succinyl chitosan was synthesized, and the liposomal formulations were prepared and characterized regarding phenolic content assay and morphology. Size, zeta potential, in vitro drug release, and stability. Pulmonary fibrosis was induced by intratracheal bleomycin injection, and hydroxyproline measurements, lung weight, animal body weight, as well as histopathological studies were performed. Succinyl chitosan increases the physical stability of the formulation, especially in acidic conditions. Drug release studies revealed that 66.27% of the loaded drug was released from CF2 in an acidic medium in 2 hr, but 92.31% of the drug was released in 8 hr in a pH=7 medium. An in vivo study demonstrated that rats exposed to bleomycin significantly lost weight, while those treated with CF2 (400 mg/kg) partially regained weight. Bleomycin treatment increased the mean lung weight and the amount of hydroxyproline in the lungs; these values were significantly decreased in the group treated with 400 mg/kg CF2 (P<0.05). Histopathological examination confirmed that treatment with 400 mg/kg CF2 improved lung fibrosis. In rats, oral administration of N-succinyl chitosan-coated liposomes containing grape seed extract at the 400 mg/kg dose ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis.

Succinyl Chitosan-Colistin Conjugates as Promising Drug Delivery Systems

The growth of microbial multidrug resistance is a problem in modern clinical medicine. Chemical modification of active pharmaceutical ingredients is an attractive strategy to improve their biopharmaceutical properties by increasing bioavailability and reducing drug toxicity. Conjugation of antimicrobial drugs with natural polysaccharides provides high efficiency of these systems due to targeted delivery, controlled drug release and reduced toxicity. This paper reports a two-step synthesis of colistin conjugates (CT) with succinyl chitosan (SucCS); first, we modified chitosan with succinyl anhydride to introduce a carboxyl function into the polymer molecule, which was then used for chemical grafting with amino groups of the peptide antibiotic CT using carbodiimide chemistry. The resulting polymeric delivery systems had a degree of substitution (DS) by CT of 3-8%, with conjugation efficiencies ranging from 54 to 100% and CT contents ranging from 130-318 μg/mg. The size of the obtained particles was 100-200 nm, and the ζ-potential varied from -22 to -28 mV. In vitro release studies at pH 7.4 demonstrated ultra-slow hydrolysis of amide bonds, with a CT release of 0.1-0.5% after 12 h; at pH 5.2, the hydrolysis rate slightly increased; however, it remained extremely low (1.5% of CT was released after 12 h). The antimicrobial activity of the conjugates depended on the DS. At DS 8%, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the conjugate was equal to the MIC of native CT (1 µg/mL); at DS of 3 and 5%, the MIC increased 8-fold. In addition, the developed systems reduced CT nephrotoxicity by 20-60%; they also demonstrated the ability to reduce bacterial lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation in vitro. Thus, these promising CT-SucCS conjugates are prospective for developing safe and effective nanoantibiotics.

A novel chitosan-hyaluronic acid-pullulan composite film wound dressing for effectively inhibiting bacteria and accelerating wound healing

The wound healing process involves not only the recovery of skin barrier integrity, but also reducing the risk of infection and secondary complications. Therefore, utilizing an appropriate antibacterial method plays a key role in accelerating wound healing. In this paper, chitosan (CS) was chosen due to its inherent antibacterial property. Succinyl chitosan grafted hyaluronic acid and pullulan (CS-st-HA-Pu) polymer for wound healing was successfully prepared and characterized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation showed that the CS-st-HA-Pu film had a three-dimensional cavity junction, which could absorb a large amount of liquid and keep the wound environment moist. The results of skin irritation, cytotoxicity, cell proliferation and hemolysis tests indicated that CS-st-HA-Pu material had good biocompatibility. Moreover, CS-st-HA-Pu material exhibited a certain antibacterial capability against E. coli and S. aureus . In a wound healing of rat, CS-st-HA-Pu film outperformed the control or market band-aid group with respect to acceleration of wound closure. • A series of hyaluronic acid grafted pullulan (HA-st-Pu) polymers were synthesized. • The novel CS/HA-st-Pu wound dressing prepared by physical mixture method . • CS/HA-st-Pu exhibited a certain antibacterial capability. • CS/HA-st-Pu films can promote the wound healing.

Curcumin-loaded complex coacervate made of mung bean protein isolate and succinylated chitosan as a novel medium for curcumin encapsulation.

A novel complex coacervate based on mung bean protein (MBP) and succinylated chitosan (SC) was developed in order to encapsulate curcumin to enhance its antioxidant and release properties. The optimum pH and MBP/SC ratio for fabrication of the complex coacervate were determined as 5.5 and 3:1, respectively. The MBP/SC complexes exhibited high affinity toward curcumin with encapsulation efficiency of 89.65%. The curcumin-loaded MBP with succinyl chitosan (c-MBP/SC) exhibited antioxidant properties investigated by DPPH and reducing power assays. c-MBP/SC also showed significant photo stability and acceptable controlled release behavior in simulated gastrointestinal conditions. Fluorescence results indicated that curcumin interacted with the hydrophobic areas available in c-MBP/SC. FTIR results showed the successful encapsulation of curcumin in the hydrophobic core of the complex, followed by minor changes in MBP conformation. Analysis of zeta potential revealed that MBP/SC particles were synthesized successfully at the pH value of 5.5 due to conformational changes of MBP. The conformational changes in protein structure were confirmed by Nile Red fluorescence anisotropy. As a result, c-MBP/SC could be considered as a promising carrier for curcumin encapsulation in food formulations with enhanced dispersity characteristic.

A Method of Obtaining Silver–Succinyl Chitosan Nanocomposites and their Antimicrobial Activity

A Method of Obtaining Silver–Succinyl Chitosan Nanocomposites and their Antimicrobial Activity

Delivery of Mesenchymal Stem Cell in Dialdehyde Methylcellulose-Succinyl-Chitosan Hydrogel Promotes Chondrogenesis in a Porcine Model.

Due to the limitation in the current treatment modalities, such as secondary surgery in ACI and fibrocartilage formation in microfracture surgery, various scaffolds or hydrogels have been developed for cartilage regeneration. In the present study, we used sodium periodate to oxidize methylcellulose and formed dialdehyde methylcellulose (DAC) after dialysis and freeze-drying process, DAC was further mixed with succinyl-chitosan (SUC) to form an DAC-SUC in situ forming hydrogel. The hydrogel is a stiffness, elastic-like and porous hydrogel according to the observation of SEM and rheological analysis. DAC-SUC13 hydrogel possess well cell-compatibility as well as biodegradability. Most bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-pMSCs) were alive in the hydrogel and possess chondrogenesis potential. According to the results of animal study, we found DAC-SUC13 hydrogel can function as a stem cell carrier to promote glycosaminoglycans and type II collagen synthesis in the osteochondral defects of porcine knee. These findings suggested that DAC-SUC13 hydrogel combined with stem cell is a potential treatment for cartilage defects repair in the future.

On the possibility of obtaining the elastic and biocompatible film materials based on chitosan and N-succinyl chitosan

For the first time, the studies of polyhydric alcohols (glycerol, ethylene glycol and propylene glycol) impact on the structure, deformation–strength characteristics and hemocompatibility of the film materials based on chitosan and N-succinyl chitosan were carried out. It was shown that the introduction of polyhydric alcohols into molding solutions during the creation of the films based on chitosan and succinyl chitosan in the amount up to 0.05 mol/l is accompanied by the tensile elongation value increase by 2–2.5 times. The value of the breaking stress in this case decreases by 3–4 times. There is also a decrease in the overall surface roughness and a sharp drop in the elastic modulus of the films. The stabilizing impact of the systems based on chitosan and succinyl chitosan in the presence of glycerol and propylene glycol upon the cell membranes in physiological conditions allows inferring their high hemocompatibility.

Nano-encapsulation of curcumin in fish collagen grafted succinyl chitosan hydrogel accelerates wound healing process in experimental rats

Succinyl chitosan-fish collagen composite hydrogel containing nano-encapsulated curcumin was developed for wound healing application. Curcumin was encapsulated in succinyl chitosan nano-particles using ionic gelation technique. The Z-average diameter of the nanoparticles as observed by dynamic light scattering experiment was ∼47 nm. Similar size ranges were observed in atomic force microscope (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images. A simple one pot gelation of the composite hydrogel containing nano-encapsulated curcumin was achieved by crosslinking succinyl chitosan and fish collagen with caffeic acid. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the crosslinked hydrogel showed porous sheet like/spongy morphology typical to crosslinked hydrogels. The developed hydrogel was evaluated for its wound healing efficacy in subcutaneous wound model on Wistar albino rats. The hydrogel significantly enhanced the collagen deposition and hydroxyproline content of 599.4 μg/gm and 74.9 μg/gm in wound tissue on the 14th day of post wounding.

Preparation and characterization of succinyl chitosan and succinyl chitosan nanoparticle film: In vitro and in vivo evaluation of wound healing activity

Development of novel wound dressing materials having the ability to prevent bacterial infections and capable of accelerating the tissue regeneration process is utmost important, since the wounds in patients can cause severe health issues. In the present work, we synthesized novel N-succinyl chitosan nanoparticles (N-SuC NPs) films and tested their antimicrobial, cytotoxicity, and in vitro and in vivo wound healing activity. N-SuC NPs were synthesized by ionic gelation method, and subsequently N-SuC NPs films were prepared by solution casting method using synthesized N-SuC NPs. The prepared N-SuC NPs films showed significant antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 6 mg/mL and <8 mg/mL, respectively. The biocompatibility and the in vitro wound healing activity of N-SuC NPs films were analyzed using human dermal fibroblast (HDF) cells. In vivo cutaneous wound healing of the N-SuC NPs film was investigated using the Wister rat model, and the studies showed that the N-SuC NPs film significantly accelerated the wound healing process by inducing more blood vessels formation and tissue granulation. The experimental results showed that synthesized N-SuC NPs film had excellent antimicrobial, cytotoxicity and wound healing activity, indicating that it could be used in biomedical applications.

Preparation and properties of polyvinyl alcohol/N–succinyl chitosan/lincomycin composite antibacterial hydrogels for wound dressing

Hydrogels are three-dimensional polymeric networks capable of absorbing large amounts of water or biological fluids with the properties resembling natural living tissues. Herein, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/N–succinyl chitosan (NSCS)/lincomycin hydrogels for wound dressing were prepared by the freezing/thawing method, then characterized by FTIR, SEM, and TGA. The compression strength, swelling behavior, water retention capacity, antibacterial activity, drug release and cytotoxicity were systematically investigated. The results showed that the introduction of NSCS remarkably enhanced the swelling capacity, leading to the maximum swelling ratio of 19.68 g/g in deionized water. The optimal compression strength of 0.75 MPa was achieved with 30 % NSCS content.Additionally, the incorporation of lincomycin brought a remarkable antibacterial activity against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Specifically, 77.71 % of Staphylococcus aureus was inhibited with 75 μg/mL lincomycin, while the MTT assay demonstrated the nontoxic nature of the composite hydrogels. In summary, this PVA/NSCS/lincomycin hydrogel showed promising potential for wound dressing.

Structure Formation as a Method of Forming Physicomechanical Characteristics of Films Obtained from Aqueous Solutions of Certain Polysaccharides

The aqueous solutions of chitosan, succinyl chitosan sodium salt, and carboxymethylcellulose sodium salt are studied by the rheological method. An increase in the polymer concentration in solution leads to a sharp increase in viscosity due to formation of the entanglement network, the transition of the polymer solution to the gel-like state, a sharp increase in the relaxation time, and the appearance of elasticity of solutions. These systems are characterized by time anomalies characterized by a hysteresis loop, the area of which depends not only on concentration but also on the rate of increase/decrease of the shear rate. Thixotropy is observed in the intermediate concentration range, where supramolecular structures are formed and the time required for their destruction is comparable to the time of the experiment. This makes it possible to regulate a number of properties of materials formed from solutions. According to DSC studies, the glass transition temperatures and the melting temperatures of films obtained from solutions of different concentrations are different. The tensile stress and the elastic modulus of film polymeric materials pass through a maximum corresponding to the polymer concentration at which the maximum degree of structuring is implemented while maintaining the fluidity.

Succinyl chitosan gold nanocomposite: Preparation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo anticandidal activity

Herein, we have successfully synthesized a novel N-Succinyl chitosan/gold nanocomposite (N-SuC/Au NC) using N-SuC and gold(III) chloride, and investigated the biocompatibility and antifungal activity. The synthesized N-SuC/Au NC was characterized by UV–visible spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscope, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. The N-SuC/Au NC exhibited a strong inhibition effect towards pathogenic Candida albicans. Morphological analysis revealed the destruction of C. albicans cell membrane due to N-SuC/Au NC treatment. The in vitro and in vivo toxicity of N-SuC/Au NC was analyzed with HEK293T mammalian cells and zebrafish larvae, respectively. The synthesized N-SuC/Au NC demonstrated no cytotoxicity towards HEK293T cells up to 1200 μg/mL concentration. The survival rate of the zebrafish larvae at 120 hpf, was found as 100% up to 1200 μg/mL of N-SuC/Au NC exposure. The in vivo studies further confirmed the inhibitory effects of N-SuC/Au NC on the formation of C. albicans hyphae in infected zebrafish muscle tissue.

Catechol-modified chitosan/hyaluronic acid nanoparticles as a new avenue for local delivery of doxorubicin to oral cancer cells

Local administration of chemotherapeutic drugs to a tumor site in the oral cavity can provide high drug concentrations in the tumor area and reduce systemic side effects. In this work, catechol (Cat)-modified chitosan/hyaluronic acid (HA) nanoparticles (NPs), hereinafter referred to as Cat-NPs, were developed as a new carrier to deliver doxorubicin (DOX) to oral cancer cells. The Cat moiety of the NPs allowed the excellent adhesion of the carrier to the oral mucosa and sustained local delivery of DOX into the oral cavity. Cat-NPs were generated from Cat-functionalized succinyl chitosan and Cat-bearing HA via ionic gelation. Negatively charged and spherical Cat-NPs measuring approximately 160 nm in size were obtained. The modified NPs demonstrated superior mucoadhesive capability on ex vivo porcine oral mucosal tissues compared with the unmodified NPs. DOX could be loaded onto the modified NPs with a high loading capacity of 250 μg/mg, and sustained-release characteristics were observed. The DOX-loaded Cat-NPs (DOX-NPs) inhibited the growth of the HN22 oral squamous cell carcinoma cell line with a low IC50. Moreover, the DOX-NPs were taken up, accumulated, and induced apoptosis in cells more extensively compared with free DOX. These findings reflect the potential use of the synthesized Cat-NPs as a new carrier for the local delivery of DOX to oral cancer cells. Further in vivo studies should be carried out to confirm the clinical applications of these NPs.

Rapid gelation of oxidized hyaluronic acid and succinyl chitosan for integration with insulin-loaded micelles and epidermal growth factor on diabetic wound healing.

In this work, poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly[3-acrylamidophenylboronic acid-co-styrene] (PEG-b-P(PBA-co-St) has been firstly synthesized for loading of insulin to form insulin-loaded micelles. Insulin-loaded micelles (ILM) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) are further embedded into the composite hydrogels that can be rapidly gelled by mixing of oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA) and succinyl chitosan (SCS). Then, the morphology, rheology, degradation, swelling and cytotoxicity properties of the as-prepared composite hydrogels are further investigated to evaluate their physical properties and biocompatibility of as the wound dressing. The as-prepared composite hydrogels show the excellent cell compatibility and low toxicity. To evaluate the wound healing ability of as-prepared composite hydrogels, the tests of wound healing in vivo are conducted on streptozotocin-induced rat models. And the as-prepared composite hydrogels with ILM and EGF show an excellent wound healing performance for promotion of fibroblast proliferation and tissue internal structure integrity, as well as the deposition of collagen and myofibrils. These results suggest that the as-prepared composite hydrogels with loading of ILM and EGF could be a promising candidate for wound healing applications.

Active antibacterial food coatings based on blends of succinyl chitosan and triazole betaine chitosan derivatives

Abstract In this work, we demonstrate that highly antibacterially active triazole betaine chitosan (TBC) component can be incorporated into succinyl chitosan sodium salt (SC-Na) matrix by simple mixing to afford quite compact and uniform films. Blending of SC-Na and TBC improves tensile strength and simultaneously diminishes oxygen and water vapor permeability of the formed blend films. These improvements are most pronounced for blend films with SC-Na:TBC ratio 1:1. Test applications of the blend films as food coatings for bananas reduced their weight loss, vitamin C loss, and respiration rate, and this resulted in a significantly extended shelf life of the coated bananas. Moreover, the prepared blend films are non-toxic since they are composed of non-toxic SC-Na and TBC. Finally, we demonstrate that the incorporation of TBC into the SC-Na matrix dramatically enhances the antibacterial activity of the blend coatings with a high TBC fraction (50 % and higher) and these results are among the best reported in the field of antibacterial films so far.

Изучение физико-химических свойств материалов на основе полимерных комплексов некоторых водорастворимых полимеров

Polymer complexes based on water-soluble physiologically-neutral polymers are promising for creating biomedical materials used in targeted delivery systems of drugs, enzymes or genes, as well as for encapsulating biological substances in biomedicine. In this work, the creation of film materials based on polymer complexes has used the sodium salt of succinyl chitosan, polyvinylpyrrolidone, sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose, polyethylene glycol. Polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyethylene glycol are characterized by unsatisfactory a film-forming and gel-forming property, which limits their application in medical practice. These shortcomings have been compensated by the introduction of polysaccharides. It has been shown that the variation in composition of the studied polymer complexes allows changing purposefully the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the surface and sorption properties of polymer films based on them. The preparation of polymer complexes consisted of adding a portion of poly-N-vinylpyrrolidone or polyethylene glycol to solutions of the sodium salt of succinyl chitosan or sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose so that the ratio of the components of the complex was equimolar. Films based on polymer complexes were prepared by the method of pouring solutions of polymer mixtures with a concentration of 1 mol/L onto a previously defatted surface of a Petri dish. The thickness of the film samples was maintained constant and equal to 0.1 mm. It was shown that the preparation of polymer complexes of the sodium salt of chitosan succinyl or the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose with poly-(N-vinylpyrrolidone) or polyethylene glycol allows one to purposefully change the hydrophilic-hydrophobic balance of the surface of polymer films based on them. Also, film materials based on the studied polymer complexes have satisfactory sorption properties for water vapor. These facts suggest that systems based on polymer complexes of the sodium salt of chitosan succinyl or sodium salt of carboxymethylcellulose with poly (N-vinyl pyrrolidone) or polyethylene glycol can serve as the basis for the creation of film or gel polymer materials for medical use.