Successive Subtractions Research Articles

Perceived stress and physiological consistency during mental stress exercises and controlled breathing

IntroductionThe measurement of the physiological coherence, the order and the quality of the connection of complex systems such as the cardiac and the respiratory system, varies in situations of stress and relaxation.ObjectivesWe aim to assess changes in physiological coherence and perception of stress during mental stress and directed breathing exercises.MethodsRepeated-measures study in healthy adults without prior training in breathing techniques, aged between 18 and 65 years of both sexes who were evaluated in three situations: baseline, mental stress (Stroop test and successive subtractions), and directed breathing, during which were captured heart rate and respiratory signals to estimate physiological coherence and the participants rated the perceived stress at each moment.Results34 participants were analyzed, 59% women, with a median age of 36 years (Rq = 13). During mental stress tasks, the median for physiological coherence was similar to baseline coherence but increased significantly with five minutes of directed breathing exercises (38% vs. 63% p <0.0001). The highest perception of stress was during successive subtractions (Me 7, Rq = 4) and the lowest during directed breathing exercises (Me 2 Rq = 3.0). The correlation was sought between physiological coherence and perception of stress during each of the four moments of the study. Basal (Rho Spearman -0.05, p 0.54); Stroop (Rho -0.17, p 0.03); successive subtractions (Rho 0.50, p 0.77); and directed breathing (Rho -0.28, p 0.09).ConclusionsA correlation was found between physiological coherence and perception of stress during the Stroop test; however, no association was found.DisclosureNo significant relationships.

Time-shift immunity for wireless sensor network based on discrete wavelet packets

Wavelet-based Ultra Wide Band communications rely on receiver collecting data simultaneously from many transmitters and without interference thanks to the orthogonality between primitive wavelet packets. Nevertheless, there is a particular case for which the communication fails. Indeed, the time-shift between primitive wavelet packets results in a loss of the orthogonality of these wavelet packets. This paper proposes an asynchronous Impulse Radio-Ultra Wide Band (IR-UWB) transmission suitable in Wireless Sensor networks without any distinction between the transmitters. The originality of the proposed solution is to ensure a time-shift immunity of IR-UWB receivers by finding the unique combination of shifted primitive packets. For this purpose, finding the one zero result of successive subtractions between received and primitive packets is performed. Considering a given wavelet, the proposed solution is able to decode the shifted-mixed primitive packets from multiple transmitters whatever the time-shift between each packets.

Low Power FPGA Based Elliptical Curve Cryptography

Cryptography is the study of techniques for ensuring the secrecy and authentication of the information. The development of public-key cryptography is the greatest and perhaps the only true revolution in the entire history of cryptography. Elliptic Curve Cryptography is one of the public-key cryptosystem showing up in standardization efforts, including the IEEE P1363 Standard. The principal attraction of elliptic curve cryptography compared to RSA is that it offers equal security for a smaller key-size, thereby reducing the processing overhead. As a Public-Key Cryptosystem, ECC has many advantages such as fast speed, high security and short key. It is suitable for the hardware of implementation, so ECC has been more and more focused in recent years. The hardware implementation of ECC on FPGA uses the arithmetic unit that has small area, small storage unit and fast speed, and it is an extremely suitable system which has limited computation ability and storage space.(1)(2) The modular arithmetic division operations are carried out using conditional successive subtractions, thereby reducing the area. The system is implemented on Vertex-Pro XCV1000 FPGA. Index Terms - VHDL, FSM, FPGA, Elliptic Curve Cryptography.

L'antanairesi e la teoria armonica greca

Antanairesis, literally «successive subtractions», is the method to-day known as Euclidean algorithm. In the Elements it is applied to numbers, for computing the GCD, and also to generic magnitudes, to determine if they are commensurable or not. The oldest example of an antanairetic procedure, described in a fragment of Philolaus, regards the construction of the musical intervals in the Pythagorean scale. These intervals ― fourth, tone, diesis, comma ― are in fact obtained from octave and fifth by successive subtractions. Since octave and fifth are incommensurable, such antanairesis is infinite; therefore does not exist an interval by which all the others can be measured (a passage from Plato's Republic is possibly a reference to that). In order to approximate this interval, the musical antanairesis has been forced to stop, an operation which corresponds to finding a convergent of a continued fraction. Those, as the Phytagoreans, who did not accept this kind of intervals, solved the problem by using two incommensurable measures. This suggests an alternative usage of the cut of an antanairesis, that we analyze in the second part of the paper.

Incommensurability, Music and Continuum: A Cognitive Approach

"How did the Greeks discover incommensurability?" This is one of the most puzzling 'scripts' of the history of mathematics. The 'movie' usually shows a Pythagorean (Hippasus or Archytas for example) drawing a square with its diagonals (or a pentagon with its golden sections on sides and diagonals) (von Fritz 1944), or drawing dots in a square (Knorr 1975), or even making some computations (successive subtractions, ccvGixpocipeaic) (Fowler 1987), and exclaiming: "But this is impossible! If I am not wrong, this means that geometrical, continuous magnitudes cannot be reduced to numbers, discrete entities! Pythagoras was wrong!". Then a meeting of the sect takes place and all Pythagoreans swear to keep the secret of the 'scandal'. A Grundlagenkrisis for the ancient Pythagoreanism follows, for whose solution a brand new axiomatization will be necessary, which will lead to Eudoxus and Euclid. This movie deserves great attention because its scenes are the background of our modern perception of the mathematical continuum, and, at the same time, these scenes are forced by this perception. To question the movie means also to discuss the most basic and undisputed premises of our current philosophical view of mathematics. It is the aim of this paper to try to shed some light on the connection between the historical interpretation of the discovery of incommensurability and our idea of continuum: this is what I mean by a 'cognitive' approach. To this aim I am going to outline an alternative historical interpretation of the involved discovery, centered on music instead of geometry, which in turn suggests an alternative view of the continuum considered as something far from being 'natural' and 'empirical'. My aim is to address the music-theoretical origin of the discovery of incommensurability, together with the question why this origin was subsequently forgotten, while at the same time the theory of incommensurability was translated into a geometric form. I claim that there were two main reasons for both the oblivion and the translation: first, the negative character of this discovery vs. the positive character of the geometric version (side-diagonal of the square, or of the pentagon); second, the connected breakdown of the ancient musical-arithmetical idea of 'linear numerical magnitude'. This alternative perspective looks at mathematics as deeply involved in the whole culture, its discoveries being always perceived by the protagonists through the glasses of the general cognitive aspects of a civilization, so that I can say that nothing relevant in mathematics can be actually and distinctly discovered 'empirically' or 'by

Decomposition of organic residues in soil: experimental technique and spectroscopic approach

DRIFT (diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier-transform) spectroscopy was used to follow the early transformations that take place after the incorporation of organic materials in soil. Alfalfa (A), dried maize (DM), laboratory-composted maize (CM), and two commercial composts (YWC and MWC) confined into fiberglass bags were incubated in sand with and without planting with lettuce. DRIFT spectra of these materials before and after incubations were correlated with CO 2-C evolution and mass, carbon and nitrogen balances. Spectra obtained by successive subtractions allowed us to distinguish between the main classes of biochemical compounds (cellulose, lignin, polypeptides, pectins) and to study their degradation during incubation. Quantitative spectroscopic determination of lignin showed a relative enrichment in the incubated materials. This experimental approach can be applied to studies on the degradation pathway of green manure materials like A, DM and CM but seems less appropriate for commercial composts.

Multiple isoform recovery (MIR)-PCR: a simple method for the isolation of related mRNA isoforms.

We present a rapid and efficient method for the detection of related transcripts with different expression levels. This approach combines the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) method with a cDNA subtractive technique. The strategy is based on successive subtractions of prevalent isoforms resulting in enrichment of less expressed transcripts. For each subtraction, a biotinylated primer specific for the prevalent isoform is hybridized on the total cDNA and the hybrid is retained on a streptavidin affinity column. The unbound cDNA serves as a template for subsequent isoform identification. To illustrate its application we describe the isolation of three new actin cDNA isoforms in the freshwater planarian Dugesia (S) polychroa.

Identification of pancreatic beta cell-related genes by representational difference analysis.

A knowledge of beta cell-specific gene expression provides a basis for identifying proteins potentially involved in beta cell function and pathology. To identify candidate beta cell-specific genes, we applied the PCR-based subtractive hybridization technique of representational difference analysis (RDA) to the mouse SV40-transformed endocrine cell lines, betaTC3 and alphaTC1. Following three successive subtractions of alphaTC1 complementary DNA from betaTC3 complementary DNA, difference products were cloned into pUC19 and nucleotide sequences determined. Comparison of 91 sequences against the databases identified 11 known and 8 novel genes. Known genes included previously reported beta cell-specific genes, insulin I/II and islet amyloid polypeptide, as well as other non-beta cell-specific genes such as those for insulin-like growth factor II, selenoprotein P, neuronatin, prohormone convertase, and type 1 protein kinase A regulatory subunit. By Northern blot hybridization, expression of the majority of known and novel genes was restricted to betaTC3 cells. Novel genes BA-12, -13, -14, and -18 were expressed not only in betaTC3 cells, but also in normal pancreatic islets and a limited number of other tissues. The deduced amino acid sequence of BA-14 showed significant homology with members of the cadherin superfamily indicating that BA-14 may encode a cadherin-like molecule potentially involved in beta cell adhesion events during islet ontogeny. In betaTC3 cells, none of the novel genes were regulated at the RNA level by high glucose. However, in parallel studies, transcription of BA-12 was significantly increased by both sodium butyrate and nicotinamide, suggesting that this gene may play a role in pancreatic beta cell growth and/or differentiation. In this study, we have demonstrated that cRDA is an effective strategy for systematically mapping differences in gene expression between two related but functionally-distinct endocrine cells. Its application to experimental animal models of islet-cell regeneration may facilitate the discovery of potential factors that mediate beta cell growth and differentiation.

Wear-toll quality 4.8 kbps speech codec

A speech codec operating at low data rates uses an iterative method to jointly optimize pitch and gain parameter sets. A 26-bit spectrum filter coding scheme may be used, involving successive subtractions and quantizations. The codec may preferably use a decomposed multipulse excitation model, wherein the multipulse vectors used as the excitation signal are decomposed into position and amplitude codewords. Multipulse vectors are coded by comparing each vector to a reference multipulse vector and quantizing the resulting difference vector. An expanded multipulse excitation codebook and associated fast search method, optionally with a dynamically-weighted distortion measure, allow selection of the best excitation vector without memory or computational overload. In a dynamic bit allocation technique, the number of bits allocated to the pitch and excitation signals depend on whether the signals are "significant" or "insignificant". Silence/speech detection is based on an average signal energy over an interval and a minimum average energy over a predetermined number of intervals. Adaptive post-filter and the automatic gain control schemes are also provided. Interpolation is used for spectrum filter smoothing, and an algorithm is provided for ensuring stability of the spectrum filter. Specially designed scalar quantizers are provided for the pitch gain and excitation gain.

Methods for kinetic analysis of simultaneous, first-order reactions in waters: The kinetic model and methods for data analysis

The graphical method and the iterative method for analysing kinetic data for metal speciation in waters are described. The graphical method involves successive subtractions of one component from the total concentration of the metal remaining, beginning with the slowest component. The iterative method uses nonlinear regression of the experimental data assuming different numbers of components to obtain the weighted residuals. The number of components which gives a minimum to the sum of squares of the weighted residuals represents the number of kinetically distinguishable components. The weighted residuals should also have a normal distribution throughout the course of the reaction. These methods were applied to simulated data for systems containing three components whose rate constants differed by a factor of two and for some cases by a factor of three. When the concentrations of each component were equal and the ratio of the rate constants equal to two, the values of the rate constants obtained by these analyses ranged from 2 to 19% of the assigned values, but the values for the initial concentrations were as much as 40% different from the assigned values. When the concentration of one component was altered the reliability of its recovered rate constant and initial concentration decreased. The advantage of the iterative method is that no prior knowledge of the number of components, rate constants and initial concentrations is required. It is demonstrated that both of these methods provide simple, reliable ways of analysing kinetic data for characterization of metal species in waters.

Evaluation of a signal-averaging method for the measurement of signal-to-noise ratios in speech

Many abnormal voice qualities are characterized by unusually large amounts of noise. Although the presence of noise is easy to identify, precise quantification of signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios is a difficult problem. Yumoto, Gould and Baer [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 71, 1544–1550 (1982)] developed a technique based on signal averaging. Using a sustained vowel segmented into pitch periods, the signal component of the S/N calculation is defined as the average of the individual pitch periods. The noise component is estimated by successive subtractions of the average signal from individual pitch periods of the original vowel. In the present study, the accuracy of this technique was evaluated in a series of computer simulations. A synthesized vowel was mixed with varying amounts of synthesized noise. S/N ratios varied over a 36-dB range. Known S/N ratios were compared with S/N ratios calculated by the Yumoto et al. technique. The correlation between calculated and actual S/N ratios was nearly perfect (r = 0.99) and the mean absolute error was only 0.1 dB. Results are also reported for tests involving naturally produced vowels mixed with synthesized noise. [Work supported by NIH.]

Quantitative Analysis of Binary Mixtures. I. General Method

A general spectroscopic method for the analysis of binary mixtures which does not require external calibration has been developed. Spectra of the original mixture and of the mixture following some fractionation procedure are obtained. The method is based on the scaling factors required to null the components, one at a time, in successive absorbance subtractions of the two spectra. The accuracy is improved by a factor of approximately ten more than that of an earlier method. The effect of errors in the scaling factors on the analytical results is considered.

Alternative to Padé technique for solving scattering integral equations

The aim of this work is to show how we can improve systematically the rate of convergence of a recently proposed method for iterative solution of scattering integral equations. The method relies on the introduction of an auxiliary equation containing an arbitrary function, whose kernel is much weaker than that of the original equation. The solution of the original equation is then expressed in terms of that of the auxiliary equation which is supposed to have a convergent iterative solution. In this work we introduce successive subtractions in the kernel in order to make it weaker. Such subtractions in the kernel are very simple to implement in practice and the present method appears to have some advantage over the other existing methods. We explain how to generalize the method for multichannel scattering equations. Using the present method we show how to modify a method by Fuda for three-particle scattering equations in order to have a method which uses the iterative solution only of nonsingular equations above the three-body breakup threshold. The method is used numerically to compute phase shifts, scattering lengths, and fully off-shell $t$ matrix elements for neutron-deuteron scattering in the $s$-wave Amado model and for nucleon-nucleon scattering with the Reid $^{1}S_{0}$ potential. The iterative solution of the auxiliary equation is found to converge much faster than the conventional Pad\'e technique in the case of the neutron-deuteron scattering and yields results with high precision.[NUCLEAR REACTIONS Multichannel scattering equations, iterative solution of auxiliary equations, Reid $^{1}S_{0}$ potential, Amado model, off-shell $t$ matrix elements and phase shifts computed.]

Computers in Lie Algebras. II: Calculation of Outer Multiplicities

The tensor product of two irreducible representations $\rho _1 $ and $\rho _2 $ of a complex simple Lie algebra L is a completely reducible representation of L, but it is often not irreducible. Associated with each irreducible representation $\rho $ of L is its outer multiplicity with respect to $\rho _1 \otimes \rho _2 $. The outer multiplicity of $\rho $ is the number of times it appears in the decomposition of $\rho _1 \otimes \rho _2 $ into its sum of irreducible components.This paper starts with a survey of basic results about outer multiplicities and the structure of the tensor product of two representations. Then many of the methods of computing the outer multiplicities of a given tensor product are discussed. Finally computer implementations of the Racah formula and the method of successive subtractions are described. The Racah formula is very fast for small dimensioned representations and ranks less than 5. The method of successive subtractions will handle larger ranks and very large dimensioned ...

Designing equivalent linkages by successive additions and subtractions of redundant bars

We have seen that if the trajectory (absolute or relative) described by a point of a linkage can be duplicated by a different linkage (even when the difference is only geometrical), the parallel action of both mechanisms results in a redundant linkage, as far as the number of degrees of freedom is concerned. Admissible changes of the lengths of certain bars, or adequate removal of bars or hinges, while reducing this redundancy, may lead to equivalent and sometimes more useful linkages.