Successful Regeneration Research Articles

Cytokine expression and cytokine‐mediated cell–cell communication during skeletal muscle regeneration revealed by integrative analysis of single‐cell RNA sequencing data

AbstractSkeletal muscles undergo self‐repair upon injury, owing to the resident muscle stem cells and their extensive communication with the microenvironment of injured muscles. Cytokines play a critical role in orchestrating intercell communication to ensure successful regeneration. Immune cells as well as other types of cells in the injury site, including muscle stem cells, are known to secret cytokines. However, the extent to which various cell types express distinct cytokines and how the secreted cytokines are involved in intercell communication during regeneration are largely unknown. Here we integrated 15 publicly available single‐cell RNA‐sequencing (scRNA‐seq) datasets of mouse skeletal muscles at early regeneration timepoints (0, 2, 5, and 7 days after injury). The resulting dataset was analyzed for the expression of 393 annotated mouse cytokines. We found widespread and dynamic cytokine expression by all cell types in the regenerating muscle. Interrogating the integrated dataset using CellChat revealed extensive, bidirectional cell–cell communications during regeneration. Our findings provide a comprehensive view of cytokine signaling in the regenerating muscle, which can guide future studies of ligand‐receptor signaling and cell–cell interaction to achieve new mechanistic insights into the regulation of muscle regeneration.

Osteogenic tailoring of oriented bone matrix organization using on/off micropatterning for osteoblast adhesion on titanium surfaces.

Titanium (Ti) implants are well known for their mechanical reliability and chemical stability, crucial for successful bone regeneration. Various shape control and surface modification techniques to enhance biological activity have been developed. Despite the crucial importance of the collagen/apatite bone microstructure for mechanical function, antimicrobial properties, and biocompatibility, precise and versatile pattern control for regenerating the microstructure remains challenging. Here, we developed a novel osteogenic tailoring stripe-micropatterned MPC-Ti substrate that induces genetic-level control of oriented bone matrix organization. This biomaterial was created by micropatterning 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymer onto a titanium (Ti) surface through a selective photoreaction. The stripe-micropatterned MPC-Ti substrate establishes a distinct interface for cell adhesion, robustly inducing osteoblast cytoskeleton alignment through actin cytoskeletal alignment, and facilitating the formation of a bone-mimicking-oriented collagen/apatite tissue. Moreover, our study revealed that this bone alignment process is promoted through the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, which is triggered by nuclear deformation induced by strong cellular alignment guidance. This innovative material is essential for personalized next-generation medical devices, offering high customizability and active restoration of the bone microstructure. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: This study demonstrates a novel osteogenic tailoring stripe-micropatterned MPC-Ti substrate that induces osteoblast alignment and bone matrix orientation based on genetic mechanism. By employing a light-reactive MPC polymer, we successfully micropatterned the titanium surface, creating a biomaterial that stimulates unidirectional osteoblast alignment and enhances the formation of natural bone-mimetic anisotropic microstructures. The innovative approach of regulating cell adhesion and cytoskeletal alignment activates the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway, crucial for both bone differentiation and orientation. This study presents the first biomaterial that artificially induces the construction of mechanically superior anisotropic bone tissue, and it is expected to promote functional bone regeneration by enhancing bone differentiation and orientation-targeting both the quantity and quality of bone tissue.

Zfp260 choreographs the early stage osteo-lineage commitment of skeletal stem cells

The initial fine-tuning processes are crucial for successful bone regeneration, as they guide skeletal stem cells through progenitor differentiation toward osteo- or chondrogenic fate. While fate determination processes are well-documented, the mechanisms preceding progenitor commitment remain poorly understood. Here, we identified a transcription factor, Zfp260, as pivotal for stem cell maturation into progenitors and directing osteogenic differentiation. Zfp260 is markedly up-regulated as cells transition from stem to progenitor stages; its dysfunction causes lineage arrest at the progenitor stage, impairing bone repair. Zfp260 is required for maintaining chromatin accessibility and regulates Runx2 expression by forming super-enhancer complexes. Furthermore, the PKCα kinase phosphorylates Zfp260 at residues Y173, S182, and S197, which are essential for its functional activity. Mutations at these residues significantly impair its functionality. These findings position Zfp260 as a vital factor bridging stem cell activation with progenitor cell fate determination, unveiling a element fundamental to successful bone regeneration.

Biotic and abiotic effects on tree regeneration vary by life stage in European primary forests

An observed acceleration of tree mortality rates in European forests has been attributed to the impacts of climate change and extreme disturbances. Ecosystem recovery depends on regeneration success, but the recruitment of juveniles has been recognized as bottleneck in the development of forests. We investigated the potential importance of biotic (canopy tree abundance, ungulate herbivory) and abiotic (light, soil nutrients) factors in the limitation of regeneration in montane primary forests in central Europe. We used widely distributed forest inventory data (n = 348 plots) for two forest types, multiple tree taxa, and two life stages (seedlings and saplings). Seedling densities were promoted by more abundant parent trees, but saplings were either negatively influenced or unaffected by the number of conspecific adults. Browsing intensity (per capita defoliation severity) strongly limited the density of seedlings, but not saplings, at a community level. Low understory light levels were positively associated with seedling densities, but either did not affect or depressed sapling abundance A tolerance of shading was enhanced by nitrogen availability in some taxa. Our findings reflect highly complex, context‐specific regeneration processes that vary by species and life stage within species.

Highly Efficient and Selective Synthesis of Renewable Isoprene Over Mo-Fe-O and MgO/Mg(OH)2 Composite Catalysts.

Synthesis of renewable isoprene continues to attract significant interest, yet catalysts still need improvement for industrial applications. We report herein an efficient and novel Prins tandem approach for highly selective production of isoprene from bio-based methanol and isobutene over Mo-Fe-O and MgO/Mg(OH)2 acid-base bifunctional catalysts. Hydration decreases the number of strong basic sites O2- ions and increases OH groups over MgO, thus improving the isoprene selectivity. Basic OH on Mg(OH)2 promotes the Prins condensation of formaldehyde and isobutene, while acidic OH promotes dehydration of isoprenol to isoprene. Suitable contents and proportions of basic and acidic OH groups over Mg(OH)2 increase isoprene selectivity and methanol conversion to 90 and 92 % on the Mo-Fe-O+Mg(OH)2 composite catalysts, respectively. It exhibits good recycling stability, with isoprene selectivity remaining 90 % after five successive regenerations. DFT calculations reveal OH groups formed after hydration reduce the energy barrier of the H transfer step, thereby promoting the overall reaction.

Chromatin remodelling in damaged intestinal crypts orchestrates redundant TGFβ and Hippo signalling to drive regeneration.

Cell state dynamics underlying successful tissue regeneration are undercharacterized. In the intestine, damage prompts epithelial reprogramming into revival stem cells (revSCs) that reconstitute Lgr5+ intestinal stem cells (ISCs). Here single-nuclear multi-omics of mouse crypts regenerating from irradiation shows revSC chromatin accessibility overlaps with ISCs and differentiated lineages. While revSC genes themselves are accessible throughout homeostatic epithelia, damage-induced remodelling of chromatin in the crypt converges on Hippo and the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) signalling pathway, which we show is transiently activated and directly induces functional revSCs. Combinatorial gene expression analysis further suggests multiple sources of revSCs, and we demonstrate TGFβ can reprogramme enterocytes, goblet and paneth cells into revSCs and show individual revSCs form organoids. Despite this, loss of TGFβ signalling yields mild regenerative defects, whereas interference in both Hippo and TGFβ leads to profound defects and death. Intestinal regeneration is thus poised for activation by a compensatory system of crypt-localized, transient morphogen cues that support epithelial reprogramming and robust intestinal repair.

Prospective and challenges of locally applied repurposed pharmaceuticals for periodontal tissue regeneration.

Periodontitis is a persistent inflammatory condition that causes periodontal ligament degradation, periodontal pocket development, and alveolar bone destruction, all of which lead to the breakdown of the teeth's supporting system. Periodontitis is triggered by the accumulation of various microflora (especially anaerobes) in the pockets, which release toxic substances and digestive enzymes and stimulate the immune system. Periodontitis can be efficiently treated using a variety of techniques, both regional and systemic. Effective therapy is dependent on lowering microbial biofilm, minimizing or eradicating pockets. Nowadays, using local drug delivery systems (LDDSs) as an adjuvant therapy to phase I periodontal therapy is an attractive option since it controls drug release, resulting in improved efficacy and lesser adverse reactions. Choosing the right bioactive agent and mode of delivery is the foundation of an efficient periodontal disease management approach. The objective of this paper is to shed light on the issue of successful periodontal regeneration, the drawbacks of currently implemented interventions, and describe the potential of locally delivered repurposed drugs in periodontal tissue regeneration. Because of the multiple etiology of periodontitis, patients must get customized treatment with the primary goal of infection control. Yet, it is not always successful to replace the lost tissues, and it becomes more challenging as the defect gets worse. Pharmaceutical repurposing offers a viable, economical, and safe alternative for non-invasive, and predictable periodontal regeneration. This article clears the way in front of researchers, decision-makers, and pharmaceutical companies to explore the potential, effectiveness, and efficiency of the repurposed pharmaceuticals to generate more economical, effective, and safe topical pharmaceutical preparations for periodontal tissue regeneration.

Characterization and morphological development of oil palm transformed-callus on modified culture media

Genome editing through cisgenesis develops into scientific breakthroughs in accelerating oil palm breeding programs. However, one remaining problem is the low success of transformed-calli regeneration, while its scientific explanation is still underexplored. This study aimed to characterize and regenerate transformed-calli using various amino acids and antioxidants. Transformed callus that did not regenerate (un-regenerated transformed callus or UTC) after the transformation process was taken, then T-DNA integration was detected using the NPTII gene. Furthermore, the UTC was divided into four types based on morphological characteristics. The four types of UTCs were regenerated on media enriched with glutamine (for Type-1 callus), cysteine and putrescine (for Type-2 callus), and a combination of cysteine and ascorbic acid (for Type-3 and Type-4 callus). The research results obtained NPTII successfully amplified with a band size of 700bp. The results showed that on Type-1 callus, enrichment media with 10 mg L-1 L-glutamine could induce the formation of new nodular structures on UTC Type-1. On Type-2, media enriched with 5 mg L-1 L-cysteine + 20 mg L-1 putrescine increased the density of callus structures. Media enriched with 25 mg L-1 ascorbic acid + 25 mg L-1 L-cysteine could prevent the spread of brown callus on Type-3 callus, while Type-4 callus did not show any response and became dry. Our new findings will facilitate the basic research and unregenerated transformed callus and morphological callus development behavior in oil palm.

Endodontic and Surgical Management of Trauma-Induced Combined Internal and External Root Resorption with Periapical Cyst: A Case Report

Root resorption, involving the breakdown of hard tissues like dentin and cementum, can result from trauma and subsequent infection, potentially leading to tooth loss. This case report details the management of combined internal and external root resorption with a periapical cyst in a 32-year-old male. After trauma, the maxillary left central incisor (#21) presented with root resorption and a displaced apex. Endodontic treatment using MTA and surgical enucleation of the cyst were performed. A 12-month follow-up showed successful resolution and tissue regeneration. This case emphasizes the effectiveness of combining advanced endodontic and surgical techniques for complex resorption cases.

A closed-loop sustainable method for the fabrication of electrospun nanofiber using food waste for filtration of particulate matters (PMs) and volatile organic matter (VOCs) from air

Indoor air pollution significantly impacts human health and the environment. Humans suffer the greatest health burden due to inefficient combustion technologies and polluted fuels. Therefore, air filtration is essential for a healthy and prosperous household. This study aims to develop a sustainable approach for the fabrication of biodegradable electrospun nanofibers (ENs) as air filters from food waste materials and offer a closed-loop circular solution and potential replacement for non-biodegradable HEPA air filters. We have tested banana peel extract (BPE), eggshell membrane, chitosan, and starch blended with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) for fabricating ENs. Among the nanofibers investigated for air filtration application, BPE/PVA nanofiber shows the best performance in terms of maximum particulate matter (PM) removal efficiency and minimum pressure drop while incorporating > 50% of the food waste into the electrospinning solution. Adding BPE into a 10% PVA solution leads to a reduction in the hydrophilic behavior of the BPE/PVA nanofiber as compared to neat 10% PVA ENs. The BPE/PVA nanofiber shows minimum pressure drop (156–160 Pa) and highest quality factor (Qf) in comparison with other waste-derived nanofibers with > 98% filtration efficiency of PM2.5. Further, BPE/PVA nanofiber shows the highest adsorption of xylene vapor among other food waste derived nanofibers studied. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that BPE based nanofiber shows the best performance as air filter media among all other food waste-based ENs. The study demonstrates a successful regeneration and reuse of the BPE/PVA filter up to 3 cycles. The leftover material from banana peels after BPE extraction was utilized as a soil ameliorant. It showed 55% soil water retention (SWR) capacity, making it possible to apply in arid regions or crops with high water requirements.

Nlrp3 Deficiency Does Not Substantially Affect Femoral Fracture Healing in Mice.

Inflammation has been recognized as major factor for successful bone regeneration. On the other hand, a prolonged or overshooting inflammatory response can also cause fracture healing failure. The nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor protein (NLRP)3 inflammasome plays a crucial role in inflammatory cytokine production. However, its role during fracture repair remains elusive. We investigated the effects of Nlrp3 deficiency on the healing of closed femoral fractures in Nlrp3-/- and wildtype mice. The callus tissue was analyzed by means of X-ray, biomechanics, µCT and histology, as well as immunohistochemistry and Western blotting at 2 and 5 weeks after surgery. We found a significantly reduced trabecular thickness at 2 weeks after fracture in the Nlrp3-/- mice when compared to the wildtype animals. However, the amount of bone tissue did not differ between the two groups. Additional immunohistochemical analyses showed a reduced number of CD68-positive macrophages within the callus tissue of the Nlrp3-/- mice at 2 weeks after fracture, whereas the number of myeloperoxidase (MPO)-positive granulocytes was increased. Moreover, we detected a significantly lower expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and a reduced number of microvessels in the Nlrp3-/- mice. The expression of the absent in melanoma (AIM)2 inflammasome was increased more than 2-fold in the Nlrp3-/- mice, whereas the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-18 was not affected. Our results demonstrate that Nlrp3 deficiency does not markedly affect femoral fracture healing in mice. This is most likely due to the unaltered expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and pro-osteogenic growth factors.

Effects of salvage logging after forest fire on Siberian larch regeneration and ecosystem carbon stocks at the drought limit of the boreal forest in Mongolia

Post-fire salvage logging is widely applied in Mongolia's boreal forests with the intent to prevent intact forests from logging. The rationale behind this approach is the assumption that the additional disturbance caused by the removal of standing deadwood after stand-replacing fire is of no further significance for the already heavily disturbed ecosystem. However, while there is a global debate on effects of salvage logging for regeneration success, biodiversity, and soil health, little evidence has been collected from strongly drought-limited southern boreal forests of Central Asia. Comparing sites with and without salvage logging, we investigated forests of Siberian larch (Larix sibirica) ca. 20 years after stand-replacing fire and asked whether postfire salvage logging affected regeneration density, terminal shoot length and radial stem increment, ecosystem carbon stock densities, and reduced organic layer depth and compacted the soil. The biomass of the larch regeneration was significantly reduced by salvage logging, while tree growth was not affected. The ecosystem carbon stock density of burnt forest without salvage logging was 202 Mg C ha−1 and thus even in the lower range of intact larch forests from Mongolia, whereas burnt forests with salvage logging had organic carbon stock densities (104 Mg C ha−1) that were lower than those of unburned grasslands in the forest-steppe. These results show that removing deadwood from burnt forest is not insignificant, but has the potential to delay forest recovery and strongly reduces organic carbon storage. However, we did not find significant reductions in soil organic carbon stocks or soil compaction. Nonetheless, our findings raise the question of whether careful management of intact forests (especially by selective felling under a continuous-cover forestry regime) would be a more ecologically sustainable alternative than post-fire salvage logging.

Injectable tissue-engineered human cartilage matrix composite fibrin glue for regeneration of articular cartilage defects

Due to the lack of blood vessels and nerves, the ability of cartilage to repair itself is limited, and the injury of articular cartilage urgently needs effective treatment. Currently, the limitation of clinical repair for cartilage defects is that it is difficult to form pure hyaline cartilage repair, and the source of cartilage tissue and cells is limited. To obtain high-purity regenerated hyaline cartilage, we proposed to construct an injectable hydrogel precursor by using human living hyaline cartilage graft (hLhCG) secreted by human chondrocytes as the dispersed phase and fibrinogen solution as the continuous phase, by double injection with thrombin, three-dimensional network hydrogel structure was formed under the action of thrombin to repair joint defects. The component phenotypes of hLhCG and biomechanical properties of composite gel scaffolds were verified. After 12 weeks of injection of the mixed phase at the defect site, the regenerated tissues are similar in composition to adjacent natural tissues and exhibit similar biomechanical properties. The phenotype of regenerated cartilage was verified, confirming the successful regeneration of hyaline cartilage.

Investigating wall shear stress and the static pressure in bone scaffolds: a study of porosity and fluid flow dynamics.

In bone tissue engineering, scaffolds are crucial as they provide a suitable structure for cell proliferation. Transporting Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) to the cells and regulating the scaffold's biocompatibility are both controlled by the dynamics of the fluid passing through the scaffold pores. Scaffold design selection and modeling are thus important in tissue engineering to achieve successful bone regeneration. This study aims to design and analyze three scaffold designs-Face-Centered Cubic (FCC), and two newly developed designs Octagonal Truss and a Square Pyramid with four porosity variations. The research aims to analyze the effect of design and porosity variation on pressure and wall shear stress, essential for analyzing scaffold biocompatibility in tissue engineering. Three scaffold designs with varying porosities with strut diameters ranging from 0.3 to 0.6mm were modeled to analyze the behavior using BioMed Clear Resin. The fluid dynamics within these scaffolds were then examined using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) to understand how different porosity levels affect fluid flow pressure and wall shear stress. The findings revealed variations in wall shear stress and their influence on cell proliferation. The maximum value of wall shear stress (WSS) is observed in the Square Pyramid model. The analysis shows that WSS at the inlet decreases as strut diameters increase or porosity percentages rise offering valuable insights for the development of effective scaffold designs. It can be concluded from the results that the Square Pyramid design has the highest value of WSS, thus increasing the chances of cell growth. From a biological perspective, the results of this work show promise for creating better scaffolds for tissue engineering.

Regeneration of a Fire‐Resistant Fluid‐Fouled Strong Base Anion Resin using a Caustic Solution with Citric Acid as a Surfactant

AbstractFire Resistant Fluid (FRF), used in turbine governing systems, transforms during operation, forming substituted phenol and phosphoric acid. The use of strong Base Anion Resin (SBA resin) to reduce the Total Acid Number (TAN) of FRF is widespread. However, the regeneration of these oil‐fouled resins is crucial due to their high cost and the challenges associated with their environmental disposal. In this study, we present a novel method for recovering exhausted resin by treating it with an aqueous solution of citric acid, followed by regeneration with a caustic soda solution. We optimized the recovery percentage in the ion exchange capacity by testing varying concentrations of the citric acid solution under different reaction conditions. The highest recovery of ion exchange capacity achieved was 55 % after soaking for 16 hours in a 5 % citric acid solution, followed by regeneration with a 5 % NaOH solution. The efficacy of citric acid in this research was further explored through a Density Functional Theory (DFT) study. This study is significant as it is the first to demonstrate the successful regeneration of oil‐fouled resins with high ion exchange capacity using citric acid, a more environmentally friendly and cost‐effective alternative.

Production of Microspore-Derived Plants by Anther Culture of Cyclamen coum

Cyclamen is one of the most important ornamental crops sold worldwide as a potted flower for winter production. Cyclamen species take up a wide swathe of habitats across Turkey. Ten wild Cyclamen species grow naturally in Turkey, some of them endemic. This study aimed to produce haploid plants of C. coum using anther culture. The microspore developmental stage was evaluated by staining anther with acetocarmine (%2), and then the stage was correlated with bud size. It was determined that the buds between 7.64-8.23 mm had the appropriate bud size for the late uninuclear stage. Anthers were cultured in B5 medium containing different levels of NAA (0.1, 1, 2 mg/L), 2,4-D (0.1, 1, 2 mg/L), and kinetin (0, 1 mg/L), 90 g/L sucrose and 3 g/L gelrite for haploid embryo production. Anthers were kept at 4°C for 4 days after culture. The explants were incubated at 24°C in a completely dark condition until the embryo was formed, then embryos were transferred to hormone-free media in 8:16 hours (light: dark) photoperiod. The experiment was carried out for two years. In the first year, 12 different media were examined in view of regeneration and the experiments were continued with selected 7 media in the second year. The highest callus regeneration rates were %5.71 and 14.5% and the highest embryo induction rates varied between 8.57% and 4.0% in the first and second year respectively. Embryo/callus formation was observed in 7 of a total of 12 different media tested for haploid plant production, and the best media were kinetin (1 mg/L) + NAA (1, 2 mg/L) and kinetin (1 mg/L) +2,4-D (2 mg/L). Our findings indicated that cold pre-treated anther explants collected at appropriate flower bud size resulted in embryo production Additionally, B5 medium supplemented with NAA and kinetin ensured successful embryo regeneration from anther explants in wild C. coum.

ω-9 monounsaturated fatty acids in Sapindus mukorossi seed oil enhance calcium deposition expression of Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells

Promoting osteogenesis is crucial to improve successful bone regeneration in bone tissue engineering. Several studies on osteogenesis have reported positive effects of ω-9 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) on bone regeneration. This study examined the potential of ω-9 monounsaturated fatty acid abundant seed oil mechanically extracted from Sapindus mukorossi (S. mukorossi) fruit to improve osteogeneses. After showing the presence of ω-9 MUFA in S. mukorossi seed oil (SM oil) through GC-MS spectrum analysis, the proliferation and differentiation of human umbilical cord Wharton’s jelly mesenchymal stem cells (WJMSCs) under SM treatment was evaluated. Our results indicate that WJMSC differentiation was induced by adding an osteogenesis-induced medium combined with SM oil. A high level of calcium deposition expression in WJMSCs induced by SM oil appears to be due to the effect of oleic acid and eicosenoic acid, both of which are ω-9 monounsaturated fatty acids. In addition, we found major contributors of SM oil-promoted WJMSC osteogenesis to be extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERKs), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNKs), and the p38 MAPK pathway. The enhancement of WJMSC osteogenesis via ERK/MAPK pathways as demonstrated by qPCR analysis indicates the promise of SM oil for stem cell-based bone tissue engineering applications.

New titanium mesh design method in customized bone regeneration of the jaws: preliminary study on a sample of 11 patients

The aim of this study is 1) to present a new method of virtually-designed custom made scaffolds to be employed in customized bone regeneration (CBR) for segmental jaw atrophies and 2) to evaluate long-term clinical results in terms of bone regeneration success and implant rehabilitation success. A total of 11 patients with edentulousness and bone atrophy in a localized area of the mandible or the maxilla were recruited for the study. To fulfill the research inquiries, CT images of the pre-regeneration mandibular or maxillary arch of each patient were collected. A dedicated Mevislab 2.4 software was employed to virtually design custom bone regeneration meshes designed to fit the atrophic sector of each patient's mandible or maxilla. Subsequently, a second Meshmixer software was used to refine the margins of each of the designed meshes. All patients underwent oral surgery, during which a mixture of autologous and heterologous bone in a 1:1 proportion was grafted into the atrophic site, a custom-made mesh was placed, and a resorbable membrane was inserted. The mesh was removed after this procedure, and implant rehabilitation was performed. All patients underwent the bone regeneration procedure, with eight undergoing titanium mesh removal. A total of seven patients completed implant rehabilitation. Average horizontal bone augmentation was 3.525 ± 1.36 mm; average vertical bone augmentation was 4.45 ± 2.22 mm. Implant survival was 92.85%. During the healing phase, complications occurred in 9.09% of patients. The use of dedicated software, Mevislab 2.4 and Meshmixer, for titanium mesh design is an accurate, predictable, effective, and quick-to-use method. The learning curve for design is uncomplicated and rapid. Mesh exposure does not necessarily lead to bone graft failure; this complication can be treated by chlorhexidine aids.

Quantification of muscle fiber malformations using edge detection to investigate chronic muscle pressure ulcers.

Microscopy of regenerated tissue shows different morphologies between the healing of acute wounds and chronic wounds. This difference can be seen manually by biologists, but computational methods are needed to automate the characterization of morphology and regenerative quality in regenerated muscle tissue. From the detected edge segments, we computed several imaging biomarkers of interest, such as median tortuosity, number of edge segments normalized by area, median edge segment distance and interquartile range of orientation angles of edge segments of the microscope images of successful and unsuccessful muscle regeneration. We observed that muscle fibers in saline-treated pressure ulcers had a larger interquartile range of orientation angles of the edge segments (p = 0.05) and shorter edge segment distances (p = 0.003) compared to those of acute cardiotoxin injuries. Our edge detection method was able to identify statistically significant differences in some of the imaging biomarkers between saline-treated pressure ulcers and cardiotoxin injuries, suggesting that chronic pressure ulcers have increased muscle fiber malformations compared to cardiotoxin injuries.

The role of biophysical cues and their modulated exosomes in dental diseases: from mechanism to therapy.

Dental diseases such as caries and periodontitis have been common public health problems. Dental disease treatment can be achieved through stem cell-based dental regeneration. Biophysical cues determine the fate of stem cells and govern the success of dental regeneration. Some studies have manifested exosomes derived from stem cells could not only inherit biophysical signals in microenvironment but also evade some issues in the treatment with stem cells. Nowadays, biophysical cue-regulated exosomes become another promising therapy in dental regenerative medicine. However, methods to improve the efficacy of exosome therapy and the underlying mechanisms are still unresolved. In this review, the association between biophysical cues and dental diseases was summarized. We retrospected the role of exosomes regulated by biophysical cues in curing dental diseases and promoting dental regeneration. Our research also delved into the mechanisms by which biophysical cues control the biogenesis, release, and uptake of exosomes, as well as potential methods to enhance the effectiveness of exosomes. The aim of this review was to underscore the important place biophysical cue-regulated exosomes occupy in the realm of dentistry, and to explore novel targets for dental diseases.