Successful Search Strategies Research Articles

The effects of question previewing on response accuracy and text processing: An eye-movement study

The present study investigated the impact of manipulating reading strategies (i.e., reading the questions first [QF] or reading the passage first [PF]) during a reading comprehension test where we explored how reading strategy was related to student characteristics (i.e., reading achievement and working memory capacity). Participants' eye movements were monitored as they read 12 passages and answered multiple-choice questions. We examined differences in (a) response accuracy, (b) average total time on words in the text, (c) total task reading time, and (d) time reading text relevant to questions as a function of PF and QF strategies. Analyses were conducted to examine whether findings varied as a function of student characteristics (i.e., reading achievement and working memory capacity) and grade level (Grades 3, 5, and 8). Several interesting findings emerged from our study, including a limited effect of reading strategy use on response accuracy, with only eighth graders demonstrating better accuracy in the QF condition, and several demonstrations of PF leading to more efficient test-taking processes, including (a) longer average total reading times on words in the passage in the PF condition that could be associated with creating a better mental model of the text, (b) often being associated with less total-task time, and (c) being associated with more successful search strategies. Implications for providing teachers and students with strategies are discussed.

The mixed search game against an agile and visible fugitive is monotone

We consider the mixed search game against an agile and visible fugitive. This is the variant of the classic fugitive search game on graphs where searchers may be placed to (or removed from) the vertices or slide along edges. Moreover, the fugitive resides on the edges of the graph and can move at any time along unguarded paths. The mixed search number against an agile and visible fugitive of a graph G, denoted avms(G), is the minimum number of searchers required to capture a fugitive in this graph searching variant. Our main result is that this graph searching variant is monotone in the sense that the number of searchers required for a successful search strategy does not increase if we restrict the search strategies to those that do not permit the fugitive to visit an already “clean” edge. This means that mixed search strategies against an agile and visible fugitive can be polynomially certified, and therefore that the problem of deciding, given a graph G and an integer k, whether avms(G)≤k is in NP. Our proof is based on the introduction of the notion of tight bramble, that serves as an obstruction for the corresponding search parameter. Our results imply that for a graph G, avms(G) is equal to the Cartesian tree product number of G, that is, the minimum k for which G is a minor of the Cartesian product of a tree and a clique on k vertices.

Are They Replicable and Transparent? Insights from Search Strategies for SLRs

Systematic literature reviews (SLRs) are of particular interest among management scholars. There are different approaches to explore which SLR is a high-quality one. The main attribute that differentiates a systematic review from an unsystematic one is a methods section that sufficiently communicates the research question, the search strategy, and the designs of the works that were selected. It is not easy to choose an approach and search strategy to succeed in publishing in journals accepting only high-quality research. Successful or high-quality search strategy is one that assures replicability and transparency of SLR. Despite numerous publications of guiding nature on how conduct a literature review, a gap on search strategy utilized by scholars in management research is still observed. The main purpose of the paper is to explore successful search strategies for SLRs in management sciences. We have utilized a systematic review exploring all SLRs in terms of their replicability and transparency available in the International Journal of Management Reviews. The obtained results have revealed several thought-provoking methodological patterns in search strategies related to replicability and transparency of the analyzed SLRs.

Adapting systematic scoping study methods to identify cancer-specific physical activity opportunities in Ontario, Canada

BackgroundIdentifying cancer-specific physical activity programs and post-secondary courses targeting students in academic settings (i.e., “real world” opportunities) may promote physical activity behaviors among cancer survivors. Using knowledge synthesis methods such as systematic scoping study methods may facilitate knowledge tool development and guide evidence-based practice to improve knowledge transfer. However, identifying these opportunities poses a challenge as systematic scoping study methods have yet to be applied and adapted to this context. Thus, to extend systematic scoping study methods, the purpose of the current investigation is to describe the adaptation of systematic scoping study methods in the context of cancer-specific “real world” opportunities in Ontario, Canada.MethodsSystematic scoping study methods were adapted to develop a knowledge tool, which was a credible resource website for researchers, clinicians, and survivors. Three search strategies including Advanced Google Search, targeted website search, and consultations with experts were used to identify eligible (e.g., appropriate for cancer survivors, offered in the community) cancer-specific physical activity programs. Only the targeted website search was used to search post-secondary institutions because they are centralized onto one government website.ResultsFifty-eight programs and 10 post-secondary courses met the eligibility criteria. Relevant data from these opportunities were extracted, charted, synthesized, and uploaded onto the resource website. The most successful search strategy for cancer-specific physical activity programs was the targeted website search followed by Google Advanced Search and consultations with content experts.ConclusionsChallenges were experienced due to lack of standard reporting among opportunities, bias of potentially relevant records, and changing nature of resulting records. The current investigation demonstrated that systematic scoping study methods can be applied to cancer-specific physical activity programs and post-secondary courses in the context of cancer survivorship in Ontario yielding robust results. The method can be further adapted and updated in future knowledge syntheses in health-related contexts.Systematic review registrationThe systematic scoping review method protocol has not been registered.

The JPS Pathfinding System

We describe a pathfinding system based on Jump Point Search (JPS): a recent and very successful search strategy that performs symmetry breaking to speed up optimal pathfinding on grid maps. We first modify JPS for grid maps where corner-cutting moves are not allowed. We then describe JPS+: a new derivative search strategy that reformulates an input graph into an equivalent symmetry-reduced form that can be searched more efficiently. JPS and JPS+ were both submitted to the 2012 Grid-based Path Planning Competition.

Not Too Much and Not Too Little: Information Processing for a Good Purchase Decision.

When deciding on an online purchase, consumers often face a plethora of information. Yet, individuals consumers differ greatly in the amount of information they are willing and able to acquire and process before making purchasing decisions. Extensively processing all available information does not necessarily promote good decisions. Instead, the empirical evidence suggests that reviewing too much information or too many choice alternatives can impair decision quality. Using simulated contract conclusion scenarios, we identify distinctive types of information processing styles and find that certain search and selection strategies predict the quality of the final choice. Participants (N = 363) chose a cellular service contract in a web-based environment that closely resembled actual online settings in the country of study. Using information processing data obtained with tracking software, we identify three consumer segments differing along two dimensions – the extent dimension, referring to the overall effort invested in information processing, and the focus dimension, referring to the degree to which someone focuses on the best available options. The three subgroups of respondents can be characterized as follows: (1) consumers with a low-effort and low-focus information processing strategy (n = 137); (2) consumers with a moderate-effort and high-focus information processing strategy (n = 124); and (3) consumers with high-effort and low-focus information processing strategy (n = 102). The three groups differed not only in their information processing but also in the quality of their decisions. In line with the assumption of ecological rationality, most successful search strategies were not exhaustive, but instead involved the focused selection and processing of a medium amount of information. Implications for effective consumer information are provided.

Effective Multidisciplinary Search Strategies for Assistance Animals: A Librarian's Perspective.

Successful search strategies are based on good background knowledge and a focused clinical research question. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of research involving assistance animals means there is no one universal database to answer all research questions. The topic of assistance animals can yield better results when creating subheadings based on discipline focus. Subheadings have been divided into ethicolegal, sociocultural, psychobehavioral, and medical/veterinary. Each subheading, or discipline, has their own specific databases that will yield higher relevant content than others. Contacting local academic librarians and utilizing search guides created by those librarians can lead to successful search strategies. The goal of this article is to create a template for successful search strategies in assistance animals. Eighty-nine subject guides curated by academic librarians are reviewed to identify strong databases for each topic of ethicolegal, sociocultural, pscyhobehavioral, and medical/veterinary topics in relationship to assistance animals. A live subject guide has been created and maintained at https://www.library.ucdavis.edu/guide/assistance-animals/

Professional collaboration in searching the evidence for an ill-defined concept.

This paper outlines the inter-professional collaboration of the authors, a PhD student, his supervisor and an information professional, to systematically search the literature for an ill-defined concept. The research question posed for the scoping literature review indicated that the topic, the subjective socio-economic status and health of adults with intellectual disabilities, was rare. The need for a methodological search process was therefore identified and successfully carried out. The paper presents an analysis of the processes and the collaboration involved in developing a successful search strategy. The resulting transformative learning by the researcher of the professional practice of the information specialist illuminates their facilitating and supportive role in advancing health related research. F.J.

Gaze patterns hold key to unlocking successful search strategies and increasing polyp detection rate in colonoscopy.

The adenoma detection rate (ADR) is an important quality indicator in colonoscopy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in visual gaze patterns (VGPs) with increasing polyp detection rate (PDR), a surrogate marker of ADR. 18 endoscopists participated in the study. VGPs were measured using eye-tracking technology during the withdrawal phase of colonoscopy. VGPs were characterized using two analyses - screen and anatomy. Eye-tracking parameters were used to characterize performance, which was further substantiated using hidden Markov model (HMM) analysis. Subjects with higher PDRs spent more time viewing the outer ring of the 3 × 3 grid for both analyses (screen-based: r = 0.56, P = 0.02; anatomy: r = 0.62, P < 0.01). Fixation distribution to the "bottom U" of the screen in screen-based analysis was positively correlated with PDR (r = 0.62, P = 0.01). HMM demarcated the VGPs into three PDR groups. This study defined distinct VGPs that are associated with expert behavior. These data may allow introduction of visual gaze training within structured training programs, and have implications for adoption in higher-level assessment.

Consumer Decisions Under High Information Load: How Can Legal Rules Improve Search Behavior and Decision Quality?

EU consumer protection legislation is designed to enable consumers to make good contract decisions in the market place. This legislation heavily relies on the model of rational homo oeconomicus: It assumes that consumers want to and can process large amounts of information in order to maximize their own outcomes, and requires businesses to provide a wealth of information to their customers. In an interdisciplinary study conducted by lawyers and psychologists, we wanted to describe the precise flaws of this strategy, based on the EU consumer protection regulation presently in force, and to formulate assumptions about promising regulatory means to overcome them.We examined search behavior and decision strategies in a sample of 363 persons who we asked to choose a cellular service contract. Participants were presented with contract offers which reflected the demands of the law and which closely matched offers that can be found in the Austrian market. The multiple offers of 11 providers, with variation in rates and conditions, comprised each a large amount of detail and information. Hence, the choice situation was complex and information load was high. Two different user profiles were randomly assigned to the participants. Choice quality was measured on three levels (tariff quality, term quality, and subjective quality). We assessed the information processing behavior (including personal and contextual variables) with a palette of measures, identified discrete choice strategies, and examined how these related to choice quality. We found that most successful search strategies were not exhaustive, but instead involved the focused selection and processing of a medium amount of information. Successful decision behavior of that kind seems to be only partly and most imperfectly supported by present regulation. Research is now underway to explore a more ergonomic (i.e., psychologically realistic and effective) regulation of consumer information that may lead to a higher number ob good contract choices by cellular service customers.

Antibiotic Use for Urodynamics: A Comprehensive Review that Informs Local Practice

IntroductionThe question is addressed of whether antibiotics should be given prophylactically to all patients undergoing urodynamic testing or targeted only to those considered at higher risk for urinary tract infection after the procedure. A PICOT (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, Time) question was formulated to ensure a successful search strategy. The clinical question aimed to address the issue of widespread use of antibiotic prophylaxis as this remains unclear in the literature. MethodsThe MEDLINE®, Embase®, Ovid, Cochrane Library and CINAHL databases were searched from January 1995 to December 2014, and all articles were reviewed and collated. A total of 30 publications were included in this analysis. ResultsMany articles addressed the issue of antibiotic use. However, some only addressed 1 antibiotic, while others identified their primary outcome as newly acquired significant bacteriuria as opposed to urinary tract infection, with variable definitions found. Outcome measures entailed end points from 2 to 7 days. Other articles only included various subgroups of the population. It was widely accepted that urinalysis screening was best practice. ConclusionsUrodynamic studies are associated with a low incidence of urinary tract infection in the general population and, therefore, do not require routine prophylaxis. Local practice audits of infection rates should guide clinical practice. This literature review has resulted in a useful baseline to undertake a review of local infection rates, and develop an evidence-based antimicrobial prophylaxis guideline that is individually targeted, and dependant on mid stream urine screening, patient risk factors and local susceptibility profiles.

Encontrar sin perderse: ¿se ha frustrado al buscar la información médica que necesita?

IntroductionAccess to information is no longer a problem as medical students search for information online. However, it is becoming harder to find relevant information due to the wide range of available electronic information resources (EIR). The Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) School of Medicine academic community has valuable electronic information resources in its Digital Medical Library (DML), but daily experience suggests it is not used in its full potential. ObjectivesTo identify the most relevant EIR in UNAM's libraries and their access routes, especially the DML, to apply information search strategies through an example for efficient retrieval of information, and to help educate the academic community of the School of Medicine on the usefulness of resources available in their DML. MethodA general overview of the UNAM's EIR was written. Some proposals for information search strategies were reviewed and implemented using the available EIR of the DML. Results were analysed to determine which strategies were better, according to their usefulness and relevance. ResultsThrough a successful search strategy, it was possible to obtain reduced (and therefore more manageable) units of specific material. Through the DML, between 85 and 100% of the material was obtained in full text. In some cases all the material was relevant to the topic (PubMed), and in others the majority was not (Scopus and Dynamed). The same search strategy in some of the resources of the DML threw up a large number of results. “Advanced searches” were used to refine the results. Not all filtered results were relevant to the research topic. Some resources of the DML handle material that was useful for some researchers. Some resources translated the keywords automatically from Spanish to English. ConclusionsKnowing and using search strategies can lead to an effective retrieval of information to be performed, thereby avoided getting lost in the sea of information available, contributing to develop information skills and allowing better decisions to be made. The information in the DML is very valuable. Effective strategies for search and recovery are recommended, to be used by the community of the UNAM School of Medicine.

Bottomonium mesons and strategies for their observation

The $B$-factories and Large Hadron Collider experiments have demonstrated the ability to observe and measure the properties of bottomonium mesons. In order to discover missing states it is useful to know their properties to develop a successful search strategy. To this end we calculate the masses and decay properties of excited bottomonium states. We use the relativized quark model to calculate the masses and wavefunctions and the $^3P_0$ quark-pair creation model to calculate decay widths to open bottom. We also summarize results for radiative transitions, annihilation decays, hadronic transitions and production cross sections which are used to develop strategies to find these states. We find that the $b\bar{b}$ system has a rich spectroscopy that we expect to be substantially extended by the LHC and $e^+e^-$ experiments in the near future. Some of the most promising possibilities at the LHC are observing the $\chi_{b(1,2)}(3P)$, $\chi_{b(1,2)}(4P)$ and $\eta_b(3S)$ states in $\gamma \mu^+\mu^-$ final states that proceed via radiative transitions through $\Upsilon(nS)$ intermediate states and $1^3D_J$ and $2^3D_J$ into $\gamma\gamma \mu^+\mu^-$ final states proceeding via $1^3P_J\to 1^3S_1$ and $2^3P_J\to 2^3S_1$ intermediate states respectively. Some of the most interesting possibilities in $e^+e^-$ collisions are studying the $1^3D_J$ states via $4\gamma$ cascades starting with the $\Upsilon (3S)$ and the $3^3P_J$ states in $\gamma\gamma\mu^+ \mu^-$ final states starting with the $\Upsilon (4S)$ and proceeding via $\Upsilon (nS)$ intermediate states. Completing the bottomonium spectrum is an important validation of lattice QCD calculations and a test of our understanding of bottomonium states in the context of the quark model.

Trends in gaze tracking patterns with increasing exposure to anatomy (535.8)

The process of learning is complex and multifaceted. It is therefore worthwhile to define objective markers to indicate a learner’s progression. The goal of the present study is to determine whether gaze tracking patterns differ as a function of knowledge acquisition. The eye movements of 31 Medical Gross Anatomy students were recorded while they identified anatomical structures on computer slides. All participants completed the experiment two times: once before they started the class (baseline) and once after one of three course sections (revisit; 10‐11 subjects per section). Participants viewed tagged structures from all three sections of the course and obscure images (animal anatomy). Therefore all subjects viewed some structures about which they had learned and some structures they have never encountered. We predict that with experience the students will attend faster and fixate longer on cognitively salient areas of interest (cAOIs) on images from the section(s) of the course they have completed at the time of revisit. Preliminary analyses of this ongoing experiment indicate that successful students may develop intelligent search strategies with increasing exposure to the course. Subjects who correctly identify the structure fixate for 60‐150% longer on cAOIs, even on obscure images, and take 20‐90% more time to answer than they did at baseline. These trends appear to get stronger later in the course. There are no apparent trends in the speed with which subjects attend to cAOIs. These preliminary results indicate intriguing trends in successful image search strategy with increasing anatomy knowledge. Final analysis will include students’ exam scores, course grades, and visuospatial abilities in the context of gaze variables to compare and contrast the visual search strategies of successful and less successful anatomy students.

Searching for Blue Oceans: Mental Representation and the Discovery of New Strategies

This paper studies how managers come up with new strategies by reinterpreting a popular management tool, Blue Ocean Strategy (BOS), from the perspective of theories of mental representation and search. We formally explore this issue by developing a parsimonious simulation model of the process of discovery of new products. Our model infuses BOS with cognitive considerations (such as the role of mental representations and search) and BOS infuses previous search models of the Carnegie tradition with managerially meaningful search primitives (the addition and deletion of product/service attributes, and varying attribute levels). The model presented here sheds light on several questions: (i) under what conditions is a method like BOS more likely to be a successful search strategy? (ii) how to improve the chances of discovering valuable strategies? and (iii) how much risk is incurred by searching using a BOS-like heuristic? Additionally, by analyzing the risk and return of strategies, our model also provides ad...

The pathology of heuristic search in the 8-puzzle

In practice, an incomplete heuristic search nearly always finds better solutions if it is allowed to search deeper, i.e. expand and heuristically evaluate more nodes in the search tree. On the rare occasions when searching deeper is not beneficial, a curious phenomenon called ‘search pathology’ occurs. In this article, we study the pathology and gain of a deeper search of the minimin algorithm in the 8-puzzle, a domain often used for evaluating single-agent search algorithms. We have analysed the influence of various properties of the search tree and the heuristic evaluation function on the gain and the pathology. In order to investigate a broad range of the properties, the original 8-puzzle was extended with diagonal moves, yielding a larger variety of search trees. It turned out that in the 8-puzzle, a substantial proportion of the solvable positions is pathological under various parameters. More importantly, the search parameters that enable the highest gains are quite consistent in pathological and non-pathological positions alike, thus pointing to potentially successful search strategies.

Tips and tricks in performing a systematic review--chapter 4.

### Building a PICO search strategy After identifying keywords that reflect your topic of interest,1 you need to use them to search for articles by building a ‘query’ more commonly known as a search string/strategy. Successful search strategies are usually highly structured and built around a PICO framework. Population Intervention Comparison Outcome (PICO) frameworks help the searcher group search terms into thematic groups. PICO is very good at identifying medical literature where systematic reviewing is common, this is …

Successful strategies of older people for finding information

Older people have successful search strategies for finding practical information in everyday situations but, increasingly, traditional information sources are being supplemented or replaced by web based ones. However, there are wider issues than just making information available if people are to replace existing strategies by new web based ones. In this paper we use three studies on the information usage of older people to explore the issues surrounding why they favour specific search strategy and technology combinations. The studies each investigate different aspects of information search in a natural setting and concern tasks relevant to older people as their lives change: finding e-government information and planning travel. Results suggest that a variety of measures are important in choice of strategy. Furthermore, interface mechanisms are needed that complement existing strategies, reinforce the existence and crossing of boundaries, and support interactive use of landmarks.

Designing the “Search Pathway” in the Development of a New Class of Highly Efficient Stereoselective Hydrosilylation Catalysts

The direct coupling of oxazolines and N-heterocyclic carbenes leads to chelating C,N ancillary ligands for asymmetric catalysis that combine both an "anchor" unit and a stereodirecting element. Reacting various N-substituted imidazoles with 2-bromo-4(S)-tert-butyl- and 2-bromo-4(S)-isopropyloxazoline gave the imidazolium precursors of the stereodirecting ancillary ligands. A library of ten different ligand precursors was obtained by using this simple procedure (65-97 % yield). These protioligands were metalated in a subsequent step by reaction with [{Rh(mu-OtBu)(nbd)}2] (nbd=norbornadiene), generated in situ from KOtBu and [{RhCl(nbd)}2] giving the corresponding N-heterocyclic carbene complexes [RhBr(nbd)(oxazolinyl-carbene)] 4 a-j in good yields. X-ray diffraction studies of two of the rhodium complexes, 4 d and 4 j, established a distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometry with the bromo ligand occupying the apical position. The rhodium-carbene bond length was found to be 2.070(4) A (4 d) and 2.012(3) A (4 j). Complexes 4 a-j were treated with AgBF4 in dichloromethane, giving the active cationic square-planar catalysts for the hydrosilylation of ketones. As a reference reaction for the catalyst optimisation, the hydrosilylation of acetophenone with diphenylsilane was studied and the system optimised with respect to the counterion (BF(4) (-)), solvent (THF) and the silane reducing agent (diphenylsilane). The reaction product (1-phenylethanol) was obtained with the highest enantiomeric excess (ee) by carrying out the reaction at -60 degrees C, whilst the enantioselectivity drops upon going both to lower and higher temperatures. The observation that the temperature dependence of the ee values goes through a maximum indicated a change in the rate-determining step as the temperature is varied. The determination of the initial reaction rate in the hydrosilylation of acetophenone upon varying the catalyst (4 d) and substrate concentrations at -55 degrees C established a rate law for the initial conversion which is first-order in both substrates as well as the catalyst (Vi = k[4][PhCOMe][Ph2SiH2]). The catalytic system derived from complex 4 d was found to afford high yields and good enantioselectivities in the reduction of various aryl alkyl ketones (acetophenone: 92 % isolated yield and 90 % ee, 2-naphtyl methyl ketone: 99 % yield, 91 % ee). The selectivity for the reduction of prochiral dialkyl ketones is comparable or even superior to the best previously reported for prochiral nonaromatic ketones; whereas cyclopropyl methyl ketone is hydrosilylated with an enantioselectivity of 81 % ee, the increase of the steric demand of one of the alkyl groups leads to improved ee's, reaching 95 % ee in the case of tert-butyl methyl ketone. Linear chain n-alkyl methyl ketones, which are particularly challenging substrates, are reduced in good asymmetric induction, such as 2-octanone (79 % ee) and even 2-butanone (65 % ee).

Electronic database searching skills for nurse prescribers

SummaryThe increased emphasis on evidence-based practice within healthcare has compelled nurses to obtain up to date research information to assist them in clinical decision-making. Electronic databases are a crucial resource for finding this information, but a successful search strategy is vital if relevant information is not to be missed. This article highlights the key steps in the searching process with examples from three databases on the OVID and Dialog Datastar platforms.