Successful Propagation Research Articles

Effect of Cutting Type, Potting Media, and Irrigation Frequency on the Success of Vegetative Propagation of Iriweriya (<em>Plectranthus Zeylanicus</em> Forssk)

Plectranthus zeylanicus is an indigenous, multi-functional herb used in traditional medicine. Due to over-exploitation from the natural habitats, the species is on the verge of extinction. Therefore, commercial cultivation of the species is needed to satisfy the rising demand while protecting its genetic base. The current study was designed with three trials to identify the most suitable cutting type, potting media, and irrigation schedule for P. zeylanicus. Four distinct cutting types (tip cutting, triple nodal cutting, double nodal cutting and single nodal cutting), five different potting mixtures (topsoil: sand: compost-1:1:1, topsoil: sand: compost-1:2:1, topsoil: sand: compost-1:1:2, topsoil: compost -1:1, topsoil: compost-1:2) and four different irrigation schedules (daily watering to field capacity level, daily watering to half of the field capacity level, every other day to the field capacity level, every other day to half of the field capacity level) were used in Completely Randomized Design with ten replicates. Survival percentage (%), number of leaves, the height of the plant (cm), average length of roots (cm), average leaf area (mm2), and chlorophyll content (SPAD Unit) were measured as growth parameters. Data were analyzed using SAS software with a 5% significance levels. Highest survival percentage (95%), highest average root length (26.8 cm), average leaf area (80.5 mm2) and a higher chlorophyll content (31.1 SPAD Unit) were recorded from tip cuttings of P. zeylanicus. Furthermore, the topsoil: sand: compost-1:1:1 combination showed a higher survival percentage (90%), number of leaves (3), highest average plant height (43.9cm) and average root length (20.2 cm) with significantly (P<0.05) higher average leaf area (52.3 mm2) and chlorophyll content (31.07 SPAD Unit). Daily watering to the field capacity showed a higher survival percentage (90%), significantly higher (P<0.05) number of leaves (3.7), plant height (51.6 cm), higher root length (25.5 cm), the highest average leaf area (80.0 mm2) and chlorophyll content (32.7 SPAD Unit). Therefore, tip-cutting planted in topsoil: sand: compost-1:1:1 media can be recommended for successful propagation of P. zeylanicus.

Analysis of economic viability of commercial mulberry saplings regeneration using conventional stem propagation method

The economics of stem cutting propagation in mulberry provides a profound insight into the cost-effectiveness and financial benefits of this method compared to other propagation techniques. Stem cutting propagation are widely recognized for its efficiency which involves taking cuttings from a mature mulberry plant and rooting them to produce new plants. This method is particularly advantageous due to its lower initial costs and simplicity compared to alternatives like tissue culture or seed propagation. Economically, stem cutting eliminates the need for expensive seeds and reduces the risk associated with seedling variability thereby leading to more consistent crop quality and yield. The initial capital investment is relatively modest and covering primarily labour and materials for the cuttings and rooting environment. Furthermore, the reduced time frame for producing mature plants accelerates the return on investment thereby providing a quicker pathway to profitability. Analyzing the cost components including labour, equipment and consumables, reveals that while there are ongoing expenses such as maintenance and care of the cuttings these are often outweighed by the savings and benefits derived from a successful propagation cycle. Stem cutting propagation also offers scalability thereby allowing for the expansion of mulberry cultivation with minimal additional costs. The method's ultimate economic advantage lies in its capacity to deliver high-quality, uniform plants at a lower cost, enhancing the overall productivity of mulberry farms. Additionally, examining case studies and regional data highlights variations in economic outcomes based on local conditions, such as soil quality, climate and market access. The ultimate success and profitability of stem cutting propagation are influenced by these factors which can either amplify or mitigate the method’s inherent advantages. In regions where conditions are optimal, the benefits of stem cutting propagation are maximized thereby leading to substantial economic gains.

Norovirus NS1/2 protein increases glutaminolysis for efficient viral replication.

Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites that rely on host cell metabolism for successful replication. Thus, viruses rewire host cell pathways involved in central carbon metabolism to increase the availability of building blocks for successful propagation. However, the underlying mechanisms of virus-induced alterations to host metabolism are largely unknown. Noroviruses (NoVs) are highly prevalent pathogens that cause sporadic and epidemic viral gastroenteritis. In the present study, we uncovered several strain-specific and shared host cell metabolic requirements of three murine norovirus (MNV) strains, MNV-1, CR3, and CR6. While all three strains required glycolysis, glutaminolysis, and the pentose phosphate pathway for optimal infection of macrophages, only MNV-1 relied on host oxidative phosphorylation. Furthermore, the first metabolic flux analysis of NoV-infected cells revealed that both glycolysis and glutaminolysis are upregulated during MNV-1 infection of macrophages. Glutamine deprivation affected the viral lifecycle at the stage of genome replication, resulting in decreased non-structural and structural protein synthesis, viral assembly, and egress. Mechanistic studies further showed that MNV infection and overexpression of the non-structural protein NS1/2 increased the enzymatic activity of the rate-limiting enzyme glutaminase. In conclusion, the inaugural investigation of NoV-induced alterations to host glutaminolysis identified NS1/2 as the first viral molecule for RNA viruses that regulates glutaminolysis either directly or indirectly. This increases our fundamental understanding of virus-induced metabolic alterations and may lead to improvements in the cultivation of human NoVs.

Vegetative propagation of Bagoadlau (Xanthosthemon philippinensis Merr.) using indolebutyric acid

The research investigated the vegetative propagation of Bagoadlau (Xanthosthemon philippinensis Merr.) stem cuttings using different concentrations of indolebutyric acid (IBA). Pretreated cuttings were planted in polyethylene bags and observed in a fully covered chamber for 45 days. The study employed a single trial of completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments (500 ppm, 100 ppm, 1,500 ppm, and 2000 ppm), each replicated four times. Results indicated significant variations among treatment means in terms of percent shooting, shoot length, percent rooting, number and length of adventitious roots, and percent callusing. Notably, 500 ppm and 1,500 ppm demonstrated the highest outcomes in percent shooting, shoot length, percent survival, measurement of adventitious roots, count of roots, and percentage of rooting. In contrast, the survival percentage of T2 (500 ppm) displayed the highest rate and consistent performance compared to other treatments. Hence, the study recommends using 500 ppm and 1,500 ppm for effective rooting of Bagoadlau (Xanthosthemon philippinensis Merr.) stem cuttings. The successful propagation of native species like Bagoadlau is particularly relevant to ecosystem restoration efforts in regions marked by land degradation and mining activities. The study addresses several crucial aspects by successfully establishing Bagoadlau on such lands. This includes the restoration of native biodiversity, improved soil, and water quality through stabilizing soil, preventing erosion, and acting as a natural filtration system.

Seed Germination of Syzygium Cumini (Java Plum) Under Different Desiccation Period in Borno State, Nigeria

The study assessed seed germination of Syzygium cumini commonly known as Java plum or Malmo in Hausa under different desiccation periods in Maiduguri, Borno State. Understanding the germination behaviour of its seeds under different desiccation periods is essential for effective propagation and conservation efforts. Fresh seeds of S. cumini were collected, and subjected to different desiccation periods (fresh, one, two and three weeks). Germination percentage, height measurement and stem diameter were recorded and analyzed. The result showed that, 44%, 52%, 64%, 68%, 76% and 80% germinated at 10,11,12.13,14 and 15 DAS respectively while 100% of the fresh seeds germinated at 18 DAS. About 4% of the one-week desiccated seeds germinated at 23 DAS and16%, and 28%, 64%, and 76% germinated at 24, 27, 28, and 29 DAS respectively, while 100% of the one-week desiccated seeds germinated at 31 DAS. The height of the fresh seed reached 21.76cm at 60 DAE and 18.90cm height at 60 DAE during one-week desiccated period of S. cumini seed. The results indicated that seed germination was influenced by the duration of desiccation. Fresh seeds exhibited a higher germination percentage and faster germination compared to seeds desiccated for longer periods. The study provides valuable insights into the germination behaviour of S. cumini seeds under different desiccation periods, emphasizing the importance of proper seed handling and storage for successful propagation. It was recommended that fresh seeds for S. cumini were best for germination and growth performance.

In Vitro Propagation Technology for the Endangered Aquatic Species Nymphoides coronata.

Nymphoides coronata is an endangered aquatic plant species with significant medicinal and ecological importance. To preserve N. coronata from going extinct, we need to provide seedlings and efficient multiplication techniques so that it can be extensively studied. This study aimed to identify the most suitable sterilization treatment, growth medium, and substrate for the cultivation and propagation of N. coronata. Ethanol sterilization, fungicide treatment, and sterile water washing were the most important sterilization steps. A combination of 6-benzylaminopurine (6-BA) and indoleacetic acid (IAA) was the most suitable medium for bud induction and shoot proliferation. The use of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) increased the rooting rate and rooting time compared to indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). Increasing the concentration of NAA from 0.5 to 1.0 mg/L increased the rooting rate from 78 to 100% and reduced the rooting time from 7 to 5 days. The survival rate of N. coronata seedlings was 100% in a mixture of red soil and sand (1:1, w/w). As a result, the procedure mentioned above could potentially be used to safely propagate this rare species on a large scale. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimal conditions for the successful cultivation and propagation of N. coronata, which can contribute to the conservation and sustainable use of this important rare plant species.

Growth regulators on shooting and adventitious rooting of Mimosa caesalpiniifolia adult stem cuttings

Mimosa caesalpiniifolia, crucial for fencing and firewood in Brazil's Caatinga dry forest, presents a promising avenue for commercial propagation. The challenges faced in seed propagation, such as the scarcity of inputs and the difficulties in overcoming dormancy, highlight the advantages of vegetative methods. These methods emerge as a viable alternative, enabling uniform and large-scale production of clonal plantlets. This technique ensures consistent plant quality, which is crucial given the wide variety of uses for this species. Additionally, the use of plant growth regulators is critical to enhance the success of vegetative propagation, promoting the formation of robust roots and overall development of plants from cuttings of adult trees. Recognizing the significance of creating clonal forests of M. caesalpiniifolia and the necessity for understanding methods to expedite this endeavor, this study was designed to assess the shooting and adventitious rooting of stem cuttings sourced from adult M. caesalpiniifolia trees, examining the effects of auxinic agents. M. caesalpiniifolia cuttings were harvested through vegetative rescue from six randomly selected adult trees, treated with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) at concentrations of 0, 1,000, 2,000, and 4000 mg L−1, using a completely randomized design in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. The evaluations included assessing root presence, number of shoots, vigor of clonal plantlets and plant survival under greenhouse conditions, shade house conditions, and full sun exposure. The study did not reveal any significant interaction between growth regulators and their concentrations under these conditions. IBA at intermediate concentrations enhanced root growth, while cuttings without growth regulators exhibited superior aerial development. A decrease in survival percentages with increasing concentrations of regulators was observed, while cuttings without regulators demonstrated better morphological development. The study suggests for large-scale nurseries, natural rooting and shoot formation in M. caesalpiniifolia cuttings may suffice for successful propagation without IBA or IAA.

Design of sec-Benzyl Vinyl Ethers toward the Synthesis of Alternating Copolymers Composed of Vinyl Alcohol and Vinyl Ether Units.

In this work, we designed benzyl vinyl ethers carrying alkyl substituents at the benzyl position (i.e., sec-BnVEs) as bulky, reactive, and transformable monomers to realize the alternating cationic copolymerization with an alkyl vinyl ether (VE). In particular, the isopropyl substitution caused not only the bulkiness to suppress the successive propagation but also an enhancement of the vinyl group reactivity to promote crossover propagation with a less bulky VE comonomer. The isopropyl-substituted BnVE (iPr-BnVE) underwent living cationic alternating copolymerization with n-butyl VE (nBVE), and the alternating propagation was strongly suggested by the reactivity ratios. The subsequent deprotection of the sec-benzyl pendant afforded the vinyl alcohol (VA)-nBVE alternating copolymer, and the corresponding statistical copolymer was also synthesized by using the nonsubstituted monomer (BnVE) instead of iPr-BnVE. The alternating copolymer exhibited a higher glass transition temperature, which likely stems from the uniform and efficient hydrogen-bonding formation due to the periodic sequence.

Cell Culture Adaptive Amino Acid Substitutions in FMDV Structural Proteins: A Key Mechanism for Altered Receptor Tropism.

The foot-and-mouth disease virus is a highly contagious and economically devastating virus of cloven-hooved animals, including cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goats, causing reduced animal productivity and posing international trade restrictions. For decades, chemically inactivated vaccines have been serving as the most effective strategy for the management of foot-and-mouth disease. Inactivated vaccines are commercially produced in cell culture systems, which require successful propagation and adaptation of field isolates, demanding a high cost and laborious time. Cell culture adaptation is chiefly indebted to amino acid substitutions in surface-exposed capsid proteins, altering the necessity of RGD-dependent receptors to heparan sulfate macromolecules for virus binding. Several amino acid substations in VP1, VP2, and VP3 capsid proteins of FMDV, both at structural and functional levels, have been characterized previously. This literature review combines frequently reported amino acid substitutions in virus capsid proteins, their critical roles in virus adaptation, and functional characterization of the substitutions. Furthermore, this data can facilitate molecular virologists to develop new vaccine strains against the foot-and-mouth disease virus, revolutionizing vaccinology via reverse genetic engineering and synthetic biology.

Gundelia tournefortii L. (Akkoub): a review of a valuable wild vegetable from Eastern Mediterranean

AbstractGundelia tournefortii L. (Asteraceae) is an artichoke-like wild edible vegetable that grows in the semi-arid climate of the East Mediterranean. Due to its high cultural and economic values for culinary and therapeutic uses, this plant is exposed to overharvesting driven by household consumption and trade, threatening the survival of natural populations. Some limited data on the nutrient composition of G. tournefortii exists indicating presence of folic acid and several essential amino acids. Research on seed germination reports that mechanical scarification, gibberellic acid, and cold stratification are all effective treatments for seed dormancy breaking and therefore to propagate plants from seed. Successful vegetative propagation from the plant meristems is also available. However, despite some exceptions, the species is still not widely cultivated due to its thorny habit and complex seed germination requirements, and the ability to ensure seed germination under natural field conditions remains to be addressed.

Multiple discrete crack initiation and propagation in Material Point Method

Cracks in MPM (CRAMP) is one of the most prominent discrete crack simulation methods in the Material Point Method (MPM) due to its simplicity and versatility. However, CRAMP is yet to include the capability to simulate concurrent crack initiations and propagations, as well as propagation to the edge of the material domain. The method proposed in this paper enables the simulation of multiple crack paths with CRAMP via the dynamic assignment of particles to separate grids while minimizing the number of necessary grids. It also proposes methods of evaluating crack initiation and propagation via the Rankine criterion. The proposed methods are then implemented in an in-house Convected Particle Domain Interpolation (CPDI) MPM developed at Aalto University.To verify the integrity of the CPDI algorithm, our CPDI code with the proposed method implemented simulated a CPDI vortex. Furthermore, six fracture-simulation verification test cases were carried out: (1) through-crack in an infinite plate; (2) mode-I propagation; (3) initiation; (4) initiation with large deformations; (5) merging; (6) multiple initial cracks; and (7) radially-cracked thick ring. All these verification tests show successful initiation, propagation, merging, crack opening, and agreement with the results from the literature, as well as the convergence of various parameters with the expected rates.

Effect of different soil media on rooting of dragon fruit cuttings

The present study was carried out at the Fruit Nursery, Department of Fruit Science, Dr Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidypeeth, Akola.With the aim to investigate the effect of various compositions of soil media and to find the proper composition for better rooting of dragon fruit cuttings. The design of experiment was CRD with five replications consisting of seven treatment combinations viz., T1-Soil:Sand:FYM, T2-Soil:Red Soil:FYM, T3-Soil:Silt:FYM, T4-Soil:Sand:Vermicompost, T5-Soil:Red Soil:Vermicompost, T6-Soil:Silt:Vermicompost with ratio of 2:1:1 and T7 was control (100% Soil). All the data were recorded on different growth parameters of selected representative cuttings which were selected at random from each replication. Treatment T5 i.e. Soil:Red Soil:Vermicompost in ratio 2:1:1 displayed superior performance articulated in terms of root growth parameters viz., number of root per cutting (58.2), root length (21.54 cm), root diameter (2.36 mm), length of longest root (23.66 cm), average number of roots (53.62), average length of root (20.96 cm), root volume (1.82 cc), fresh weight of root (5.18 g), dry weight of root (0.86 g) and survival percentage (97.59%) among different treatments for successful propagation of dragon fruit cuttings.

Effect of Auxin and Cow Urine as Nutrient Source on Pineapple Propagation through Crown in Soilless Culture under Protected Condition

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of auxin and cow urine on rooting, survival and growth of pineapple through crown propagation with soilless culture under protected condition. The research was conducted in 2020 at the High-Tech Horticultural Park, College of Horticulture, Junagadh Agricultural University, Junagadh, employing a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) as the experimental design. Eight treatments were implemented, including Control (T1), IBA 400 ppm (T2), IBA 600 ppm (T3), IBA 800 ppm (T4), NAA 600 ppm (T5), NAA 800 ppm (T6), NAA 1000 ppm (T7) and Cow urine 15 % (T8). The results of this experiment revealed that IBA 600 ppm had a notable impact on various growth parameters. It exhibited the highest percentage of rooted crowns (94.44 %), length of root (5.58, 8.26 and 11.08 cm) at 15, 25 and 35 days, respectively, length of leaf (13.35, 16.27 and 19.67 cm) at 15, 25 and 35 days, respectively, no. of leaves (70.58, 80.28 and 91.06) at 15, 25 and 35 days, respectively. Furthermore, IBA 600 ppm significantly influenced the fresh root weight (16.46 g), dry root weight (7.77 g), fresh shoot weight (136.33 g), and dry shoot weight (57.67 g). Additionally, IBA 600 ppm demonstrated the highest survival rate (65.91%) and the lowest mortality rate (24.09%). While T6 gave maximum no. of roots (70.58, 80.28 and 91.06) at 15, 25 and 35 days, respectively. T8 gave minimum days required for root initiation (2.67 days). The use of IBA at 600 ppm for a brief dipping period, along with the utilization of NAA at 800 ppm for enhancing root formation, and Cow urine at 15% for accelerated rooting, can be recommended for promoting successful pineapple crown propagation.

Pan-viral propagation blockade by inhibiting host cell PNPT1

Successful viral propagation within infected cells necessitates the viruses' ability to overcome the cellular integrated stress response (ISR), triggered during viral infection, which in turn inhibits general protein translation. In our study, we unveil a shared tactic employed by viruses to suppress ISR by upregulating host cell polyribonucleotide nucleotidyltransferase 1 (PNPT1). The propagation of adenovirus, murine cytomegalovirus, and hepatovirus within their respective host cells induces PNPT1 expression. Notably, when PNPT1 is knocked down, the propagation of all three viruses is prevented. Mechanistically, the inhibition of PNPT1 facilitates the relocation of mitochondrial double-stranded RNAs (mt-dsRNAs) to the cytoplasm, where they activate RNA-activated protein kinase (PKR). This activation leads to eIF2α phosphorylation, resulting in the suppression of translation. Furthermore, by scrutinizing the PNPT1 recognition element and screening 17,728 FDA-approved drugs and bioactive compounds, we identify lanatoside C as a potent PNPT1 inhibitor. This compound robustly impedes the propagation of adenovirus, murine cytomegalovirus, and hepatovirus, along with suppressing the production of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Our discoveries shed light on a novel strategy to impede pan-viral propagation by activating the host cell mt-dsRNA-PKR-eIF2α signaling axis.

ERCC1 abundance is an indicator of DNA repair-apoptosis decision upon DNA damage

DNA repair is essential for successful propagation of genetic material and fidelity of transcription. Nucleotide excision repair (NER) is one of the earliest DNA repair mechanisms, functionally conserved from bacteria to human. The fact that number of NER genes vary significantly between prokaryotes and metazoans gives the insight that NER proteins have evolved to acquire additional functions to combat challenges associated with a diploid genome, including being involved in the decision between DNA repair and apoptosis. However, no direct association between apoptosis and NER proteins has been shown to date. In this study, we induced apoptosis with a variety of agents, including oxaliplatin, doxorubicin and TRAIL, and observed changes in the abundance and molecular weight of NER complex proteins. Our results showed that XPA, XPC and ERCC1 protein levels change during DNA damage-induced apoptosis. Among these, ERCC1 decrease was observed as a pre-mitochondria depolarisation event which marks the “point of no return” in apoptosis signalling. ERCC1 decrease was due to proteasomal degradation upon lethal doses of oxaliplatin exposure. When ERCC1 protein was stabilised using proteasome inhibitors, the pro-apoptotic activity of oxaliplatin was attenuated. These results explain why clinical trials using proteasome inhibitors and platinum derivatives showed limited efficacy in carcinoma treatment and also the importance of how deep understanding of DNA repair mechanisms can improve cancer therapy.

Low credibility URL sharing on Twitter during reporting linking rare blood clots with the Oxford/AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine.

The COVID-19 pandemic was accompanied by an "infodemic" of misinformation. Misleading narratives around the virus, its origin, and treatments have had serious implications for public health. In March 2021, concerns were raised about links between the Oxford/AstraZeneca (AZ) COVID-19 vaccine and recipients developing blood clots. This paper aims to identify whether this prompted any reaction in the diffusion of low-credibility COVID-19-relate information on Twitter. Twitter's application programming interface was used to collect data containing COVID-19-related keywords between 4th and 25th March 2021, a period centred on the peak of new coverage linking rare blood clots with the AZ vaccine. We analysed and visualised the data using temporal analysis and social network analysis tools. We subsequently analysed the data to determine the most influential users and domains in the propagation of low-credibility information about COVID-19 and the AZ vaccine. This research presents evidence that the peak of news coverage linking rare blood clots with the AZ vaccine correlated with an increased volume and proportion of low-credibility AZ-related content propagated on Twitter. However, no equivalent changes to the volume, propagation, or network structure for the full dataset of COVID-19-related information or misinformation were observed. The research identified RT.com as the most prolific creator of low-credibility COVID-19-related content. It also highlighted the crucial role of self-promotion in the successful propagation of low-credibility content on Twitter. The findings suggest that the simple approach adopted within the research to identify the most popular and influential sources of low-credibility content presents a valuable opportunity for public health authorities and social media platforms to develop bespoke strategies to counter the propagation of misinformation in the aftermath of a breaking news event.

Triangular Core Fiber Leaky Fiber for the Delivery of Ultra-Short Laser Pulses

This paper presents a novel triangular core fiber designed for single-mode operation, featuring a large mode area of 2178 μm² and optimized for the delivery of ultra-short pulses at a wavelength of 1550 nm. The fiber design demonstrates the ability to transmit ultra-short pulses without distortion, achieving a pulse duration of 100 fs and a peak power of 63.3 kW. Through comprehensive analysis using the Transfer Matrix Method and solving the nonlinear Schrödinger equation via the split-step Fourier method, the fiber's performance was thoroughly evaluated, accounting for factors such as Raman's response and self-steepening. The numerical demonstration reveals successful pulse propagation over a 3.2 m length, with the dispersion length to nonlinear length ratio nearly equal to 1, ensuring the delivery of undistorted pulses. This research presents a significant advancement in fiber optics technology, offering promising prospects for efficient ultra-short pulse transmission in various applications.

It’s not rocket science: on the birth and propagation of the idiom

The present study relies on the five-stage model of phraseme genesis (Villers [2018; 2022]) in its exploration of the birth and propagation of a phraseological unit (PU). The focus is limited to the category of idioms, which represent a subclass of PUs (Moon [1998]; Everaert et al. [1995: 4]; Mel’čuk [1995: 168]). The choice of the idiom it’s not rocket science was motivated by earlier research on phraseme genesis (Villers [2016; 2022]) which suggests that phases such as birth and propagation are easier to study in newer phrasemes, and rocket science, or the science of designing spacecraft, is of a more recent date. The study combines the corpus-based and memetic approach, and it has a twofold aim. The first objective is to ascertain the birth of the idiom, which is done by contrasting the data provided by COCA and Google Books N-gram Viewer. The second objective is to determine its main media of propagation. This is explored with the help of COCA which provides the information on the distribution of the idiom across different genres. In order to uncover the reasons behind the successful genesis of the idiom, we also check the features (i.e. propagation boosters) such as distinctiveness, novelty, veracity, utility, ornatus, and publicity. The results highlight the limitations of online corpora such as COCA and Google Books when it comes to the origin and propagating agents of new phrasemes given that there were no matching records for the earliest use of the idiom that is readily accessible on the Internet (that is, the year 1985). Rather, the corpora suggest that the idiom gained currency in 1987, and was first used in a magazine. Based on the observed data, the successful propagation of the idiom is largely due to its intrinsic qualities (distinctiveness, ornatus, veracity, and utility), the features that focus on the host’s point of view (novelty and expressivity), as well as its reliance on various propagation agents (the web, TV, movies, blog). The paper ends with the schematic representation of the phraseme genesis for the idiom under consideration. The study also shows that the model of phrase genesis can be used with equal ease to study these phases in idioms, but that the trace of the origin of a phraseme should be done by consulting more than one source.

The The Effect of Nutrients (N and P) and Hormone (IAA) Application on the Growth of Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) Plagiotrope Cuttings

To support the successful propagation of cocoa plagiotrope cuttings, nutrients (N and P) and hormone (IAA) are applied to increase plant growth. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of the provision of nutrients (N and P) and hormone (IAA) on the growth of cocoa plagiotrope cuttings. The experiment was carried out factorial with the basic pattern of Completely Randomized Design (CRD) and was repetitively replications by three times. The first factor was the dose of urea (N) and SP-36 (P) which consisted of 3 levels, such as P0 (0 g/polybag urea and 0 g/polybag SP-36), P1 (3,5 g/polybag urea and 2,5 g/polybag SP-36), and P2 (7 g/polybag urea and 5 g/polybag SP-36). The second factor was the concentration of IAA which consisted of 5 levels, such as I0 (0 ppm), I1 (50 ppm), I2 (100 ppm), I3 (150 ppm), and I4 (200 ppm). The results showed (1) the interaction between the application of the nutrients (N and P) and hormone (IAA) had no significant effect on all observed variables except the number of leaves, where the best treatment combination was the application of fertilizer doses of 0 g/polybag urea + 0 g/polybag SP-36 and IAA concentration of 100 ppm (P0I2) (2) application of the nutrients (N and P) with dose of P1 increased seedling growth on all observed variables except the number of leaves, shoot diameter, and shoot length (3) application of IAA with concentration of I1 increased seedlings growth, that is the number of primary roots/cuttings and shoot length.

Role of Virus-Induced EGFR Trafficking in Proviral Functions.

Since its discovery in the early 1980s, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has emerged as a pivotal and multifaceted player in elucidating the intricate mechanisms underlying various human diseases and their associations with cell survival, proliferation, and cellular homeostasis. Recent advancements in research have underscored the profound and multifaceted role of EGFR in viral infections, highlighting its involvement in viral entry, replication, and the subversion of host immune responses. In this regard, the importance of EGFR trafficking has also been highlighted in recent studies. The dynamic relocation of EGFR to diverse intracellular organelles, including endosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, and even the nucleus, is a central feature of its functionality in diverse contexts. This dynamic intracellular trafficking is not merely a passive process but an orchestrated symphony, facilitating EGFR involvement in various cellular pathways and interactions with viral components. Furthermore, EGFR, which is initially anchored on the plasma membrane, serves as a linchpin orchestrating viral entry processes, a crucial early step in the viral life cycle. The role of EGFR in this context is highly context-dependent and varies among viruses. Here, we present a comprehensive summary of the current state of knowledge regarding the intricate interactions between EGFR and viruses. These interactions are fundamental for successful propagation of a wide array of viral species and affect viral pathogenesis and host responses. Understanding EGFR significance in both normal cellular processes and viral infections may not only help develop innovative antiviral therapies but also provide a deeper understanding of the intricate roles of EGFR signaling in infectious diseases.