Successful Innovation Systems Research Articles

ПРОБЛЕМЫ ЧЕЛОВЕЧЕСКОГО КАПИТАЛА В РОССИЙСКОЙ ИННОВАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМЕ ЧЕРЕЗ ПРИЗМУ НАРРАТИВНОГО АНАЛИЗА

The formation of a successful innovation system at the national level is impossible without the participation of human capital. As a result of the analysis of the narratives of the actors of the Russian innovation system (state, business, science), the authors identified failures of state regulation based on the expert opinions of respondents connected and devoted to the problem of the outflow of human capital and its influence on the formation of the Russian innovation system. The empirical basis for the analysis of the narratives of the actors of the Russian innovation system was 43 media sources contained in the electronic archive of information sources "Integrum" for the period from January 1, 2010, to July 1, 2021 The study identified 3 main reasons for the persistence of existing problems reproduction and outflow of scientific and academic personnel from Russia.

Digital India as an Innovation System

“Digital India” commonly refers to an initiative of the Government of India, which includes three areas: digital infrastructure as a utility for all citizens, governance and services on demand, and digital empowerment of citizens. This paper broadens the concept of Digital India to an innovation system for the country’s future growth. While the government initiative includes electronics manufacturing, it is too narrow, and too government-centric. Instead, digital technology can be a foundation for broad-based growth, taking advantage of ongoing innovations in hardware, and especially in software. The falling cost of computing, including processing, storage and communications, and devices that provide these functions, means that applications of digital technology no longer need to be restricted to the well-off. Inexpensive smartphones are an obvious example. This paper discusses the components of a possible successful innovation system for digital technology-based growth. These include digital infrastructure, both wired and wireless; basic education; basic and applied research; skilling; development of local language content and applications; and a start-up ecosystem. A digital technology innovation system extends beyond highly-skilled software engineers to include maintenance, repair and technical support for the hardware and software of digital infrastructure and applications. Basic education in a digitally-driven economy includes facility in using a variety of software applications. The paper also considers the impact of digitization on specific sectors such as education, health, agriculture, financial services, and retailing, as well as government. Government policies that may support Digital India as an innovation system are discussed, including tax incentives, spectrum allocation, and education policy.

Modeling of state priorities of management in the conditions of globalization: Financial, technical-technological and resource aspects

Purpose of the research. The purpose of the study is to explore the financial, technical, technological and resource aspects of modelling state management priorities in the context of globalization. Methodology. The following special methods of scientific cognition were used in the research process: historical-logical method; method of systematization, classification and theoretical generalization; method of institutional analysis; method of system analysis; method of logical analysis and synthesis; method of graphic analysis. Results. It is determined that in the process of formation of state priorities of business development it is necessary to take into account scenario foresights of innovative economy and on this basis to form own strategy of definition of state priorities. The stages of definition of the state priorities of business development in innovative economy according to the scenario “New innovative course” are offered. It is specified that the effectiveness of the implementation of the proposed stages is directly dependent on the intellectual level of government officials, their administrative experience in the direction of strategy. This update identifies the need to reform the labour market and the infrastructure elements represented in it. The priority of state regulation of the infrastructure of business development and the need to create a critical mass of intellectual human resources in the labour market are determined. Practical meaning. According to the presented research, the developed format of horizontal and vertical relations between participants of the institutional system - researchers, innovative entrepreneurs, venture investors and institutes of support of innovative entrepreneurship is of practical importance, which is a key and necessary condition for creating a successful innovation system. Prospects for further research. Given that the main supplier of intellectual potential for entrepreneurship is the labour market, emphasis is placed on the need to take it into account when forming a mechanism of state support for innovative development of entrepreneurship. The directions of business infrastructure improvement necessary for realization of neo-innovative formation methodology of the state priorities of business development at the national level are offered.

Trade, Global Value Chains and Upgrading: What, When and How?

This paper explains how successful innovation systems interact with trade and global value chains (GVC) participation to foster learning and technological upgrading. It conducts an empirical investigation of 74 developing countries for 3 years, 2000, 2005 and 2010, to show that, while some countries manage to trade and export across a large number of technological export categories, many remain embedded in the export of low technology goods with little movement technologically. The analysis looks at why this is the case and what factors account for how firms are able to leverage trade to learn and upgrade in some instances, but not all. The results show that the ability to technologically diversify across export categories is linked to stronger innovation systems, as measured by national capability indicators, such as public R&D investments, scientific publications, intellectual property payments and patents by residents. The results also confirm the rise of several outperforming countries, the emerging economies. We conclude that, in successful, outperforming countries, firms rely on several attributes of the innovation system to leverage knowledge flows within and outside of GVCs to build export capacity and diversify horizontally into new GVCs.

How Much is Too Much? Defining the Metes and Bounds of Excessive Pricing in the Pharmaceutical Sector

Excessive pharmaceutical pricing represents one of the most contentious issues in legal and political discourse and has recently gained renewed attention by courts, competition authorities and political forces on both sides of the Atlantic. Balancing the public demand for affordable and accessible health-care with the need for sufficient incentives and a sustainable innovation system in the field of medicines also attracts a great deal of media and scholarly attention. Facing what seems to be a revival of competition law enforcement in this highly sensitive and complex environment, it is of vital importance to keep up to date with the most recent developments. It is further crucial that the necessary debates are taking place within a well-informed and transparent environment that takes into account multiple factors, interests, responsibilities and concerns. This entails inter alia to consider various types of diseases (rare, neglected or blockbuster) treatment outcomes (cure or long dependency), as well as the economic complexities of successful innovation systems and higher societal goals such as sustainability, solidarity and fairness. Only then, will it be possible to devise well-balanced policies and guidelines that allow relevant stakeholders to align their approaches and strategies in order to achieve what society expects from the pharmaceutical innovation system: life-saving new therapies that are safe, efficient and accessible. Against this background, this article depicts and discusses some of the latest cases and the underlying legal-economic and policy considerations. (Less)

Responsible, Inclusive Innovation and the Nano-Divide.

Policy makers from around the world are trying to emulate successful innovation systems in order to support economic growth. At the same time, innovation governance systems are being put in place to ensure a better integration of stakeholder views into the research and development process. In Europe, one of the most prominent and newly emerging governance frameworks is called Responsible Research and Innovation (RRI). This article aims to substantiate the following points: (1) The concept of RRI and the concept of justice can be used to derive similar ethical positions on the nano-divide. (2) Given the ambitious policy aims of RRI (e.g. economic competitiveness enhancer), the concept may be better suited to push for ethical outcomes on access to nanotechnology and its products rather than debates based on justice issues alone. It may thus serve as a mediator concept between those who push solely for competitiveness considerations and those who push solely for justice considerations in nano-technology debates. (3) The descriptive, non-normative Systems of Innovation approaches (see below) should be linked into RRI debates to provide more evidence on whether the approach advocated to achieve responsible and ethical governance of research and innovation (R&I) can indeed deliver on competitiveness (in nano-technology and other fields).

The Triple Helix after communism: Russia and China compared

Russia and China both are endeavoring to transform Soviet-style R&D systems characterized by separate education, research and business spheres into something more suited to a knowledge economy supporting innovation. The Triple Helix model is an attractive configuration, derived from the practices of the most successful innovation systems, and suggesting that the three key actors—universities, business, and the state—might in some instances substitute for each other. A model placing the state at the center appeals to non-democratic regimes and countries endeavoring to catch up with OECD nations. We compare the Chinese and Russian efforts to implement a Triple Helix program by examining institutional change, epistemic communities, funding, and the role of the state, with nanotechnology as a case study. While both nations have introduced major programs and allocated significant funding, we find that China has been vastly more successful than Russia in promoting collaboration among universities, business, and government to advance research and innovation. We attribute the difference to the quality of state policies that provide incentives for agents and epistemic communities to alter their behavior, an outcome facilitated by conditions at the beginning of reforms, which made the Chinese far more open to learning.

Who leads research productivity growth? Guidelines for R&D policy-makers

This paper evaluates to what extent policy-makers have been able to promote the creation and consolidation of comprehensive research groups that contribute to the implementation of a successful innovation system. Malmquist productivity indices are applied in the case of the Spanish Food Technology Program, finding that a large size and a comprehensive multi-dimensional research output are the key features of the leading groups exhibiting high efficiency and productivity levels. While identifying these groups as benchmarks, we conclude that the financial grants allocated by the program, typically aimed at small-sized and partially oriented research groups, have not succeeded in reorienting them in time so as to overcome their limitations. We suggest that this methodology offers relevant conclusions to policy evaluation methods, helping policy-makers to readapt and reorient policies and their associated means, most notably resource allocation (financial schemes), to better respond to the actual needs of research groups in their search for excellence (micro-level perspective), and to adapt future policy design to the achievement of medium-long term policy objectives (meso and macro-level).

National open innovation systems (NOIS): defining a solid reward model for NOIS

With the aim of generating new ideas, a novel online social network (OSN)-based national open innovation system (NOIS) is introduced. Although the motivations to participate in online communities have been studied a lot, impacts of rewards on the open innovation activities such as NOIS have not gained much interest. To create successful innovation systems, it must include options for rewarding all key actors. We will define generic success measures for the NOIS reward model and introduce the body of knowledge regarding rewards in general and in online communities. To summarise our findings, we will suggest a solid reward model for open innovation-based OSNs and NOIS.

Evaluating research efficiency within National R&D Programmes

Relying on efficiency analysis, we evaluate to what extent policy makers have been able to promote the establishment of consolidated and comprehensive research groups to contribute to the implementation of a successful innovation system for the Spanish food technology sector, oriented to the production of knowledge based on an application model. Using data envelopment analysis techniques that allow calculation of a generalized version of the traditional distance function model for productive efficiency, we find pervasive levels of inefficiency and a typology of different research strategies. Among these, in contrast to what has been assumed, established groups do not play the pre-eminent benchmarking role; rather, partially oriented, specialized and “shooting star” groups are the most common patterns. These results correspond with an infant innovation system, where the fostering of higher levels of efficiency and the promotion of the desired research patterns are ongoing.

Wine and economic development: technological and corporate change in the Australian wine industry

The technological upgrading of existing industries is a key source of growth. An example is the Australian wine sector, which has exhibited sustained growth in its firms, output and trade. Growth rests on two technological advances mechanisation of pruning and harvesting, and new grape varieties. Upgrading required a shared strategic vision, a significant support infrastructure of research institutions, new tertiary educational institutions, a network of consultants and suppliers, and a knowledge-promoting tax regime. However the industry failed to build global marketing and distribution, and the creation of a successful innovation system has not been matched by domestic corporate success.

REGIONAL INNOVATION SYSTEMS IN THE PERIPHERY: THE CASE OF THE BEAUCE IN QUÉBEC (CANADA)

All too often, innovation research emphasizes core regions exemplifying successful innovation systems or "learning regions" such as, Silicon Valley, Route 128, Emilia-Romagna and Baden-Württemberg. However, lessons learned from these regions are seldom applicable elsewhere, in particular to territories where actors strategic to the innovation process are less diversified. The regional innovation system (RIS) in peripheral regions, and the likelihood of their acting as conduits for the innovation system, have seldom been the subjects of discussion. The objective of this paper is to study the way in which innovation occurs, including an investigation of actual innovation activities and capabilities of firms located in a peripheral area, and specific factors affecting their innovation activities. The discussion draws its empirical substance from the case of the Beauce in Québec (Canada). A survey of 45 SMEs was conducted in order to get a better understanding of the key dimensions of innovation activities.

A model of innovation systems with links to creative style and psychological type

A method is proposed for understanding the relationships between different types of innovation systems, which are defined as infrastructures for finding, developing, evaluating, and implementing new ideas in an organisation. In parallel to Kirton's theory of creative style, which postulates that a wide range of individual approaches to change may be understood as creative, innovation in organisations is considered to cover a broad spectrum of change-related functions, ranging from continuous improvement of existing capabilities to radical shifts in processes and technologies. Differences among innovation systems are also found to parallel dimensions of psychological type, in much the same way as has been proposed for organisations in general. Empirical relationships between creative style and psychological type are useful in relating these two conceptions of innovation systems. Potential applications include predictions about: (1) the competencies required to run successful innovation systems, (2) the potential clashes between innovation systems and the larger organisation, (3) opportunities to compensate for or capitalise on an organisation's characteristics affecting innovation, and (4) the relevance of various systems to stages of the process from product conceptualisation to commercialisation.