Successful Attempt Research Articles

Ultrasound-guided modified dynamic needle tip positioning technique for distal radial artery catheterization: A randomized controlled trial.

The distal radial artery presents a particular challenge for puncture and catheterization due to its diminutive size, tortuous path, and tendency to spasm, increasing the risk of procedural failure and injury. Ultrasound guidance improves success rates and reduces risk in radial artery catheterization. This study evaluates the efficacy and safety of a refined dynamic needle tip positioning technique for distal radial artery access. One hundred twelve patients were randomized to either the modified dynamic needle tip positioning technique (MDNTP) or palpation guidance groups (palpation group), each with 56 participants. The primary outcomes were the success rate of the initial puncture and overall puncture success rate, while secondary outcomes included procedural time and complications such as puncture site hematoma and radial artery occlusion within 24 h. The MDNTP group exhibited superior initial puncture success (71.43% vs 46.43%, p < 0.05) and fewer puncture attempts (median 1 (1, 2) vs 2 (1, 4), p < 0.05), resulting in a higher overall puncture success rate (98.21% vs 87.50%, p = 0.028). Notably, sheath insertion times were significantly shorter (17 (12, 21) s vs 57 (32, 100) s, p = 0.001) and the Sheath insertion success rate was higher (96.43% vs 82.14%, p = 0.015) in the MDNTP group. Furthermore, the incidence of puncture site hematomas was reduced (5.36% vs 19.64%, p = 0.022), although puncture time was longer (60 (28, 116) s vs 40 (15, 79) s, p = 0.033). Despite these differences, total procedural time and the incidence of radial artery occlusion at 24 h postoperatively were comparable between the two groups. The MDNTP technique boosts the success of distal radial artery puncture and catheterization, reducing the risk of complications associated with the procedure.

A Non-Inferiority Study of the Speed and Success of Nasotracheal Intubation in Maxillofacial Surgeries Using Macintosh Direct Laryngoscope versus Sanyar® Video Laryngoscope

Background: The recently developed blade design of the Sanyar® video laryngoscope yields an exceptionally precise visualization of the larynx, thereby easing the process of tracheal intubation. Objectives: A non-inferiority clinical investigation, to assess the efficacy of the Sanyar® as compared to the Macintosh® direct laryngoscope for nasotracheal intubation in the context of maxillofacial surgeries. Methods: 78 patients for maxillofacial surgery were divided randomly into two groups and intubated through the nose using either the Sanyar® or Macintosh® laryngoscope after anesthesia was induced. The study measured intubation time and secondary objectives included success rate, attempts, and hemodynamic changes in two groups. Results: 40 eligible patients in the Sanyar® and 38 in the Macintosh® group were involved. Of all, 42(53.8%) were men and 36(46.2%) were women. The average age of patients in the Sanyar® and Mackintosh groups was (31.62±13.41) and (30.81±10.89), respectively. 39(98%) of the Sanyar® group and 33(86%) of the Macintosh® group had successful laryngoscopy and intubation, with a P-value&lt;0.034. Sanyar® group had a significantly shorter intubation time than Macintosh® (P-value&lt;0.001). Hemodynamic changes before and after laryngoscopy and intubation had no significant differences between the two groups. Conclusion: The Sanyar® video laryngoscope reduced the time of nasal tracheal intubation in maxillofacial surgery compared to direct laryngoscopy and improved the success rate of the first intubation attempt.

Fully Autonomous Brick Pick and Place in Fields by Articulated Aerial Robot: Results in Various Outdoor Environments

Picking and placing of objects by aerial robots in fields is an important and challenging task for a range of outdoor activities, including industry and rescue operations. General strategies depend on the magnetic force to the pick object; however, this approach lacks both generality and robustness. Therefore, we focus on an articulated structure to grasp bricking. Another issue in performing pick-and-place tasks in fields is autonomous recognition using onboard sensors. In this article, we present a fully autonomous pick-and-place scheme in outdoor environments using articulated aerial robots. First, an articulated robot model with an actively tiltable sensor is developed to guarantee robustness in both state estimation and object detection. Second, object detection methods are designed according to the distance between the robot and target object. Third, a comprehensive motion strategy is developed to perform an autonomous object searching, picking, and placing sequence. In particular, a visual servoing method for robot position control is also proposed in this motion strategy to improve the robustness while approaching the target. Finally, we present the experimental results of autonomous brick picking and placing by our proposed methods in various outdoor environments, including a real robotics challenge, the 2020 Mohamed Bin Zayed International Robotics Challenge (MBZIRC 2020). To the best of our knowledge, our study represents the first successful attempt at fully autonomous object grasping by an articulated aerial robot in a field.

Sensor-Based Discovery of Search and Palpation Modes in the Clinical Breast Examination.

Successful implementation of precision education systems requires widespread adoption and seamless integration of new technologies with unique data streams that facilitate real-time performance feedback. This paper explores the use of sensor technology to quantify hands-on clinical skills. The goal is to shorten the learning curve through objective and actionable feedback. A sensor-enabled clinical breast examination (CBE) simulator was used to capture force and video data from practicing clinicians (N = 152). Force-by-time markers from the sensor data and a machine learning algorithm were used to parse physicians' CBE performance into periods of search and palpation and then these were used to investigate distinguishing characteristics of successful versus unsuccessful attempts to identify masses in CBEs. Mastery performance from successful physicians showed stable levels of speed and force across the entire CBE and a 15% increase in force when in palpation mode compared with search mode. Unsuccessful physicians failed to search with sufficient force to detect deep masses ( F [5,146] = 4.24, P = .001). While similar proportions of male and female physicians reached the highest performance level, males used more force as noted by higher palpation to search force ratios ( t [63] = 2.52, P = .014). Sensor technology can serve as a useful pathway to assess hands-on clinical skills and provide data-driven feedback. When using a sensor-enabled simulator, the authors found specific haptic approaches that were associated with successful CBE outcomes. Given this study's findings, continued exploration of sensor technology in support of precision education for hands-on clinical skills is warranted.

CHALLENGES AND SUCCESSES IN RURAL ELECTRIFICATION: A REVIEW OF GLOBAL POLICIES AND CASE STUDIES

Rural electrification is a critical aspect of sustainable development, aiming to bridge the energy gap in remote and underserved areas. This paper provides a comprehensive review of global policies and case studies related to challenges and successes in rural electrification. The challenges in rural electrification are multifaceted and often rooted in economic, geographic, and social factors. Limited financial resources, vast and difficult terrains, and sparse population density pose significant hurdles. Additionally, socio-cultural aspects and community dynamics influence the acceptance and sustainability of electrification projects. Understanding and addressing these challenges is crucial for the success of rural electrification initiatives. On the policy front, various nations and international organizations have implemented diverse approaches to tackle these challenges. This review examines the effectiveness of different policy frameworks, exploring their impact on the speed and sustainability of rural electrification. Policies encompass financial incentives, regulatory frameworks, and technology deployment strategies, with an emphasis on fostering public-private partnerships. The paper also delves into case studies from different regions, providing insights into both successful and unsuccessful attempts at rural electrification. Examining these cases helps identify common patterns, lessons learned, and best practices that can inform future initiatives. Successful projects often involve a combination of innovative financing models, community engagement, and the integration of renewable energy sources tailored to local conditions. This paper underscores the importance of a holistic and context-specific approach to rural electrification. Global policymakers, practitioners, and stakeholders can draw valuable lessons from both challenges and successes to refine strategies and enhance the impact of rural electrification initiatives worldwide. As the world continues to strive for universal energy access, this review contributes to the ongoing dialogue on shaping effective policies and practices in the realm of rural electrification.&#x0D; Keywords: Rural Electrification, Global Policies, Renewable Energy, Energy Financing, Review.

Signatures as an object of autoforgery (self-forgery)

The study presents the results of research aimed at isolating the graphic features most frequently and least frequently modified by people committing autoforgery (self-forgery) of signatures in situations where the appearance of their natural signatures is not known to the recipient. The research covered a total of over 12,000 signatures from 200 individuals. The most successful attempts at autoforgery of legible and illegible signatures of each test subject were selected for the final evaluation. It was found that autoforgery changes are most often focused on the most striking features of the signatures, such as the structure of letters in the initial part of the signature, size, readability, impulse, and slope. Secondary features, more difficult to notice or those whose existence the writers are not aware of (such as the presence or absence of additions, the arrangement of letters in relation to each other, the shape and direction of signature lines, the format of legible signatures) are usually omitted in autoforgery activities. Detecting autoforgery can be a big challenge for experts, because in practice, any significant differences between the questioned signature and comparative signatures are often mistakenly considered to be the result of forgery. Therefore, in order to detect autoforgery, it is necessary to analyze the structure of easily noticeable features that most influence the so-called pictorial effect of the signature in combination with the unattractive features that remain unchanged in most cases of autoforgery. The more characteristic the latter are, the more their consistency in the questioned and comparative material proves self-forgery, regardless of the differences in the primary features. In the case of a forged signature, the opposite is true: the most easily noticeable features of the signature are imitated by the forger, and the differences occur mainly in secondary features.

Grouped rubber-sleeved studs–UHPC pocket connections in prefabricated steel–UHPC composite beams: Shear performance under monotonic and cyclic loadings

Prefabricated steel–ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) composite beams (PSUCBs) with grouped stud–UHPC pocket connections (GSUPCs) are a successful attempt of UHPC in bridge engineering, which offers significant advantages in accelerating on-site construction, enhancing structural performance, and improving environmental benefits. However, the uneven steel–concrete interfacial shear stresses distribution caused by the insufficient deformability of ordinary studs (OSs) in UHPC may result in the premature stud failure in large interfacial slippage regions. To address this issue, rubber-sleeved studs (RSSs) that wrapped rubber-sleeves around the stud roots were introduced to improve ductility and reduce the stiffness of connectors. However, the shear performance of grouped RSSs embedded in UHPC remains unclear, which hinders their application in practices. Against this background, systematic experimental and numerical studies were conducted to investigate the monotonic and cyclic shear performance of grouped RSSs–UHPC pocket connections. The results indicated that wrapping rubber-sleeve could increase the ultimate slip capacity and remained sufficient shear resistance, demonstrating great potentials of grouped RSSs–UHPC pocket connections in PSUCBs. Increasing the rubber-sleeve thicknesses and height effectively improved the ultimate slip capacity and deformation recovery, but led to the significant plastic deformation accumulation and cyclic stiffness degradation. Finally, design recommendation on rubber-sleeve configuration rationalization, ultimate shear resistance and load–slip relationship predictive models were provided.

A Model for Competency-Based Grading and Its Effect on Student Outcomes in a Biomechanics Course.

Competency-based grading (CBG) can take different forms in different subject areas. We present a method for implementing CBG in a biomechanics course with nine primary learning objectives. Competency in each learning objective is measured by the student's ability to correctly answer knowledge questions and solve analytical problems in the field of biomechanics. The primary goal of implementing CBG was to provide more opportunities for lower-performing students to learn the material and to demonstrate that learning. To determine the efficacy of CBG to improve student learning, the primary measure was course grade distribution before and after implementation of CBG. The course grade distribution data indicated that CBG has primarily helped midperforming students to improve their grades. Because of the limitations of course grades as a measure of learning, we also performed analysis of student performance on successive attempts which indicated initial and secondary attempts are best, with student success declining on subsequent attempts. Anecdotally, many students improved performance, and thus their grade, on the (optional) final exam attempts. Limitations of the study include the limited course offerings with CBG (three), and that effects of COVID-19 may be confounding CBG data. Also, the approach places nearly all the grade on quizzes or exams. However, the approach could be modified to include homework grades, projects, and the like. Overall, the student learning in this course and implementation appears to be only positively affected, so this approach appears to have benefits in a biomechanics course.

A two-dimensional perspective of the rotational evolution of rapidly rotating intermediate-mass stars

Context. Recently, the first successful attempt at computing stellar structure and evolution models in two dimensions was presented with models that include centrifugal deformation and self-consistently compute the velocity field. Aims. The aim of the present study is to explore the rotational evolution of two-dimensional models of stars rotating at a significant fraction of their critical angular velocity. From the predictions of these models, we aim to improve our understanding of the formation of single Be stars. Methods. Using the ESTER code, which solves the stellar structure of a rotating star in two dimensions with time evolution, we computed evolution tracks of stars of between 4 and 10 M⊙ for initial rotation rates ranging between 60 and 90% of the critical rotation rate. Furthermore, we compute models for both a Galactic metallicity and an SMC metallicity. Results. A minimum initial rotation rate at the start of the main sequence is needed to spin up the star to critical rotation within its main sequence lifetime. This threshold depends on the stellar mass, and increases with increasing mass. The models do not predict any stars above 8 M⊙ to reach (near-)critical rotation during the main sequence. Furthermore, we find the minimum threshold of initial angular velocity is lower for SMC metallicity than for Galactic metallicity, which is in agreement with the increased fraction of observed Be stars in lower metallicity environments. The strong difference in the rotational evolution between different masses is not predicted by any one-dimensional stellar evolution models. Conclusions. Our self-consistent two-dimensional stellar evolution models provide further insight into the rotational evolution of intermediate-mass stars, and our predictions are consistent with observations of velocity distributions and the fraction of Be stars amongst B-type stars. We find that stars with a mass above 8 M⊙ do not increase their fraction of critical rotation during the main sequence. As a fraction of stars above 8 M⊙ have been observed to display the Be phenomenon, other processes or formation channels must be at play, or, alternatively, critical rotation is not required for the Be phenomenon above this mass.

Use of Ultra-Translucent Monolithic Zirconia as Esthetic Dental Restorative Material: A Narrative Review

It has been observed in recent years that zirconia (Zr) is being increasingly used for a wide range of clinical applications. There are several reasons for this, but the most significant one is its excellent mechanical properties, specifically its transformation toughening properties compared to other dental ceramics and its improved natural appearance when compared to ceramometal restorations. As a result of the advancement of chairside milling and developments in rapid-sintering technology, the fabrication of dental restorations has become more computerized, time-saving, and accurate over the past few decades. However, a main disadvantage of conventional Zr restorations is that they lack the translucency of glass–ceramics, although they are extremely strong. Recently, by increasing the yttrium %, changing the grain size, and reducing the impurities, the ultra-translucent monolithic zirconia “5-mol%-yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals” has been introduced, with successful attempts to make translucent Zr an aesthetically attractive option for minimally invasive veneer restorations. It is important to note that veneer restorations do not possess the mechanical retentive features of the tooth preparations and rely primarily on bonding to resin cement. This presents a great challenge for the inert Zr since it does not bond chemically with resin cement, unlike glass–ceramic materials that establish chemical adhesion with resin cement, favoring their use for indirect veneer restorations. Taking this into account, this article aims to review the progressive development of ultra-translucent monolithic Zr materials as they are available today and, in the future, represents a concerted drive toward maximum translucency and strength, which renders them a viable treatment option for esthetic veneer restorations.

Career Planning of Higher Secondary School Students

The research aimed to assess the career planning of higher secondary students. The main focus of the study is concerned with career planning and management of 10 + 2 students under HSEB. Only the respondents are the 10 + 2 students studying in Kathmandu Valley. The survey design adopted by this study appeared to be a successful research attempt. Findings showed similarities of responses among different groups therefore, the findings of the study could be generalized among the respondents. The research revealed that a career is the pattern of job related experiences gained during ones working life. Career planning itself is changing rapidly to respond to dynamic world economy. Career planning is career building in which the emphasis is to help people become healthy, self-reliant citizens able to cope with constant change in rapidly changing labour market and maintain balance between work and life roles.

A community challenge to predict clinical outcomes after immune checkpoint blockade in non-small cell lung cancer

BackgroundPredictive biomarkers of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) efficacy are currently lacking for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, we describe the results from the Anti–PD-1 Response Prediction DREAM Challenge, a crowdsourced initiative that enabled the assessment of predictive models by using data from two randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) of ICIs in first-line metastatic NSCLC.MethodsParticipants developed and trained models using public resources. These were evaluated with data from the CheckMate 026 trial (NCT02041533), according to the model-to-data paradigm to maintain patient confidentiality. The generalizability of the models with the best predictive performance was assessed using data from the CheckMate 227 trial (NCT02477826). Both trials were phase III RCTs with a chemotherapy control arm, which supported the differentiation between predictive and prognostic models. Isolated model containers were evaluated using a bespoke strategy that considered the challenges of handling transcriptome data from clinical trials.ResultsA total of 59 teams participated, with 417 models submitted. Multiple predictive models, as opposed to a prognostic model, were generated for predicting overall survival, progression-free survival, and progressive disease status with ICIs. Variables within the models submitted by participants included tumor mutational burden (TMB), programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression, and gene-expression–based signatures. The best-performing models showed improved predictive power over reference variables, including TMB or PD-L1.ConclusionsThis DREAM Challenge is the first successful attempt to use protected phase III clinical data for a crowdsourced effort towards generating predictive models for ICI clinical outcomes and could serve as a blueprint for similar efforts in other tumor types and disease states, setting a benchmark for future studies aiming to identify biomarkers predictive of ICI efficacy.Trial registration: CheckMate 026; NCT02041533, registered January 22, 2014.CheckMate 227; NCT02477826, registered June 23, 2015.

Modeling and simulation of dynamic compression of Bulk Metallic Glasses at room and elevated temperatures using split Hopkinson pressure bar setup

This paper presents a modeling and simulation study of dynamic compression behavior of Bulk Metallic Glasses (BMGs) at room and elevated temperatures using the split Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB) setup. The primary objective of this study is to develop and validate a constitutive model and simulation methodology capable of predicting the high strain rate response of BMGs at different temperatures. We propose a constitutive model for BMGs that accounts for the effects of high strain rates and elevated temperatures. We numerically implemented this model in ABAQUS/Explicit Finite Element Analysis software by writing a Vectorized User Material (VUMAT) subroutine. The methodology for modeling and simulation of dynamic compression of BMG specimens using the SHPB setup is developed. The present simulations are able to correctly predict the rate-independent response of Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5 (Vitreloy-1) BMG under dynamic compression at room and elevated temperatures. Furthermore, the present simulations are also able to correctly predict the negative strain rate sensitivity (SRS) of Zr52.5Cu17.9Ni14.6Al10Ti5 (Vitreloy-105) BMG at room temperature. Finally, the present simulations correctly predict that the failure stress of Zr64.13Cu15.75Ni10.12Al10 BMG decreases with increasing temperature and exhibits a minimal positive SRS. The present study is the first successful attempt to model the mechanical response of various BMGs under dynamic compression and at room and elevated temperatures. In particular, the experimentally observed negative SRS in some BMGs has been successfully simulated. The present work has important implications for the design of next generation spacecraft shields that are based on BMGs for mitigating the effects of hypervelocity impacts from debris in space.

Evaluation on improved sparse signal reconstruction algorithm for trusted AI and DCS technology

The improved Sparse Signal Reconstruction (SR) algorithm for Trusted Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Distributed Compressed Sensing (DCS) technology was thoroughly investigated. The study verified its effectiveness and advantages in trusted AI and DCS systems, which have significant implications for enhancing the credibility, security, and performance of signal processing and AI algorithms. The reconstruction performance was evaluated using Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (OMP), Basis Pursuit (BP), and Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO). The analysis primarily focused on runtime, refactoring errors, and the number of successful reconstruction attempts. When K = 4, K = 6, K = 8, and K = 10, OMP outperformed BP and LASSO in terms of successful reconstructions, demonstrating better performance and higher reconstruction precision.

The political origins of corporate transparency: forging strange coalitions through information rules and policy entrepreneurship

When does business support corporate transparency laws, and how do they succeed despite opposition from other powerful business groups? Existing research converges on a common causal pathway: Crises increase public issue salience and open windows of opportunity for policy entrepreneurs to pressure politicians into adopting transparency laws. Examining the case of beneficial ownership transparency (BOT) laws, I theorize an alternative causal pathway where past policy decisions mandating information collection by certain industries produce inter-industry divergence in their policy preferences and undermine opposition business lobbying. Civil society groups can then engage in policy entrepreneurship to integrate supportive regulated industries into new coalitions. Large, organizationally diverse ‘strange coalitions’ increase political pressure on policymakers, leading to the adoption of corporate transparency laws. I conduct a structured, focused comparison of the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia as parallel demonstrations of this causal pathway. I combine primary and secondary source documentation with 44 semi-structured interviews to trace failed and successful attempts to adopt BOT laws during the 2010s and early 2020s. I center endogenous feedback processes as a primary cause of transparency, provide further evidence of when firms prefer stronger regulation, and highlight the continued importance of domestic interests in transnational policy issues.

The Relationship between Knowledge and Perceptions with the Completeness of the COVID-19 Vaccination for Students in Yogyakarta

Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by a new type of acute respiratory syndrome (SARSCOV-2) strain. The virus is transmitted through droplets that are spread when coughing, sneezing, and talking. in Indonesian there was an increase in confirmed cases of COVID-19, which was previously 10-20 cases per week, increasing to 267 cases per week in the period 28 November- 2 December 2023. The government’s COVID-19 immunization campaign is one of its most successful attempts to interrupt the chain of transmission. The research aims to determine the relationship between the knowledge and perceptions of students pursuing higher education in Yogyakarta with the completeness of the vaccines they receive. The research uses an analytical design through a cross-sectional approach. The population is all students who are studying at Yogyakarta universities. The sample obtained was 107 students, the sampling technique uses consecutive sampling. Bivariate analysis used the Chi-Square test. The research results showed a significant relationship between knowledge and completeness of vaccination (p value = 0.002) and perception and completeness of vaccination (p value = 0.014). Better educational efforts from professionals are needed so that students understand more about the COVID-19 disease and the vaccine, because the majority of student respondents already understand it and have a positive perception. This will increase awareness and willingness to get the full vaccine.&#x0D; Keywords : COVID-19 vaccine, knowledges, perseptions

Reflections on some defining aspects of the dramatic monologue

The monologue was often perceived as an obstacle to drama. This „conflict” has been the subject of many reflections, of multiple and successive qualifications, which deal with the problem of the monologue starting with the 18th century. Here we are referring, first of all, to bourgeois drama, romantic drama, or symbolist drama, secondly – to modern drama, and more recently - to the post-dramatic theater, the new drama etc. The definition of the dramatic monologue also seems to obey a recurring pattern of successive oppositions, being approached only through approximations and various confrontations. In other words, it seems easier to say what a monologue isn’t than what it is: it is not a dialogue or a tirade, nor a soliloquy, although we do not know exactly how to distinguish the monologue from the soliloquy, if we stick to the current canons in force. Finally, in order to demonstrate the hybrid character of this problematic discursive form, we will emphasize the presence of the audience and try to highlight its role, which proves to be an essential factor in the process of supporting and hearing a monologue. The article examines the successive oppositions and attempts to determine the current defining aspects of the dramatic monologue.

First estimation of hourly full-coverage ground-level ozone from Fengyun-4A satellite using machine learning

Ground-level ozone (O3), renowned for its adverse impacts on human health and crop production, has garnered significant attention from governmental and public sectors. To address the limitations posed by sparse and uneven ground-level O3 observations, this study proposes an innovative method for hourly full-coverage ground-level O3 estimation using machine learning. Meteorological data from National Centers for Environmental Prediction global forecasting system, satellite data from Fengyun-4 A(FY-4 A) and Ozone Monitoring Instrument, emission inventory from Multi-resolution Emission Inventory for China, and other auxiliary data are utilized as input variables, while ground-based O3 observations serve as the response variable. The method is applied on a monthly basis across China for the year 2022, resulting in the generation of an hourly full-coverage high-resolution (4 km) ground-level O3 estimation, termed ML-derived-O3. Cross-validation results demonstrate the robustness of ML-derived-O3 yielding a coefficient of determination (R 2) of 0.96 (0.91) for sample-based (site-based) evaluations and a root-mean-square error (RMSE) of 9.22 (13.65) µg m−3. However, the date-based evaluation is less satisfactory due to the imbalanced training data, resulting from the pronounced daily variations in ground-level O3 concentrations. Nevertheless, the seasonal and hourly ML-derived-O3 exhibits high prediction accuracy, with R 2 values surpassing 0.95 and RMSE remaining below 7.5 µg m−3. This study marks a significant milestone as the first successful attempt to obtain hourly full-coverage ground-level O3 data across China. The diurnal variation of ML-derived-O3 demonstrates high consistency with ground-based observations, irrespective of clear or cloudy days, effectively capturing ground-level O3 pollution exposure events. This novel estimation method will be employed to establish a long-term high spatial-temporal resolution ground-level O3 dataset, which holds valuable applications for air pollution monitoring and environmental health research in future endeavors.

Higher Education Internationalisation in Kazakhstan (2022-2023): Course Continuity or Change in the Focus?

The research aim is to evaluate the changes in Kazakhstan policy of higher education internationalisation due to the international relations transformation since February 2022. The research tasks are to identify the peculiarities of higher education internationalisation in Kazakhstan and to detect its main trends before and after 2022. Based on the definitions of higher education internationalisation formulated by J. Knight, P.G. Altbach et al., authors outline relatively successful attempts of Kazakhstan to follow world trends in higher education. However, research literature analysis suggests that there are still many problems in Kazakhstan higher education the Government is still unable to overcome due to the lack of resources.The authors confidently analyse the legal framework of higher education reform in Kazakhstan and decisively use event-analysis to identify the key characteristics of higher education internationalisation in Kazakhstan since its independence, during 1991-2023. The conclusion was that the country has been on a course of internationalisation since the 1990s, but that until 2010 it had been a point-by-point process. At the same time, a model of importing higher education services, mainly from Russia, was spontaneously formed. Since 2010, the second stage of internationalisation has begun, characterised by a large borrowing of Western models and practices, although the Western direction of interaction in higher education complemented, but did not replace, the Russian one. In 2022, Kazakhstan made an accelerated transition to the third stage of internationalisation of higher education, characterised by distancing itself from Russia, combining imports and ambitions to export higher education, and increasing competition with Russia for applicants.

Comparison of Time Taken for Intubation (TTI) in Conventional Laryngoscope with Video Laryngoscope for Endotracheal Intubation In Laproscopic Surgeries

Background: Direct laryngoscopy necessitates the alignment of the oropharyngeal-laryngeal axis whereas video laryngoscope is an optical vision which doesn’t require alignment. This study aimed to compare direct laryngoscopy with a Macintosh blade to King-Vision Video laryngoscope for endotracheal intubation in patients who were scheduled for elective laproscopic surgeries under general anaesthesia.&#x0D; Methods: In this prospective randomised clinical study,118 adults with ASA I and II requiring endotracheal intubation for laproscopic surgeries under general anaesthesia were enrolled and randomised into either of the two groups by envelope method, Group DL-direct laryngoscope and Group VL-video laryngoscope where they were intubated using direct laryngoscope with Macintosh blade or King Vision videolaryngoscope. The Primary objective was to compare Time to intubate(TTI), Visualization of the laryngeal view by Cormack-Lehane grade and Successful first attempt. Secondary objective was to record the Number of intubation failure, Number of attempts, Change of anaesthesiologist and use of adjunct equipment and the complications such as oropharyngeal trauma, neck pain, dysphagia and hoarseness.&#x0D; Results: In comparison to group DL (21.67±4.318s), group VL took longer time to intubate (26.21± 4.150s) but had superior glottic vision than DL group(p=0.0177). Compared to DL group (72.4%), the VL (84.5%) patients had their first successful attempt, inspite of 2 failures. Complications such as pharyngeal pain (8.6%vs29.3%), hoarseness (5.2%vs29.3%), Use of adjunct equipment like bougie (19%vs 3.4%) were significantly higher in DL compared to VL group, while oropharyngeal injury, dysphagia, number of attempts and change of anaesthetists were similar in both groups.&#x0D; Conclusion: In comparison to the Macintosh laryngoscope, the King-vision VideoLaryngoscope took longer to intubate but had clearer glottis visualisation and a higher first-time success rate and can be used as a good teaching tool. In King-vision video laryngoscope, there was less use of auxiliary equipment and fewer complications.