Suburban Students Research Articles

Prevalence and risk factors of myopia among children and adolescents in Hangzhou.

To analyze the prevalence and influencing factors of myopia among children and adolescents in Hangzhou city, and provide ideas for the formulation of myopia prevention and control measures. A cross-sectional school-based study using stratified cluster random sampling method was used to select 31,880 students from 113 schools in Hangzhou city. Myopia screening and questionnaires on the influencing factors of poor visual acuity were carried out. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to screen possible risk factors of myopia. The overall prevalence of myopia was found to be 55.3% (17,630/31,880), with the myopia rates observed among students in kindergarten, primary school, junior high school, and senior high school, at 5.8%, 34.9%, 74.2%, and 85.0%, respectively. As the academic year progresses, there has been an observable increase in the prevalence of myopia (χ2 = 8676.748, P<0.001), low myopia (χ2 = 5444.040, P<0.001) and high myopia (χ2 = 2171.073, P<0.001) among students, with the difference between the three groups being statistically significant. The myopia prevalence in girls is higher than that in boys (χ2 = 119.917, P<0.001); the prevalence of myopia in urban students is higher than that in suburban students (χ2 = 4.603, P = 0.032). The time spent on homework after school, the correctness of reading and writing postures, the duration of exposure to electronic screens, and the use of lighting in an appropriate manner all have an impact on the development of myopia (all P<0.05). The overall prevalence of myopia and high myopia in schools in eastern China, is notably high. The prevalence of myopia and high myopia increases with grade or age. Myopia is associated with increased age, parental myopia, extended periods of homework after school, poor reading and writing posture, prolonged exposure to electronic screens and inappropriate lighting. In light of the findings of the present survey, it is recommended that a comprehensive prevention and control intervention model for myopia in children and adolescents based on society-hospital-school-family-individual students with a view to preventing and controlling myopia.

Parent-teacher relationship and students' learning engagement in China: A longitudinal study considering urban-suburban differences.

The importance of parent-teacher relationships has been well-discussed in Western contexts. It's still unclear whether and how parent-teacher relationships affect students' academic development, especially in the context of China's uneven development between urban and suburban areas. This study examined the urban-suburban differences in the influence of the parent-teacher relationships on students' learning engagement during the last 3 years of primary school to contribute to related policy and practice. Data were collected annually during the summer period in three waves from Grades 4 to 6. The sample included 1408 students (Mage = 10.35, SD = .48; 49.1% boys) paired with their mothers (Mage = 38.82, SD = 3.54), with 643 pairs from urban areas and 765 pairs from suburban areas in China. In each wave, the parents reported the frequency of contact with their child's teacher during the previous school year as well as the quality of their relationship, and the students reported their learning engagement. Latent growth models were used to examine the hypotheses. A statistically significant decline in learning engagement was seen only in suburban students, while the parent-teacher relationships seemed to increase for both suburban and urban participants. Latent growth modelling showed that the increasing levels of relationship quality reduced the decline in the suburban students' learning engagement, although the contact between parents and teachers did not play such a positive role for both urban and suburban students. The findings reveal a compensatory effect of the quality of the parent-teacher relationship on suburban students' learning engagement. Considering the difference in students' learning engagement between urban and suburban students, increased effort on high-quality parent-teacher relationships for suburban students is required to better support their academic development.

Teaching K–3 Multi-Digit Arithmetic Computation to Students with Slow Language Processing

The purpose of this article is to present three related studies that build on each other to demonstrate first the need and then the efficacy of the Blended Arithmetic Curriculum (BAC) to help students overcome both slow language processing and the environmental effects of being a student in an urban school district. The author’s underlying theory is that K–3 students with slow language processing may be good at complex reasoning, but still struggle with retrieving basic computational facts. Nonetheless, if they did not learn their facts, these students would struggle with K–3 multi-digit arithmetic computation, and ultimately struggle with their hypothesized strength: seeing numeric patterns as would be needed in university level computation. To teach arithmetic facts conceptually, the author developed a paper and pencil curriculum that first teaches complex multi-digit addition with regrouping using a limited number of facts such as 5 + 5, 9 + 1, 1 + 9; 7 + 7, 7 + 8, 8 + 7, and 8 + 8 in problems such as 197 + 108 = 305 so that fact retrieval and computation are fast and accurate. At the end of 2nd grade, urban students with learning disabilities solved 42 two-digit by two-digit problems with 92 percent accuracy in an average of 7 min. The results matched those of suburban students and were significantly faster and more accurate than general education students in the same urban school.

SALIVARY CHARACTERISTICS AMONG 12-YEAR-OLD CHILDREN WITH SIGNIFICANT CARIES INDEX FROM URBAN AND SUBURBAN SCHOOLS IN CAN THO CITY

Background: Dental caries is the most prevalent chronic childhood disease with numerous predisposing factors. Salivary properties have been linked to progressive dental caries in previous studies. However, the role of these contributing factors in the management of dental caries in children remains insufficient. Thus, the investigation of salivary characteristics from different types of communities within a specific pediatric population is an obvious demand. Objectives: To assess the salivary characteristics among school-going children aged 12 years from two urban and suburban schools in Can Tho city. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 62 twelve-year-old students with significant caries index in two locations with different socioeconomic status in Can Tho city. Those participants underwent saliva testing by using a saliva testing kit (Saiva-Check BUFFER) to evaluate stimulated and unstimulated saliva parameters including consistency, flow rate, pH and buffering capacity. Results: Out of the total population, males and females made up 40.3% and 59.7%, respectively. Both boys and girls had similarities in all salivary parameters (p &gt; 0.05). Nearly half of suburban students (48.4%) had resting frothy bubbly saliva while more than half of urban students (58.1%) had watery clear saliva at rest. All students had moderate and normal acidic saliva before and after stimulation regardless of living areas. The discrepancy in resting salivary viscosity, resting salivary pH was statistically significant based on region (p &lt; 0.05). 64.5% of the students in both suburban and urban enclaves had a normal stimulated saliva flow rate. In contrast, a normal or high buffering capacity of stimulated saliva was only seen in a few students. Regarding the flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity of stimulated saliva, there were no differences between urban and suburban areas (p &gt; 0.05). Conclusions: The findings of this study provide additional proof of the significance of salivary properties in assessing dental caries, especially in socioeconomic deprivation areas. Furthermore, it also implies that salivary parameters should be taken into account as a potential indicator for managing high caries-risk children.

Investigation of the diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging within the undergraduate student population within the Department of Animal Science at Iowa State University.

Iowa State University (ISU) provides resources for diversity, equity, inclusion, and belonging (DEI-B) to provide students with a comfortable academic home regardless of their demographics or prior experiences. The objective of this study was to investigate undergraduate students' DEI-B perspectives in the Department of Animal Science at ISU. One survey instrument was developed containing 14 questions that covered demographics, feelings of inclusion, comfort-seeking tools, and ways to improve DEI-B. Answer choices were either multiple choice, 1 to 5 sliding scale, or a specified text sliding scale. Eligible participants were undergraduate students enrolled in Animal or Dairy Science (n = 974). Demographics and comfort-seeking tools will be presented descriptively. Inclusion at the start and after 2 yr were compared using six different linear models. A variable was deemed significant if the P-value was ≤ 0.05. A total of 383 students (88% of total respondents) completed 50% or more of the inclusion questions. Seniors had the highest response rate. More students reported coming from a rural background. Primary species of interest was companion animals. There were no observed differences in feelings of inclusion in classes, with peers, or with faculty for hometown, admission type, ethnic group, and first generation when students started (P ≥ 0.067). There was a difference for primary species of interest (P ≤ 0.011) and with female students feeling less included (P ≤ 0.039). There were no observed differences after 2 yr in classes, with peers, or with faculty for classification year, admission type, or first generation (P ≥ 0.088). Suburban students felt the least included in classes compared to rural and urban students (P ≤ 0.036). Female students felt less included in all three categories (P ≤ 0.017). The majority of students reported having companion animal experience but almost half reported having no experience with livestock prior to ISU. A total of 51% of students said they never considered transferring to another major and 48% indicated that they plan to pursue a career in veterinary medicine. A total of 75% of students felt inclusion could be improved by creating more hands-on opportunities and 60% suggested the department provide more study space. In conclusion, the Department of Animal Science at ISU has some effective inclusion practices but needs to evolve and improve in its DEI-B practices for the undergraduate student population.

The Impacts of Cooperative Learning on Suburban Students’ Learning Motivation

This study investigates the impact of cooperative learning on suburban students’ motivation. This study used an experimental approach by comparing the effectiveness of cooperative learning in the experimental group with traditional learning in the control group. The research began by carefully identifying schools in a developing industrial area in Cerme, Gresik City, Indonesia. Data collection was carried out carefully through documentation techniques, including taking various documents and records directly related to student learning motivation. This research group featured 224 high school students divided into two equal groups: 146 students in the experimental group and 145 students in the contr with traditional learning. The data were analyzed using the t-test as an analytical tool to measure and establish the statistical significance of the differences between these two groups of students. The research results clearly show the positive impact of cooperative learning on student motivation, as shown by the p-value of 0.014. In light of these important findings, future research directions have been carefully outlined to include in-depth and longitudinal investigations of motivational sustainability within cooperative learning frameworks, exploration of the potential for cultural variation, refinement of teacher training methodologies, integration of modern educational technologies, and development of parental involvement initiatives and innovative. Cooperative learning can increase student motivation and enrich and stimulate academic environments.

Awareness of Zoonotic Diseases among the Bachelor of Science New Entrants at the Open University of Sri Lanka in 2020

Global attention towards zoonotic diseases has been oriented with the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 as they are infectious diseases that can be transmitted from animals to humans, and they pose a significant threat to public health. This study draws on the awareness of a group of new BSc degree registrants (N=267) at The Open University of Sri Lanka in 2020 about common zoonotic diseases. A cross-sectional study was employed for the participants in a virtual orientation session in December 2020 using a structured online questionnaire. Pearson Chi-square test (χ2) was used evaualte statistical significance at p&lt;0.05. The survey reveals that from the total respondents, 89.9% were aware of zoonotic diseases in humans by animals, 77.9% are aware that zoonotic diseases can be transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals and 75.3% knew that zoonotic diseases can be transmitted by eating raw meat of infected animals. Further, 82.4% and 86.1% of respondents agreed that zoonotic diseases could be treated and prevented while 85.4% agreed that zoonotic diseases could be controlled. The majority of the respondents were aware of Rabies, Covid 19, Malaria, Dengue fever and SARS as zoonotic diseases and a higher proportion of female respondents identified Hepatitis E as a zoonotic disease. Bovine tuberculosis was identified by students who studied biological sciences compared to other streams. Respondents below 24 years of age identified Anthrax and Leptospirosis, SARS and Trichinellosis as zoonotic diseases than other age categories. Students in suburban areas had a higher tendency to identify Ebola virus disease, Giardiasis, and Hepatitis E as zoonotic diseases. Urban and suburban students had a higher tendency to wash their hands thoroughly after petting the animals. Pet owners only identified Giardiasis as a zoonotic disease and agreed that avoiding direct contact with animals, avoidance of rearing pets indoors and discarding pet faeces in a proper place as good practices to avoid the transmission of zoonoses. Most of the respondents agreed that zoonotic diseases could be prevented by avoiding eating raw meat, avoiding eating unwashed fresh fruits and vegetables, avoiding direct contact with animals, avoiding rearing pets indoors, regular vaccination of pets, proper discharge of animal faeces, washing the hands thoroughly after petting the animals. Overall, this study revealed that the level of awareness about zoonotic diseases among the new BSc registrants was satisfactory. It is inferred that the students could be more educated about the preventive and control measures for zoonotic diseases. It is expected that students will develop essential life skills that are required for the prevention and control of diseases.

Epidemiological investigation of the status of myopia in children and adolescents in Fujian Province in 2020.

The 2020 epidemiological investigation of myopia in children and adolescents in Fujian Province' aimed to provide reference guidelines for the prevention and control of myopia. The purpose of the present study was to address shortfalls in the epidemiological survey of myopia in Fujian and provide a basis for government decision making. A cross-sectional and epidemiological investigation METHODS: Based on their levels of economic development and other economic factors, three cities in Fujian Province (Fuzhou, Xiamen, Longyan) were chosen through cluster random sampling and epidemiological investigation. Final analysis included 41,906 cases. Examinations including visual acuity and mydriatic optometry were performed on all subjects. The overall proportion of myopia was 63.35% in boys and 70.55% in girls living in Fujian in 2020. The proportions of myopia in Xiamen and Longyan were similar; both cities showed a higher proportion of myopic cases than Fuzhou. The proportion of girls with myopia was higher than boys. The proportion of primary and middle school students with myopia was higher in economically developed regions compared with underdeveloped regions. The proportion of urban students with myopia was higher than in suburban students. Analysis showed that the prevalence of myopia increased with age. Interestingly, the prevalence of myopia was higher in children born in June and August than in children born in other months. Children and adolescents in Fujian have a high rate of myopia which increases as the school grade increases. The better the economic conditions are, the higher the myopic rate. In addition, the myopic rate is higher in girls in and students born in June and August. The government, schools, hospitals, and parents should be alerted to this issue and coordinate to control the risk of myopia exacerbation and improve eyesight conditions of students in Fujian Province.

Under the Law: Is there a sports advantage in suburbia?

Participation in school sports has a variety of benefits for students. But not all students are able to participate in school athletics programs. In this column, Robert Kim explores the different levels of access suburban, urban, and rural students have to sports programs. And he considers whether students, regardless of where they live, have a right of equitable access to sports. Rural schools may offer more opportunities to participate in sports than suburban or urban schools. But suburban students are more likely to feel locked out of sport participation, either because the available programs do not interest them or because they are too costly. However, suburban students who do participate in sports tend to start earlier and play more, often in programs outside school. Legal advocacy involving unequal access to school sports will require creativity and a broad approach to address statewide disparities.

The path to neurosurgery: identifying obstacles to pursuing a medical career unique to rural high school students when compared with urban and suburban students.

"The path to neurosurgery: identifying obstacles to pursuing a medical career unique to rural high school students when compared with urban and suburban students" published on 03 Jun 2022 by American Association of Neurological Surgeons.

380 Awardee Talk: Deer eat Birds and Other Revelations: Teaching a Changing Demographic of Animal Science Student

Abstract Animal Science (ANS) programs have seen the demographics of their students progressively shift to include more urban and suburban students with limited firsthand knowledge of production agriculture. A major contributor to that shift is an influx of students with the intent of pursuing veterinary school, primarily with the goal of working with companion animals. The change in students has its challenges, but also presents opportunities. It is a chance to communicate with our customers, voters, and prospective thought leaders and decision makers. It is also a chance to recruit new and diverse talent into animal agriculture to help solve current and future problems. Despite the high number of students interested in pursuing vet school, a small percentage gain admittance making it important to help students recognize alternate career paths as soon as possible. This is particularly critical at the University of Florida where 41% of our students are transfers. We questioned if the students’ focus on entering the veterinary field is due to viewing it as their best career opportunity, or their only opportunity. We conducted a career awareness survey at the start and end of the ANS3006 Introduction to Animal Science course over the past several years. Over 49% could not list more than two ANS-related careers. Veterinarian was the most common and appeared on 76% of responses. In turn, we have incorporated more career-related content into ANS3006. In the post survey evaluation, 57% listed more than two careers and 18.8% of students indicated their career goals had changed over the course of the semester, with more than 2/3 of those being students who changed from a veterinary path. Anecdotally, our advisors report students are more amenable to changing from the pre-vet track when encouraged. Emphasizing the opportunities is an effective way to help students find the career paths they may have otherwise missed.

Distinguishing the Effect of Time Spent at Home during COVID-19 Pandemic on the Mental Health of Urban and Suburban College Students Using Cell Phone Geolocation.

The aim of this study was to assess the correlation of depression and anxiety with time spent at home among students at two universities—one urban and the other suburban—during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Geolocation data from the smartphones of 124 participants were collected between February 2021 and May 2021. The level of depression was estimated by the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 screening tools, and anxiety scores were estimated by the GAD-2 and GAD-7 screening tools. Results: 51% of participants in the PHQ-9 surveys indicated mild to severe depression. Participants spent on average 75% of their time at home during COVID. Time spent at home had a positive correlation with the mental health of urban students but a negative correlation with suburban students. The relation between the time at home with mental health was stronger among female participants than among male participants. Correlations between female depression, anxiety, and time at home were significant. Conclusions: Lockdown and distance learning contributed to the high levels of depression in university students. This research highlights the importance of time spent at home for mental health being during the pandemic and the importance of distinguishing between urban and suburban settings when formulating public health recommendations. Quality of time spent at home versus time spent outside differentiated the mental well-being of students located in different environments. Staying at home may be recommended for students without access to safe outdoor places as it is associated with lower levels of depression.

Indonesian Undergraduate Students’ Perception of Their Computational Thinking Ability

Become skilled at CT is indispensable for undergraduate students, as the proficiency in information technologies and complex problem solving increase in important in digital workplaces. This study measured Indonesian undergraduate students' self-perception of their CT ability in order to establish CT profile based on gender, majors of specialization, and university location. Study participant comprises of 527 final-year undergraduate students from three universities in Indonesia, using the Hi-ACT instrument. To examine whether statistically significant differences existed, independent sample t-test was used. The findings regarding the profile of Indonesian undergraduates’ CT skill show, the students attained a moderately high CT level. In particular, statistically significant differences existed in Problem Solving and Communication between male and female students, wherein male students means were higher. Regarding majors of specialization, significant differences between STEM and non-STEM students were found in Algorithmic Thinking, Decomposition, Evaluation, Generalization, and Communication, in favor of STEM students. As for university location, significant differences were found in Algorithmic Thinking, Debugging, Teamwork, and Communication, in which suburban students performed better.

Popping the Bubble: Critically Analyzing the Refugee Crisis with Suburban Seventh Graders

The current refugee crisis is the worst in 75 years and has led to the displacement of tens of millions of people around the world. Yet, despite the global scale of this humanitarian crisis and the culpability of their own country, suburban middle school students are generally unaware of this problem. In this article, I describe an inquiry project developed for my seventh grade world history students designed to help them confront their relative privilege and develop a critical understanding of the world rooted in empathy for those who are marginalized in our society. I begin with an overview of the students and school community and offer my pedagogical framework and goals in this setting. I then detail the steps in this inquiry project including students generating their own questions, reading and annotating part of a fictional book about refugees, engaging in focused research about the causes of the refugee crisis and the intersectional challenges faced by refugees, participating in a solution-oriented Socratic discussion, and reflecting on their learning. Samples of students’ questions, notes, ideas, and reflections reveal the extent to which an inquiry-based approach to critical teaching and learning can help expose students from an affluent suburban community to unfamiliar topics like the refugee crisis and lead them towards a critical understanding of the world and a justice-oriented empathy for others.

Contextualizing the Association Between School Climate and Student Well-Being: The Moderating Role of Rurality.

In rural communities, understanding and improving school climate may benefit youth facing unique contextual challenges to well-being. As education research rarely focuses on rural schools, we aimed to examine school climate and student well-being with a particular focus on rural schools, compared to suburban schools. Cross-sectional survey data were collected from 62,265 students in 22 rural and 78 suburban Maryland middle and high schools. Student self-report data were collected on school climate (safety, engagement, and environment) as well as internalizing problems, behavior problems, stress, substance abuse, and future orientation. Multiple-group, multilevel models were fit to compare between rural and suburban schools. On average, rural students reported significantly lower perceptions of safety and engagement than suburban students. Safety and engagement were generally associated with higher youth well-being. A number of moderated effects were observed, which generally suggested stronger associations between school-level climate-particularly engagement-and more positive outcomes for rural compared to suburban students. Students' perceptions of safety and engagement were associated with student well-being, in some cases with stronger associations for rural students. These findings suggest that efforts to improve school climate may be particularly impactful for rural students.

Integrating social-emotional-behavioral screening with early warning indicators in a high school setting

The authors compared data from a social-emotional-behavior screener (i.e., the Student Risk Screening Scale—Internalizing and Externalizing [SRSS-IE]) with data from a high school early warning system. Data from 2,256 suburban high school students were used. Research questions examined the degree to which student demographic variables and early warning indicators predicted SRSS-IE outcomes; conversely, SRSS-IE ratings were used to predict future early warning system outcomes. Additionally, the authors examined the concurrence of screening data and early warning data to better understand students’ behavioral challenges. Results indicated while there is some concurrence between behavior screening and early warning data, agreement was greater for externalizing than internalizing behavior challenges. School teams using both data sources can increase the possibility that interventions and supports are more likely to match individual student needs.

The acceptance of mLearning amongst the suburban college students: A micro-level study in North 24 Pargana of West Bengla

The revolution of mobile phones is not merely limited to calling or texting; it has reached almost every sphere of humankind. In this 21st century, studies have claimed that mobile phones' accessibility is comparatively higher than the toilet. Nearly 6 billion people worldwide now are accessing a working mobile handset (UNESCO, 2014). The ubiquitous use of mobile phones brings mobility to its users and helps them accept this ICT based technology worldwide. This new technology of communication also has a remarkable contribution to the educational sector. Its real-time communication makes learning effortless and congenial to the potential learners. This study will explore mobile-based learning technology among the higher education aspirants of suburban colleges in North 24parganas of West Bengal. Suburban students are not getting the same facilitates as metro city students. Besides that, suburban culture and social taboos sometimes make problems to use or access mobile phones by students. However, this will not be focused on the comparison between metro city students and suburban students. Moreover, this study will focus on the usage of mobile phones among suburban college students and to what extent these students are comfortable with the mobile learning method. M-learning or mobile-based learning is "learning across multiple contexts, through social and content interactions, using personal electronic devices" (M-Learning: Revision History - Wikipedia, 2020). The benefits of mLearning not only accepted by the students and educational institutions also the Indian higher education departments now have concentrated on this technology for its mass availability, user-friendly access, instantaneous sharing capacity, personalized uses, and Running connectivity. In the future, the limitations and barriers of learning can be overcome through mLearning technology.

Fine arts creative skills of elementary school students: An analytical demonstration of the role of stratum

The following article presents the results of research whose purpose was the analysis of the level of artistic creativity and fine arts development among eighth-grade students of different elementary schools in the northeastern part of Slovenia. We have monitored the level of artistic creativity and analysed the differences in fine arts creative skills from the viewpoint of six factors of artistic creativity: originality, flexibility, fluency, redefinition, elaboration and sensibility for artistic problems. Consistent with these factors, our focus was on the differences in the stratum, as we have noticed a lack of research analysing creative abilities from the point of view of the students' environment. Thus, the research aimed to shed light upon the impact of quality art educational work on the development of fine arts creative skills and creativity, especially among students of higher age. In doing so, the fact about the environment students come from was disregarded. The results of the research show discrepancies with previous research, as we found statistically significant differences in the factors of art elaboration, sensibility for artistic problems and fluency, with the suburban students being more successful. For this reason, there are further tendencies to carry out an in-depth analysis of this indicator in the mentioned age group.

Changes in the Performance of Students in Charter and District Sectors of U. S. Education: An Analysis of Nationwide Trends

ABSTRACT We use a quadratic equation to estimate trends in cohort performances in the charter and district sectors on the National Assessment of Educational Progress in 4th and 8th grade between 2005 and 2017. Data consist of over four million test observations of nationally representative samples of students on seven separate math and reading tests. We estimate unadjusted trends as well as trends adjusted for changes in the demographic composition of the two sectors. Compared to district cohorts, we find steeper upward trends in mean charter performance. Larger sector differentials are observed for African Americans, low SES students, and for students in the Northeast. No significant trend differences are observed for Hispanic and Asian Americans, suburban students and for students in the West. Since students in the two sectors may differ in relevant ways for reasons unrelated to demographic characteristics, inferences about changes in school production factors remain uncertain.

Legislation, Linguistics, and Location: Exploring Attitudes on Unauthorized Immigration

Contemporary discourse on domestic immigration policy varies widely based on political affiliation, linguistics, and regional differences. This experimental study aimed to concurrently investigate three social psychological bases of attitudes toward unauthorized immigrants in the USA: political ideology, social labels, and social context. Participants were 744 adults, recruited from “New York Community College” (“NYCC”/urban) and “New Jersey Community College” (“NJCC”/suburban), who were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: “illegal” vs. “undocumented.” Participants completed a scale measuring their attitudes toward unauthorized immigrants with the embedded label manipulation, followed by the General System Justification scale, and culminating with demographic items. Results demonstrated that whereas social context and political ideology both contributed significantly to the regression model, the social labels did not. Both high system justification and political conservatism predicted negative attitudes, but the latter effect was stronger for suburban students. Post hoc analyses revealed a significant difference between suburban and urban students in the frequency of the social labels “illegal” and “undocumented” heard and seen among family members, friends, and the media. Implications are discussed with a focus on system justification as an explanatory theory for immigration attitudes, as well as contextual effects for it.