Suburban Boys Research Articles

Timing of permanent tooth emergence and its association with physical growth among children aged from four to seven years in nine cities of China

Objective: To investigate the timing of permanent tooth emergence and its association with physical growth among children aged 4-7 years in 9 cities of China, and to analyze the trend of permanent teeth development. Methods: According to a stratified cluster sampling design, a cross-sectional survey on the timing of permanent tooth emergence children aged 4-7 years was carried out in 9 cities (Beijing, Harbin and Xi'an in northern China; Shanghai, Nanjing and Wuhan in central China; Guangzhou, Fuzhou and Kunming in southern China) from June to October in 2015. A total of 37 973 children (19 035 boys and 18 938 girls) were recruited and were divided into different age groups (4.0-<4.5, 4.5-5.0, 5.0-5.5 and 6.0-<7.0 years of age). The situation of the exfoliation of primary teeth and the eruption of permanent teeth were investigated. Height and weight were measured using the standardized methods. Z-scores of physical growth indicators were calculated using the growth standards for Chinese children in 2009. Probit regression analysis was used to determine the median and percentile age of transition from deciduous to permanent teeth. Chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data and t test was used for comparison of measurement data between boys and girls, urban and suburban as well as among different ages and regions. Meanwhile, the data from the national survey on physical growth and development of children under 7 years of age in 9 cities of China in 1995 were used to analyze the trends of the permanent teeth development. Results: The rate of transition from deciduous to permanent teeth in 37 973 children aged 4-7 years was higher with age, which was 0.6% (42/7 568) in 4.0-<4.5 years of age group, 30.3% (2 295/7 583) in 5.5-<6.0 years of age group, and 74.5% (5 680/7 627) in 6.0-<7.0 years of age group. The rates of transition from deciduous to permanent teeth in boys were all lower than those of girls except for children aged 4.0-<4.5 years (all P<0.01). The rate of transition from deciduous to permanent teeth in urban children was higher than that in suburban children for older than 5.5-6.0 years of age group in boys and older than 4.5-5.0 years of age group in girls, which was 74.2% (1 427/1 924) in urban boys aged 6.0-<7.0 years and 69.2% (1 305/1 885) in suburban boys aged 6.0-<7.0 years (χ(2)=11.446, P<0.01). The age of transition from deciduous to permanent teeth was 6.00 (95%CI: 5.98-6.01) years and the range of the 3-97 percentile was 4.88-7.11 years of age. The median permanent tooth emergence age of girls was lower than that of boys (5.94 vs. 6.06 years) and the median age of urban children was lower than that of suburban children (5.94 vs. 6.05 years). The median permanent tooth emergence age of southern Chinese children (6.05 years) was higher than that of northern (5.97 years) and central Chinese children (5.97 years). The weight for age Z-scores (WAZ), height for age Z-scores (HAZ) and body mass index for age Z-scores (BMIZ) of children with transition from deciduous to permanent teeth (0.35±1.17, 0.32±1.00, 0.23±1.16) were significantly higher than those of children without transition from deciduous to permanent teeth (0.03±1.13, 0.03±1.02, 0.04±1.13, t=20.81,21.67,12.09, all P<0.05). In comparison with the data in 1995, data in 2015 showed that the rate of transition from deciduous to permanent teeth was higher, for example, the rate of urban boys aged 6.0-<7.0 years group was 63.8% (1 146/1 796) in 1995, and increased to 74.2% (1 427/1 924) in 2015 (χ(2)=46.748, P<0.01). The median permanent tooth emergence age decreased by 0.24 years in 2015 as compared with that in 1995. Conclusions: The development of permanent teeth is earlier in girls than in boys, earlier in urban children than in suburban children and slightly delay in southern children than in central and northern Chinese children. In addition, the development of permanent teeth, which is related to the physical growth, slightly accelerate in China during the past 20 years.

The British Blues Network: Adoption, Emulation, and Creativity, by Andrew Kellett

This book tells the story of how, in the late 1950s and early 1960s, a group of white, British, suburban boys fell in love with the blues music of black Americans; how those boys formed bands to play the music; and how they ended up as part of the ‘rock aristocracy’, owning landed estates and living like gentry. Summarised in this way, it’s a familiar story—the stuff of countless histories of popular music, of (auto)biographies and of the occasional film. Andrew Kellett, however, does more than revisit a well-trodden path. In his version, this journey is indicative of a wider set of cultural processes. As his subtitle makes explicit, the adoption and emulation of the blues resulted in an extraordinary moment of creativity, one that led to British bands—Cream, The Rolling Stones and Led Zeppelin—defining and dominating rock music in the USA and the UK and beyond. This moment of...

Race, Violence, and Terror: The Cultural Defensibility of Heteromasculine Citizenship in the Virginia Tech Massacre and the Don Imus Affair

Race, Violence, and TerrorThe Cultural Defensibility of Heteromasculine Citizenship in the Virginia Tech Massacre and the Don Imus Affair amy l. brandzel (bio) and jigna desai (bio) You had everything you wanted. Your Mercedes wasn't enough, you brats. Your golden necklaces weren't enough, you snobs. Your trust fund wasn't enough. Your vodka and cognac weren't enough. All your debaucheries weren't enough. Those weren't enough to fulfill your hedonistic needs. You had everything. Seung-hui Cho "Today, We Are All Hokies"1 perhaps the shock jock, Don Imus, did not shock many when his white male appeal seemed to digress too neatly into the domain of blatant racist speech. The sexual/racial/gender-loaded phrases by which he characterized the Rutgers University women's basketball team saturated the media, as commentators repeatedly asked along the way whether it was or was not acceptable for him to say what they said over and over. The phrase, not needed here, was hotly defended by numerous Imus supporters, especially through the deployment of the color-blindness rhetorical maneuver of equivalency. In the process, the violence of Imus's speech was removed from the field of white masculinity and quickly displaced onto African American communities and rap music: if African American rap artists can say it, why can't Don Imus?2 But, the Don Imus affair quickly receded into the back pages as another event unfolded: the "Virginia Tech massacre," as [End Page 61] it soon became called.3 The defense here was more subtle as Asian/American groups, and Korean/Americans in particular, were held (in/directly) accountable for the redeployment of another age, old dichotomy: the unassimilated Asian and the American citizen. While it might appear to be an odd pairing, we want to use the Don Imus affair as a lens through which to examine the privileges of normative citizenship and the "cultural defenses" that circulate in regards to violence in the United States. Put differently, we want to ask, how does the juxtaposition of Don Imus and Seung-hui Cho4 allow us to see the ways in which certain citizen-subjects are afforded and sanctioned the "right" to violence?5 How might we use this opportunity to interrogate the reoccurring appeal of white wounded masculinity as a "cultural defense" for violence, a violence borne from unobtainable heteronormative ideals? While the connection was rarely made obvious, what made Seung-hui Cho's actions palatable were the ways in which the media worked to squeeze him into the wounded-masculinity narrative: he fit the "type" for young male school shooters. He was a loner, a nerd, and a young male ostracized from the community due to his inability to access male privilege, social capital, confidence, and, most importantly, women. In many ways, this might merely be another way to describe the historically produced stereotype of Asian American masculinity, yet increasingly this "type" is also becoming the description of white middle-class suburban boys who are unable to utilize the properties of white heteronormative masculinity and who are increasingly becoming framed as the most wounded victims within and of the nation. But as much as Cho could be made to fit within this typecasting, he refused such analysis. Through his series of videos, polemics, and photos, Cho highlighted the ways in which his isolation was directly related to normative white citizenship, the alienation of Asian Americans, and disenfranchised racialized "queer" masculinities. Therefore, we suggest that perhaps the media, and white America in general, worked so hard to fit Cho within the wounded-masculinity type in order to avoid the other hermeneutical option: the racially oppressed retaliating for their isolation from the privileges of normative citizenship. [End Page 62] Don Imus: In Defense of the Good Ole Boys White heteromasculinity is a pervasive discourse that depends upon the presumption that it is and always will be "on the defense." Moreover, as a discourse, it is not directly tied to particular types of bodies—rather, anyone can participate and further white heteromasculinity by ventriloquising the narrative of the loss of privilege of masculinity and/or whiteness at the hands of feminists, progressives, academics, and racially aware others...

Peer-Perceived Admiration and Social Preference: Contextual Correlates of Positive Peer Regard Among Suburban and Urban Adolescents.

The primary purpose of this study was to understand further the heterogeneity of popularity, by exploring contextual correlates of two dimensions of positive peer regard among seventh graders within two highly disparate sociodemographic groups: affluent suburban and low-income urban (N = 636). Three sets of attributes were examined, all consistently linked to social status in past research: rebellious behaviors (aggression, academic disengagement, delinquency, and substance use), academic application (effort at school and good grades), and physical attributes (attractiveness and athletic ability). The data provide empirical validation for the conceptual distinctions among peer-perceived admiration and social preference with adolescents from diverse contexts. More specifically, results showed that within each socioeconomic context (a) some forms of rebellious behaviors are clearly admired, (b) prosocial attributes are linked with peer-perceived admiration and social preference, (c) physical attractiveness and athletic skills are important for positive peer regard, the former particularly for suburban girls and the latter for suburban boys, and (d) aggression elicits admiration among early adolescents, but can also generate their disdain (i.e., lowered social preference). In the urban context, results provided evidence for the salience of distinct forms of rebellious and achievement oriented behaviors among different racial/ethnic groups as well.

Foreigners among Citizens

It is, in our moment, the number of the political. Eleven: as in 11 March 2003, the bombing of the Atocha railway station in Madrid, Spain; as in 11 October 2005, when the murder of two suburban boys by French police in a Clichy DuBois substation on the outskirts of Paris made the banlieue into the space of the political; and as in 11 of December 2005, when the attack by five thousand (predominantly white) Australians on their Lebanese compatriots exploded in Cronulla, a beach suburb in southwestern Sydney. To say nothing, of course, about that iconographic eleven upon which the whole of the United States' political now turns, 11 September, or, in the argot of this nation, 9/11. A moment inaugurated, it could be argued, with that other 9/11: the overthrow of Salvador Allende by Augusto Pinochet in Chile in September 1973. (The only event in this chronos that does not turn on eleven is, of course, the London bombings, and even that has a memorable number: 7/7, the seventh of July, 2005, just three months before Clichy DuBois.) These events are, of course, all distinct, but these elevens (and the seven) are bonded together by a singular phenomenon: the attack on the sovereign Western nationstate from within that state itself, an attack originating with the recurring figure of the Muslim as the agent of (anti-Christian) violence, the Muslim as either the terrorist (in the United States and Spain) or what might be named the insurgent native-that subject named immigrant or Arab (again, Spain, and also in France and Australia).

“You're Either In or You're Out”

School violence has not been studied widely across schools and communities. This article examines hegemonic masculinity and its relationship to violence through the peer disciplining (hazing, teasing, bullying) that occurs among students who attend an elite suburban boys'school. Using a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, the analysis suggests that violence is embedded in the social fabric of the school and implicated in power relations between both peers and their institution. Emotionally ambiguous, “you're either in or you're out” distinctions made by peer disciplining can produce shame, fear, and hurt alongside friendship, intimacy, and bonding. The normalcy with which hegemonic values are practiced makes it difficult, though not impossible, to contest. If we are to find viable alternatives to dominant masculinities, which are restrictive for most, it will be important to ask which boys and under what conditions are they able to resist its mandates.

NORMAL URBAN INCREASES IN RED CELL LEAD AND DEPRESSION OF RED CELL MEMBRANE Na/K ATPase

Na/K ATPase of the red cell membrane was investigated as evidence of a biochemical effect of moderate, “subtoxic” increases in blood lead. Na/K ATPase averaged 62% (61.7 ± 10.4) of total red cell membrane ATPase in 49 urban and suburban boys, ages 10-18, with a whole blood lead (Pb-B) of 10-32 μg% and a mean red cell lead (Pb-Rbc) of 33 μg% (33.4 ± 12.2). Within this group it was unaffected by age, race or hematocrit. Mean Na/K ATPase in 10 adult controls with Pb-B of 9-26 μg% was 70% (69.7 ± 6.47%). In 10 lead workers with a Pb-B of 55-102 μg% and mean Pb-Rbc of 121 μg% (120.6 ± 16.4%) the mean Na/K ATPase was 32% (32.1 ± 6.8%). The correlation coefficient of Pb-rbc with NaA ATPase in the 49 students and the 10 lead workers was 0.75, with the regression equation of y (Na/K ATPase) = 71.9% = 0.316 Pb-rbc. The linear correlation of red cell lead with Na/K ATPase at normal urban levels of blood lead suggests a significant health effect based on the known association of decreased enzyme activity with increased red cell permeability and loss of intracellular potassium.