Subsurface Infrastructure Research Articles

Anthropogenic impacts on the terrestrial subsurface biosphere.

The terrestrial subsurface is estimated to be the largest reservoir of microbial life on Earth. However, the subsurface also harbours economic, industrial and environmental resources, on which humans heavily rely, including diverse energy sources and formations for the storage of industrial waste and carbon dioxide for climate change mitigation. As a result of this anthropogenic activity, the subsurface landscape is transformed, including the subsurface biosphere. Through the creation of new environments and the introduction of substrates that fuel microbial life, the structure and function of subsurface microbiomes shift markedly. These microbial changes often have unintended effects on overall ecosystem function and are frequently challenging to manage from the surface of the Earth. In this Review, we highlight emerging research that investigates the impacts of anthropogenic activity on the terrestrial subsurface biosphere. We explore how humans alter the constraints on microbial life in the subsurface through drilling, mining, contamination and resource extraction, along with the resulting impacts of microorganisms on resource recovery and subsurface infrastructure.

Smart detection of subsurface anomalies: Concept, validation and applications

Naturally formed and engineering-induced subsurface anomalies (e.g., cavities and sinkholes) jeopardize infrastructure safety and hinder urban sustainability. Here we report a smart sensing method to detect subsurface anomalies based on the physical characteristics extracted from the effective signals scattered and reflected directly from these anomalies. Potential anomalies at submeter scales can be interpreted based on a sharp variation of anomaly score relative to the background anomaly score, showing the advantage of overcoming subjective uncertainty and biases involved in the traditional geophysical methods. We find that the use of scattered and reflected waves in an intermediate frequency range is well-suited for sensing deep subsurface infrastructure at high resolutions required for civil structures. We also demonstrate that a fast and reliable detection of subsurface anomalies relies solely on the physical characteristics of seismic data in two field cases, promoting geologic hazard forecast and decision-making effectiveness.

Shoreline barriers may amplify coastal groundwater hazards with sea-level rise

Subsurface barriers have been proposed to protect coastal aquifers from sea-level rise induced seawater intrusion, but the potential for groundwater emergence near subsurface barriers remains unknown. Here, we investigated how emergence changes groundwater flow conditions and influences the protective performance of subsurface barriers with sea-level rise. We tested the subterranean consequences of sea-level rise for cutoff walls and subsurface dams with cross-shore groundwater flow and salt transport models, investigating how barrier design, aquifer properties, and hydrological conditions control the potential for emergence, groundwater partitioning at the barrier, and seawater intrusion with sea-level rise. We find that most subsurface infrastructure cannot prevent seawater intrusion and emergence simultaneously. Subsurface dams spanning more than half of the aquifer thickness created emergence hazards and subsequent groundwater partitioning for all scenarios tested. Cutoff walls were less effective at reducing seawater intrusion for all opening sizes but could reduce the emergence potential compared to similarly sized subsurface dams. Our results demonstrate the challenging trade-offs in mitigating the coastal groundwater hazards of seawater intrusion and emergence with sea-level rise, where groundwater flooding inland of protective infrastructure would require combinations of subsurface impoundments and other mitigation techniques, such as pumping or drains.

Study of Time–Frequency Domain of Acoustic Emission Precursors in Rock Failure during Uniaxial Compression

Predicting rock bursts is essential for maintaining worker safety and the long-term growth of subsurface infrastructure. The purpose of this study is to investigate the precursor reactions and processes of rock instability. To determine the degree of rock damage, the research examines the time-varying acoustic emission (AE) features that occur when rocks are compressed uniaxially and introduces AE parameters such as the b-value, γ-value, and βt-value. The findings suggest that the evolution of rock damage during loading is adequately reflected by the b-value, γ-value, and βt-value. The relationships between b-value, γ-value, and βt-value are studied, as well as the possibility of using these three metrics as early-warning systems for rock failure.

Smart Manhole Managing and Monitoring System Using IOT

Abstract: A smart city is the future goal for humanity to have cleaner and better amenities. When creating a smart city, smart subsurface infrastructure is a crucial component to consider. Monitoring the drainage system is critical to keeping the city clean and healthy. Because human monitoring is ineffective, drainage problems are handled slowly and take longer to resolve. The technology is designed to plot the co-ordinates of the manholes using GPS.The proposed approach is low-cost and requires little maintenance. The GPS will refresh the information every 5 minutes. When crossing a manhole, the driver is alerted that a manhole is ahead, allowing them to avoid it. The system employs a machine learning algorithm based on Q-Learning to calculate each state. If any of those parameters changes abruptly, the system connects to the admin office and notifies the situation via message wherever it has been posted. This study would be tremendously beneficial to society in terms of manhole maintenance. Implement a Reinforcement Learning algorithm, such as Q-Learning, that is based on reward and policy. A test data set will be used to assess the performance of the Q learning model.

A possible underground roadway for transportation facilities in Kathmandu Valley: A racking deformation of underground rectangular structures

AbstractThe increasing number of private cars, public transportation vehicles, and pedestrians, as well as the absence of adequate space for these ground amenities, are one of the primary causes of traffic congestion and accidents in the Kathmandu Valley. Investigations have indicated that the Kathmandu Valley has the greatest traffic accidents despite the heavy presence of the government and its agencies there. Most teens and young adults suffer injuries while using motor vehicles. The study's primary objective is to foresee and prevent such complications by planning for sufficient subsurface infrastructure (a cut‐and‐cover rectangular tunnel) for the Kathmandu Valley's transportation network. The overlying pressure, lateral earth pressure, live load, uplift pressure, and live surcharge are some of the forces acting on the tunnel, creating unique stress and moment zones. The tunnel meets the following geometric requirements: (a) Each of the tunnel's two cells has a clear span of 10 m and a clear height of 5.5 m. The side walls, inner walls, top slab, and bottom slab are all 700 mm thick. Soil has built up to a height of 4 m over the tunnel's roof. The analytical method is used in the tunnel segment's analysis. Furthermore, the designed tunnel has been evaluated for stability, considering the deflection and shear resistance. The analysis indicates that the tunnel meets the stability requirements. This implies that the structure is capable of withstanding the applied forces without excessive deflection. Non‐linear dynamic time history analyses of the El Centro earthquake and the Gorkha earthquake were computed. From the El Centro earthquake, the maximum displacement was 23.63 mm at 10.59 s, and from the Gorkha earthquake, the maximum displacement was 16 mm at 0.19 s for the modeled structures.

Thermo-mechanical behaviour of microbial induced carbonate precipita-tion (MICP) sand for geothermal pavements

Introduction
 Ground source heat pump (GSHP) or shallow geothermal energy systems are gaining attention for helping combat global warming and the negative effects of urbanisation caused by human activities. In recent decades, energy geo-structure techniques have developed by using subsurface infrastructures to exchange heat with the ground. These techniques can provide space heating and cooling while still preserving the primary structural function. As a result, they have become a valuable part of geothermal energy systems. Researchers have developed an understanding of incorporating ground heat exchangers into foundation piles, retaining walls, and tunnel linings with modest additional cost [1-4]. Pavements are also structures in contact with the ground that have the potential to be used as energy geo-structures (i.e., geothermal pavements), yet, their use has not been extensively studied [5-8].
 Soil thermal conductivity is an important factor influencing the efficiency of geothermal pavements since heat transfer in soils occurs primarily by conduction [9]. Microbially induced calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitation (MICP) is an innovative technique for strengthening sandy soils by coating and binding soil grains with calcium carbonate crystals. The distribution and arrangement of the CaCO3 within the pore spaces play a crucial role in determining the resulting strength of the treated sand. In addition, these crystals can act as thermal bridges to enhance the soil's thermal conductivity [10]. Combining geothermal pavements with MICP sand is still nascent, and the limited number of studies that exist mainly focus on the associated thermal property changes [11]. However, since the principal function of pavements is transmitting (dynamic) loads to the subbase and the underlying soil, the thermal conductivity of the MICP-treated pavement may vary as a result of the applied mechanical loads (e.g., due to the partial or total loss of thermal bridges and/or particle rearrangement). This research thus investigates the changes in the thermal conductivity of MICP-treated sands as they are subjected to quasi-static triaxial compression. The experimental results collected can deepen our understanding of the thermo-mechanical behaviour of MICP-treated sands and provide practical insights for using MICP to reinforce the subbase or underlying soil of geothermal pavements.
 Methodology
 This research performed a series of quasi-static triaxial tests on MICP-treated Houston sand, fine-grained, high-purity silica sand. Sporosarcina pasteurii (strain designation DSM 33) was used for the MICP treatment of the soil specimen. To study the effect of CaCO3 content on the thermo-mechanical performance of MICP-treated sand, three cementation solution treatment cycles were applied, yielding theoretical CaCO3 contents of 0.6%, 1.6% and 2.7% by weight, respectively. Details on the MICP treatment of the samples can be found in [12]. Samples for triaxial testing were treated in cylindrical tubes of 50mm inner diameter and 100mm height. To investigate the influence of the CaCO3 content on the soil thermal conductivity, MICP-treated specimens were air-dried prior to triaxial testing Triaxial tests were subsequently conducted in dry conditions to isolate the effect of the MICP and avoid the influence of water content on soil thermal conductivity (λ). Furthermore, a new miniaturised transient sensor was embedded in the triaxial samples to monitor the λ changes during the sharing phase [12].
 Results
 An example of the evolution of the deviatoric stress with axial strain under 50kPa confining stress (σ3) in the triaxial cell is shown in Figure 1a. Compared to the untreated sand, MICP-treated samples lead to higher peak strength and stiffness. Importantly, λ changes during triaxial testing for different CaCO3 contents are summarised in Figure 1b. Results indicate that the increase in CaCO3 content can significantly improve λ, and that λ rapidly decreases post-peak strength due to dilation and CaCO3 bond breakage. Once the samples reach its ultimate state, λ remains unchanged.

MODELING COASTAL WATER TABLE FLUCTUATIONS USING PFLOTRAN

Coastal aquifers are highly dynamic groundwater systems. Sea level rise will cause a rise in coastal groundwater tables resulting in increased risk of shallow or emergent groundwater (Befus et al., 2020). Marine water level fluctuations cause the beach groundwater table to oscillate over a relatively large range. Understanding these oscillations is crucial, as shallow (i.e., high) water tables may impact subsurface infrastructure, mobilize sediment, and increase liquefaction risks. Although the impacts of tides and wave setup on coastal water tables have been studied (e.g., Nielsen, 1990; Housego et al, 2021), the cumulative impacts of wave runup, partially saturated flow, complex beach topography, and dual tidal forcing for bay-backed regions have not been explored. This work numerically models beach water table fluctuations which are compared to in-situ swash and beach groundwater observations at Cardiff State Beach in Encinitas, CA.

Remote sensing oil in water with an all-fiber underwater single-photon Raman lidar.

The detection of oil in water is of great importance for maintaining subsurface infrastructures such as oil pipelines. As a potential technology for oceanic application, an oceanic lidar has proved its advantages for remote sensing of optical properties and subsea materials. However, current oceanic lidar systems are highly power-consuming and bulky, making them difficult to deploy underwater to monitor oil in water. To address this issue, we have developed a compact single-photon Raman lidar by using a single-photon detector with high quantum efficiency and low dark noise. Due to the single-photon sensitivity, the detection of the relatively weak Raman backscattered signal from underwater oil was realized with a laser with a pulse energy of 1µJ and a telescope with a diameter of 22.4mm. An experimental demonstration was conducted to obtain the distance-resolved Raman backscatter of underwater oil of different thicknesses up to a distance of 12m. The results indicate the single-photon Raman lidar's potential for inspecting underwater oil pipelines.

Impact of urban geology on model simulations of shallow groundwater levels and flow paths

Abstract. This study examines the impact of urban geology and spatial discretization on the simulation of shallow groundwater levels and flow paths at the city scale. The study uses an integrated hydrological model based on the MIKE SHE code that couples surface water and 3D groundwater simulations with a leaky sewer system. The effect of the geological configuration was analyzed by applying three geological models to an otherwise identical hydrological model. The effect of spatial discretization was examined by using two different horizontal discretizations for the hydrological models of 50 and 10 m, respectively. The impact of the geological configuration and spatial discretization was analyzed based on model calibration, simulations of high water levels, and particle tracking. The results show that a representation of the subsurface infrastructure, and near-terrain soil types, in the geological model impacts the simulation of the high water levels when the hydrological model is simulated in a 10 m discretization. This was detectable even though the difference between the geological models only occurs in 7 % of the volume of the geological models. When the hydrological model was run in a 50 m horizontal discretization, the impact of the urban geology on the high water levels was smoothed out. Results from particle tracking show that representing the subsurface infrastructure in the hydrological model changed the particles' flow paths and travel time to sinks in both the 50 and 10 m horizontal discretization of the hydrological model. It caused less recharge to deeper aquifers and increased the percentage of particles flowing to saturated-zone drains and leaky sewer pipes. In conclusion, the results indicate that even though the subsurface infrastructure and fill material only occupy a small fraction of the shallow geology, it affects the simulation of local water levels and substantially alters the flow paths. The comparison of the spatial discretization demonstrates that, to simulate this effect, the spatial discretization needs to be of a scale that represents the local variability in the shallow urban geology.

Simulation of GPR B-Scan Data Based on Dense Generative Adversarial Network

Urban subsurface infrastructures, e.g., pipelines and roads, are aging with the expansion of modern cities. Benefiting from the capability of nondestructive detection, ground penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely applied to underground objects or disasters detection, and GPR B-scan images are employed by manual interpretation. While, this way of high subjectivity and uncertainty inevitably results in failure of detection. Meanwhile, the shortage of labelled images greatly impedes the automatization and intelligentization of underground disaster detection based on GPR. Many data simulation techniques, e.g., forward modelling, were used to augment images for training; however, the generated forward images were not similar enough to the real B-scan data, which makes recognition a challenging task. To address this problem, we proposed a novel B-scan image simulation method based on generative adversarial network to generate synthetic images for training detection networks. Our network utilizes DenseNet as the backbone network of generator to extract image features, and a weighted total variation regularization term to regularize the loss function of the network. The comparison and ablation experiments verified that our network could generate simulation images with high similarity to real GPR B-scan images. We believe that this work contributes to the intelligent processing and analysis of GPR data, and improves the efficiency of underground disaster detection.

Surface settlements arising from elliptical shaft excavation in clay

Shafts are frequently constructed to allow access to subsurface infrastructure and the resulting excavation is generally deep and narrow. Shafts may be constructed using a variety of methods and plan forms dependent on ground conditions and intended use. An axisymmetric (cylindrical) geometry is often preferred due to the relatively simple structural analysis, construction method and for the fact that a number of approaches that are available to estimate the ground movements around such an excavation. In certain cases, particularly when there is restricted space both above and below surface, non-circular shafts could be a preferred solution. The assessment of surface movements around non-circular shafts is difficult as scant information exists and few empirical prediction methods are available. In this study, a series of centrifuge tests has been carried out to investigate the effects of modifying the cross-sectional profile of a shaft (i.e. circular in plan compared with elliptical). Analysis of measurements obtained from centrifuge tests undertaken at City, University of London's geotechnical centrifuge facility is presented and compared with existing predictive methods. An addendum to the empirical equations and procedures for predicting surface settlements arising from circular shafts is presented to allow for the assessment of movements around elliptical shafts in clay.

CERN Future Circular Collider – the Mining the Future competition

AbstractCERN (Conseil Européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire) is the world's largest research centre for high‐energy and particle physics. The research infrastructure contributed to the greatest successes in the field of experimental physics. A new, approximatively 91 km long subsurface infrastructure connected to the existing particle accelerator complex is being conceived in the frame of the Future Circular Collider. It would serve a global community of researchers with two subsequently operated particle colliders until the end of the 21st century. Even at an early stage of such a project, comprehensive investigations have to be carried out into the nature of the subsoil in order to find an optimal utilisation strategy for the excavated material in accordance with the national and international regulations in order to promote the recycling of excavated tunnel material in terms of resource conservation and the improvement of the sustainability of underground construction projects.

Future inundation of coastal on-site wastewater treatment systems in a region with pronounced sea-level rise

An often-overlooked impact of rising sea levels is the concurrent rise in coastal groundwater tables, which can result in subsurface inundation of below-ground infrastructure. This is an important consideration for rural coastal communities, many of which rely on on-site wastewater treatment systems (OWTS). Subsurface inundation and flooding of OWTS leads to treatment performance issues, potentially resulting in enhanced contaminant transport to coastal groundwater resources and the ocean via submarine groundwater discharge. We use SEAWAT to develop a variable-density groundwater flow model for the groundwater system underlying a densely populated rural community on the north shore of Nova Scotia, Canada. We then impose various climate change scenarios (sea-level rise, changes in recharge) to evaluate the risk of OWTS inundation from rising groundwater. We find that under current conditions as many as 9 % of OWTS in this small but densely populated watershed are either inundated or completely flooded. This number that could grow to 27 % of OWTS for the climate change scenario with the highest recharge and sea-level rise. As a secondary objective, we track the location of the modeled saltwater-freshwater interface, and investigate the potential salinization of groundwater resources used for drinking water supply. The modeled interface moved landward by ≤ 20 m and proved to be less of a concern than OWTS inundation, except for shoreline dwellings. We also use the modelling results to develop adaptation recommendations for OWTS installation regulations. This research contributes to an increasing number of groundwater modelling studies focusing on the impacts of sea-level rise on coastal subsurface infrastructure and provides important insight for rural coastal communities.

Geosystem services in urban planning

The paper considers the emerging concept of geosystem services (GS), highlights its importance for sustainable urbanization, and the use of urban underground space specifically. A theoretical framework to enable the incorporation of GS into urban planning has been suggested. GS complement ecosystem services (ES) by focusing on abiotic components and services of the environment. Clearly, sustainable urban development is one of the major challenges facing humanity today. In this study we explore how the concept of GS can help address the challenge of a sustainable urbanization via planning instruments. The paper reviews classifications of GS, planning approaches towards urban underground space, and experiences in inclusion of GS and ES in urban planning. Next, the paper elaborates a theoretical framework for the incorporation of GS in urban planning. The framework integrates knowledge on GS, man-made subsurface infrastructure, cultural assets, and traditional planning issues like land use, social and economic considerations. The paper further discusses various particularities, which urban planners may come across considering GS: (1) planning scales, (2) planning time frame, (3) GS inventory, (4) supply and demand for GS, (5) risks, vulnerabilities and disservices, (6) interplay between geosystem and infrastructure services, (7) planning documentation, (8) visualization and planning tools. Our research shows that the concept of GS has not yet been fully integrated into planning processes, despite the increasing need for its inclusion under the emerging development agenda of geothermal energy, hydrological and hydrogeological cycles management, and the rational use of urban underground space. The inclusion of GS into urban planning would constitute an important step forward to sustainable urbanization.

Development of dynamic grouting under laboratory and field conditions

AbstractWhen it comes to underground structures, water ingress from the surrounding formations leads to several environmental, economic and sustainability issues. To obtain the sealing, the grouting of rock fractures is done. Today, in the grouting operations, which are commonly conducted in almost all the tunnel and subsurface infrastructure projects, the pressure applied is static. This type of applied pressure might be suitable for the large fracture apertures > 100 μm, but it has been acknowledged that it is difficult to obtain sufficient penetration through smaller apertures, where filtration of cement particles starts to occur. Research is already done to overcome this issue by applying dynamic grouting pressure instead of static. It was proved that this approach erodes the formed filter cakes and improves grout penetrability in fractures below 100 μm. This research focuses on low‐frequency rectangular pressure impulse as an alternative to other methods. The goal is to improve grout spread in micro‐fractures (especially in apertures < 70 μm). During the investigation, a prototype dynamic injection equipment was built and tested under laboratory conditions. The 4 m variable aperture long slot (VALS) was used in the experiments to simulate rock fractures. The test showed better grout penetrability using dynamic pressure approach. At the current time of writing this article, preparation works are done for field test of prototype equipment at SKB Hard Rock Laboratory (HRL) at Äspö, Sweden.

Identification of Groundwater Bearing Zones Using Geoelectrical and Electromagnetic Techniques at Tourah Area, South of Cairo - Egypt

The complex geology of Tourah area, south Cairo is a serious challenge for groundwater exploration, where the risk of unsuccessful groundwater drilling excavation for industrial purposes is well dressed, raising the need for better geophysical subsurface detection and characterization approaches in terms of water bearing and aquitard zones. Datasets from the study area were acquired using integrated geophysical techniques comprising of one Dimensional Vertical Electrical Soundings (1D VES) and one Dimensional Transient Electromagnetic (1D TEM) as well as two-Dimensional Electrical Imaging (2D ERI) which was restricted to the available spreading space as well as subsurface infrastructure noise. The results of 1D VES and 1D TEM soundings detected three to five geoelectric layers used to generate geoelectrical cross sections and maps of resistivity, thickness, and depth to water bearing zone. Moreover, the 2D ERI inversion profiles were able to image the first three layers and the depth of the water bearing zone [A] with significantly greater resolution due to their higher lateral and vertical resolutions compared to the traditional 1D VES and TEM interpolated cross section. The integration of the three geophysical methods displayed a smooth distribution of both marly limestone and fractured shaly limestone and claystone bands water bearing zones [A and B]. Resistivity values of the water bearing zone [A] ranges from 0.1 to 24 Ω m, with average thickness of 4 to 12 m, and depth to water of 1.5 to 13.6 m. In addition, [zone B] is the main water bearing zone of fractured shaly limestone and claystone bands (2 to 14 Ω m) which is detected at deep depth of 40 and 75 m. Two normal fault systems inferred from 1D interpretation are considered responsible for local recharging of the main Eocene aquifer over the study area. In conclusion, the outlined water bearing thickness as well as limited sources of groundwater recharge indicate that these water bearing zones may not provide a sustainable supply for the industrial development purposes in the future.

Lighting Up London's Elizabeth Line with LEDs

Using LEDs to light up the stations, escalator shafts and concourses of the Elizabeth line was a bold move from Transport for London; especially as when they decided on its use back in the late 2000s, LED technology was yet to break into the lighting world. But this did not stop Paul Kerrigan, the lead electrical engineer responsible for Crossrail's line-wide lighting solutions and uninterruptible power supply, and his team, from taking the plunge to make this a reality. In fact, the Elizabeth line is one of the first sub-surface infrastructure projects to be lit entirely by LEDs, and the decision to use the technology was based on industry evidence that its use will help reduce energy consumption and maintenance requirements.

Heat below the City – Is temperature a key driver in urban groundwater ecosystems?

Living in an urban groundwater ecosystem comes with many challenges for its inhabitants. In Central Europe, groundwater fauna has adapted to a dark, cold, and typically energy-poor habitat for thousands of years, making these highly specialised animals susceptible to short-term (years to decades) changes in environmental conditions. In urban areas, many anthropogenic pressures like surface sealing, subsurface infrastructures, organic pollution, or accumulation of toxicants impact the groundwater ecosystem. On top, the urban subsurface is heating up with an enormous speed, characterized by the formation of subsurface urban heat islands. With urban groundwater temperatures continuously increasing way beyond natural background values, a loss of biodiversity and ecosystem functioning with ultimately a deterioration of water quality is predicted. In the current research project ‘Heat below the City’, we target the urban groundwater ecosystems of the city of Vienna, Austria. 150 groundwater wells distributed all over the city have been sampled twice, in autumn 2021 and spring 2022. Groundwater samples are analysed for a large set of physical-chemical, microbiological and faunistic variables, aiming to identify main drivers of groundwater ecosystem biodiversity and functioning. The focus lies on temperature induced cascading effects that may lead from ecologically intact oxic habitats to anoxic zones lacking fauna with deteriorated water quality. First findings show mean groundwater temperatures in Vienna to be at 14°C, about 3°C above the natural background, with anthropogenic heat sources having a main impact on the distribution and degree of warming. The absence of dissolved oxygen (DO) and NO3- as well as the presence of Fe2+, S2- and CH4 hint at zones of reduced groundwater below the city. First data on physical-chemical conditions, microbiological and faunal communities will be introduced.

High-resolution imaging of subsurface infrastructure using deep learning artificial intelligence on drone magnetometry

The use of drones fo r geophysical data acquisition and artificial intelligence (AI) for geophysical data processing, imaging, and interpretation are active focus areas in current industry and academic applications. Unlocking their cumulative potential in single-focus applications can have a transformative impact, possibly leading to dramatic cost reductions in key use cases and new application areas for enhanced actionable business intelligence. We present field study results from Texas and California that show the potential for imaging pipelines and other subsurface infrastructure by using AI-based methods on high-resolution aboveground magnetic data. The superior resolution and interpretability over conventional geophysical inversion is demonstrated. The method has the potential to provide actionable intelligence in several business-use cases for detecting and characterizing pipelines, crossing zones for multiple pipes, etc. at dramatically reduced costs. The advanced algorithms and workflows used resulted in a 100-fold increase in efficiency and delivered results in two days compared to what could take several months using generally available open-source deep learning AI workflows and software. Future direction of development is to validate against excavation-/drill-bit-/inline-tool-based ground truth and further extend and develop this process to deliver near real-time results. The techniques used are general and can be applied to other geophysical data including seismic, electromagnetic, and gravity at various scales and resolution.