Substrate For Hydrogen Production Research Articles

Anaerobic conversion of waste of alcohol production with animal and poultry waste into methane as a substrate for hydrogen production

Anaerobic conversion of waste of alcohol production with animal and poultry waste into methane as a substrate for hydrogen production

Exploring rice straw as substrate for hydrogen production: Critical challenges and opportunities

Due to the world’s constant demand for rice as a main food crop, the quantity of rice straw produced pressurizing the waste management strategies of the countries. Rice straw is a big waste management issue in rice-producing nations such as China, India, Vietnam, Indonesia, Brazil, etc. Burning rice straw on the field is the most preferred option for farmers to get rid of the rice straw which creates an array of environmental issues. In addition to jeopardizing the environment by emitting a significant quantity of greenhouse gases (GHGs), the inappropriate utilization of rice straw and open crop burning in the field also tend to lose farmers a very profitable by-product. Benefits can be harnessed by utilizing the abundant rice straw as a raw material for valuable product generation. This work reviews the significant aspects of the use of rice straw as an imperative source of clean energy. The paper emphasizes some important background knowledge, such as the chemical, and physical properties that determine the caliber of rice straw. The different pretreatment methods that can make rice straw equipped for hydrogen production have also been discussed. The latest thermochemical and biochemical approaches for converting rice straw into hydrogen are vividly presented. Further studying the viability of producing hydrogen from rice straw in the context of modern agriculture becomes more crucial. The present review also discussed the policies and current situation of hydrogen production globally and provides a forecast on the state of hydrogen as a clean fuel for a sustainable future.

Carbamazepine improves hydrogen production from anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge

The widespread use of pharmaceuticals sparked concerns about their potential environmental effects. Previous studies demonstrated that most of the pharmaceuticals investigated had detrimental effects on wastewater or sludge treatment. However, it was found in this work that carbamazepine at environmentally relevant levels increased hydrogen production from anaerobic fermentation of waste activated sludge (WAS). Experimental results exhibited that with an increment of carbamazepine from 7 to 51 mg/kg VSS, the maximal hydrogen yield increased from 14.9 ± 0.6 to 23.5 ± 0.3 mL/g VSS. Mechanism analysis showed that carbamazepine accelerated the release of organics from solid to liquid phase, offering more substrates for hydrogen production. Carbamazepine did not affect hydrogen producing processes but inhibited the processes relevant to hydrogen consumption. Molecular docking demonstrated that carbamazepine and sulfite reductase protein were joined by hydrogen bond and ASP-597 and VAL-598 were the active sites. These contributed to the contact between carbamazepine and sulfite reductase, thereby affecting the hydrogen consumption process. The reduced α -helix ratio and α -helix / (β -plate + random coil) values indicated that the presence of carbamazepine led to the destroy of the hydrogen network, leading the collapse of protein structure. Further investigation revealed that carbamazepine reduced the corresponding genes with hydrogen consumption, especially involved in the steps of CO2 → fmdA → Formyl-MFR → 5,10-Methylere-THMPT → mer → 5,10-Methyl-THM(S)PT (CO2-reduction), 5,10-Methyl-THM(S)PT → mtrD/E → Methyl-CoM → mcrA/B → CH4 (CO2-reduction and aceticlastic reaction) and Sulfate → sat → APS → aprB → Sulfite → cysJ → Sulfide (sulfate reduction).

Multipurpose applications of bamboo as an activated carbon: An overview

Bamboo is a versatile resource for the synthesis of activated carbon. Low-cost precursors owing to a high growth rate and high carbon content in bamboo have consolidated its suitability as a renewable and notable alternative resource to activated carbon production. The attractiveness of bamboo activated carbon is due to its microcrystalline structure with a high porosity, fast absorption, and highly active surface area. Bamboo activated carbon can be synthesised via carbonisation and activation processes. The carbonisation process produces a substance with a colossal surface area to the mass ratio, which effective in holding various materials, minerals, humidity, odours, etc. Activation process involves the establishment of typical structures and advanced porosity to devise the high porosity of the solid activated carbon. Bamboo activated carbon can be used for energy-related reasons in environmental conservation, agriculture, soil amendment, animal feed additions, and wastewater treatment. It can also be used as a supplement in the composting and fermentation processes, utilised as a tar reduction catalyst in pyrolysis and gasification, as a pelletised fuel, and as a hydrogen production substrate. Numerous studies on activated carbon produced by diverse feedstocks are published in the areas of production, characterisation and possible uses and applications. Bamboo activated carbon is safeguarding its sphere of importance in today's era due to its multipurpose uses. The bamboo activated carbon is mostly used in the industrial, agricultural, and natural environment-related sectors. This paper presents a brief overview of the applications of bamboo activated carbon in numerous areas.

Effect of molasses on hydrogen production by a new strain Rhodoplanes piscinae 51ATA

The production of hydrogen using microorganisms is an environment-friendly and less energy-intensive way of producing hydrogen. Rhodoplanes piscinae is a photosynthetic bacterium with the ability of hydrogen production under photosynthetic conditions. In this study, a new strain 51ATA was isolated from Lake Akkaya, Nigde, Turkey that is exposed to some industrial effluent charges. The new strain was identified as R. piscinae by phylogenetic analysis of the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence. The quality of molasses as a substrate for hydrogen production was evaluated by comparing it with other substrates, such as glucose and acetate. Five different culture media of various concentrations (1.0 g/L, 2.0 g/L, 5.0 g/L, 10 g/L, and 20 g/L) for each substrate were used. Results have shown that molasses was the best substrate for the biohydrogen production. The highest amount of biohydrogen obtained from each (20 g/L) substrate was (1.27 L H 2 /L from molasses-containing culture), (0.72 L H 2 /L from glucose-containing culture), and acetate-containing culture (0.21 L H 2 /L) respectively. From these results, we could conclude that R.piscinae 51ATA strain is as good as the other bacterial species used for hydrogen production and may be considered as a high potential strain for hydrogen production when used in combination with molasses under phototrophic conditions. • A new photosynthetic bacterial strain 51ATA of Rhodoplanes piscinae was observed hydrogen production. • Molasses was determined the best co-substrate for R.piscinae compared to acetate and glucose in hydrogen production. • As a co substrate, acetate promoted biomass production not hydrogen production.

Hydrogen production by Enterobacter sp. LBTM 2 using sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose hydrolysate and a synthetic substrate: understanding and controlling toxicity

Abstract Sugars released by thermochemical pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass are possible substrate for hydrogen production. However, the major drawback for bacterial fermentation is the toxicity of weak acids and furan derivatives normally present in such substrate. This study aimed to investigate the metabolism involved in hydrogen production by the isolate Enterobacter LBTM2 using 10, 20 and 30-fold diluted synthetic (SH) and sugarcane bagasse hemicellulose (SBH) hydrolysates. In addition, the effects of acetic acid, formic acid and furfural on the bacterial metabolism, as well as detoxification of SBH with activated carbon and molecularly imprinted polymers on the hydrogen production were assessed. The results showed the best hydrogen yield was 0.46 mmol H2/mmol sugar for 20-times diluted SH, which was 2.3-times higher than obtained in SBH experiments. Bacterial growth and hydrogen production were negatively affected by 0.8 g/L of acetic acid when added alone, but were totally inhibited when formic acid (0.4 g/L) and furfural (0.3 g/L) were also supplied. However the maximum hydrogen production of SBH20 has duplicated when 3% of powdered activated carbon was added to the SBH experiment. The results presented herein can be helpful in understanding the bottlenecks in biohydrogen production and could contribute towards development of lignocellulosic biorefinery.

Comparison of suspended and granular cell anaerobic bioreactors for hydrogen production from acid agave bagasse hydrolyzates

Acid agave bagasse hydrolyzates have been used as a substrate for hydrogen production, however, bioreactors are unstable and with poor performance. Granular biomass could be more successful in producing hydrogen from acid agave bagasse hydrolyzates in comparison with suspended biomass. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing concentrations of acid agave hydrolyzates on hydrogen production, to compare the hydrogen productivity and stability of granular biomass in an expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB) reactor and suspended biomass in an anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (AnSBR) fed with acid hydrolyzates, and finally to determine the variation of microbial communities established in both bioreactor configurations. In batch tests, the heat-treated inoculum produced hydrogen from acid agave hydrolyzates without observing inhibition at 6.3 g/L of carbohydrates (CHO). This hydrolyzate concentration was used to start up the AnBSR, which reached a productivity of 226 ± 53 mL H2/L⋅d at organic loading rates (OLR) from 3.2 to 4.5 gCHO/L⋅d. The hydrogen production stability index decreased from 0.8 to 0.6 at increasing OLR, and the AnSBR failed at the highest OLR of 5.7 g/L⋅d. The EGSB reactor reached the highest productivity of 361 ± 130 mL H2/L⋅d at an OLR of 7.4 gCHO/L⋅d, but with a low stability index of 0.6. Independently of the bioreactor configuration, microbial communities associated with the production of acetate/lactate were successfully established in both configurations with the prevalence of Lactobacillus spp. A low abundance of typical H2 producers like Clostridium was always observed over the whole period of operation (<10% of the total abundance). In sum, the hydrogen productivity from acid agave hydrolyzates was higher for the EGSB reactor than for the AnSBR, but with much lower stability. The evidence provided by this study suggests the establishment of metabolic pathways for hydrogen production from organic acids.

Dark fermentation effluent as substrate for hydrogen production from Rhodobacter capsulatus highlighting the performance of different fermentation systems.

Hydrogen production by biological route is a potentially sustainable alternative. Nowadays, energy production from sustainable sources has become urgent for several countries as well as for international policies. In this perspective, hydrogen has gained substantial global attention as clean, sustainable, and versatile energy carrier. In the current work, the resulting effluent from dark fermentation, rich in organic acids, was used as substrate for the purple non-sulfur bacteria (PNS) Rhodobacter capsulatus. In the first stage, experiments were carried out in bioreactors of 50mL to check the influence of the composition of the effluent dark fermentation. The results proved that the provision of a sugar source improved bio-H2 production. The lactose and lactic acid concentrations exceeding 4.4 and 12g/L, respectively, resulted in a productivity of up to 37.14mmol H2/Ldays. Based on initial conditions obtained on the previous assays, in the second stage, a photo-fermentation in enlarged scale (1.5L) was performed with the purpose to monitor the production of hydrogen and metabolites, sugar consumption and growth cells during the process. It was observed that the maximum productivity obtained was 98.23mmol H2/Ldays in 26h of process.

Heat pretreatment assists free ammonia to enhance hydrogen production from waste activated sludge

Controlling free ammonia in an anaerobic fermenter at pertinent levels is reported recently to be an economically attractive and practically feasible approach to enhance hydrogen yield from waste activated sludge (WAS). This paper reports a new technology for WAS dark fermentation, i.e., using heat pretreatment (70 °C for 60 min) to assist free ammonia for further improving hydrogen yield. The experimental results showed that the accumulative hydrogen production from combined reactors was promoted from 12.3 to 19.2 mL/g VSS (volatile suspended solids), the maximum of which was 1.8, 2.7, and 7.1 times of that from sole free ammonia (131.9 mg NH3-N/L), sole heat, and blank reactors, respectively. Mechanism explorations showed that the combination strategy significantly enhanced WAS disintegration, providing more substrates for hydrogen production. Moreover, the combination suppressed activities of all microbes associated with anaerobic fermentation, but its inhibition to hydrogen consumers was much severer than that to other microbes.

Kinerja dan kinetika produksi biohidrogen secara batch dari sampah buah melon dalam reaktor tangki berpengaduk

Abundant amount of melon fruit waste with high sugar anda water content is potential as a substrate for hydrogen production by dark fermentation. This study investigated the performance of biohydrogen production from melon fruit waste in a stirred tank reactor with initial concentration 13100 mg sCOD/L, in a room temperature, initial pH 7 and controlling final pH 5.5 by adding NaOH. The fermentation lasted for 24 hours. pH, VS, sCOD, VFA, biogas volume, hydrogen content, and cell concentration was analized every hour to determine the performance of reactor. Hydrogen content yielding 16.20% with hydrogen production rate (HPR) of 458.12 mL/Lreactor/day in STP condition. Substrate consumption at the end of fermentation reached 24.61% sCOD and 78.28% VS. Metabolite products was dominated by acetate and butyrate with butyrate to acetate ratio of 1.2. The kinetic of product formation was investigated by the kinetic model of Gompertz. Meanwhile the kinetics of cell growth was approximated by Logistics model.

Hydrogen production by dark fermentation from pre-fermented depackaging food wastes

In this study, a specific fraction of food waste, i.e. depackaging waste, was studied as substrate for hydrogen production by dark fermentation. During storage and transport of this liquid mixture, inhibitory compounds like acids or alcohol might be produced by endogenous flora. A factorial fractional design based on the composition of the substrate was used to determine the best condition to convert this substrate into hydrogen. First results indicated that the consortium used might convert high quantity of lactate into hydrogen. A batch culture confirmed that lactate was used as the main carbon source and a global yield of 0.4molH2·mollactate−1 was obtained. This study demonstrated the ability of the consortium tested to convert different carbon sources (carbohydrates or lactate) with good efficiency. These data represented an important parameter in the prospect of using an industrial substrate whose composition is liable to vary according to the conditions of storage and transport.

Isolation and characterization of a novel strain Clostridium butyricum INET1 for fermentative hydrogen production

A novel hydrogen-producing strain was isolated from gamma irradiated digested sludge and identified as Clostridium butyricum INET1. The fermentative hydrogen production performance of the newly isolated C. butyricum INET1 was characterized. Various carbon sources, including glucose, xylose, sucrose, lactose, starch and glycerol were used as substrate for hydrogen production. The operational conditions, including temperature, initial pH, substrate concentration and inoculation proportion were evaluated for their effects on hydrogen production, and the optimal condition was determined to be 35 °C, initial pH 7.0, 10 g/L glucose and 10% inoculation ratio. Cumulative hydrogen production of 218 mL/100 mL and hydrogen yield of 2.07 mol H2/mol hexose was obtained. The results showed that C. butyricum INET1 is capable of utilizing different substrates (glucose, xylose, sucrose, lactose, starch and glycerol) for efficient hydrogen production, which is a potential candidate for fermentative hydrogen production.

Enhanced hydrogen production and biological saccharification from spent mushroom compost by Clostridium thermocellum 27405 supplemented with recombinant β-glucosidases

Clostridium thermocellum 27405 is a potential consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) strain due to the efficient lignocellulose degradation ability. Here, the spent mushroom substrate (SMS), a lignocellulosic byproduct of agriculture, was used as a substrate for hydrogen production by C. thermocellum. SMS showed a good performance for hydrogen production and the hydrogen production was significantly enhanced by C. thermocellum supplemented with β-glucosidases, with the highest production reaching 56.0 mM, an increase of 37%. Additionally, β-glucosidase and Triton X-100 had a synergistic effect on biological saccharification, resulted in an accumulation of 5.06 g/L reducing sugars, an increase of 28%. However, fusion β-glucosidase showed no improvement on hydrogen production and biological saccharification. The present study demonstrates the different influences of β-glucosidase and fusion β-glucosidase on hydrogen production and biological saccharification in CBP system and provides valuable information on the biodegradation of SMS using C. thermocellum.

Optimization of Factors Affecting Acid Hydrolysis of Water Hyacinth Stem (Eichhornia Crassipes) for Bio-Hydrogen Production

Response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite design (CCD) was applied to optimize hydrolysis conditions of water-hyacinth stem (WHS). Firstly, the effects of reaction time (h), % diluted H2SO4 concentration (v/v) and shaking speed (rpm) for hydrolyze WHS were investigated. The optimum condition for WHS hydrolysis was reaction time of 7.73h, H2SO4 concentration of 1.31% (v/v) and stirring speed of 264.41rpm in which a maximum total sugar of 13g/L was obtained. Secondly, the hydrolysate WHS obtained from the optimum hydrolysis condition was further used as the substrate for hydrogen production by heat-treated anaerobic sludge. Results showed that the maximum HP of 127. 6 mmol H2/L was obtained.

Hydrogen production from switchgrass via an integrated pyrolysis–microbial electrolysis process

A new approach to hydrogen production using an integrated pyrolysis–microbial electrolysis process is described. The aqueous stream generated during pyrolysis of switchgrass was used as a substrate for hydrogen production in a microbial electrolysis cell, achieving a maximum hydrogen production rate of 4.3LH2/L anode-day at a loading of 10g COD/L-anode-day. Hydrogen yields ranged from 50±3.2% to 76±0.5% while anode Coulombic efficiency ranged from 54±6.5% to 96±0.21%, respectively. Significant conversion of furfural, organic acids and phenolic molecules was observed under both batch and continuous conditions. The electrical and overall energy efficiency ranged from 149–175% and 48–63%, respectively. The results demonstrate the potential of the pyrolysis–microbial electrolysis process as a sustainable and efficient route for production of renewable hydrogen with significant implications for hydrocarbon production from biomass.

Effect of organic loading rate on hydrogen production from sugarcane vinasse in thermophilic acidogenic packed bed reactors

This study evaluated the effect of organic loading rate (OLR) on hydrogen production in up-flow anaerobic packed bed reactors (APBR) continuously fed with sugarcane vinasse. Four thermophilic up-flow APBR were operated in parallel at different ORL. Continuous hydrogen production was detected. The optimum OLR of 84.2 kg-COD m−3 d−1 was assessed by polynomial adjustment, which predicted a maximum Volumetric Hydrogen Production (VHP) and hydrogen yield (YH2) of 1117.2 mL-H2 d−1 L−1reactor and 2.4 mol-H2 mol−1total carbohydrates, respectively. The microbial composition was monitored using 16S rRNA gene by Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (T-RFLP) analysis and quantification of Fe-hydrogenase gene by real-time PCR which was affected by the OLR. The number of the Fe-hydrogenase genes was proportional to the monitored hydrogen production and yield. Hydrogen-producing strains were isolated, and the 16S rRNA gene sequences were highly homologous to those of Thermoanaerobacterium thermosaccarolyticum. The ability of vinasse as substrate for hydrogen production was confirmed for both strains.

Optimization of key factors affecting hydrogen production from sugarcane bagasse by a thermophilic anaerobic pure culture.

BackgroundHydrogen is regarded as an attractive future energy carrier for its high energy content and zero CO2 emission. Currently, the majority of hydrogen is generated from fossil fuels. However, from an environmental perspective, sustainable hydrogen production from low-cost lignocellulosic biomass should be considered. Thermophilic hydrogen production is attractive, since it can potentially convert a variety of biomass-based substrates into hydrogen at high yields.ResultsSugarcane bagasse (SCB) was used as the substrate for hydrogen production by Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense SCUT27/Δldh. The key parameters of acid hydrolysis were studied through the response surface methodology. The hydrogen production was maximized under the conditions of 2.3% of H2SO4 for 114.2 min at 115°C. Using these conditions, a best hydrogen yield of 1.86 mol H2/mol total sugar and a hydrogen production rate (HPR) of 0.52 L/L · h were obtained from 2 L SCB hydrolysates in a 5-L fermentor, showing a superior performance to the results reported in the literature. Additionally, no obvious carbon catabolite repression (CCR) was observed during the fermentation using the multi-sugars as substrates.ConclusionsConsidering these advantages and theimpressive HPR, the potential of hydrogen production using T. aotearoense SCUT27/Δldh is intriguing. Thermophilic, anaerobic fermentation using SCB hydrolysates as the medium by this strain would be a practical and eco-friendly process.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13068-014-0119-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM GLYCEROL USING MICROBIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELL

Energy is an important component in the current scenario. Creating new technologies for improving the energy demand and supply balance is important. Microbial electrolysis cell is a developing technology to generate hydrogen which could save on the fossil fuels conventionally used as source of energy. In this study, the possibility was explored to use glycerol which is one of the by products from biodiesel plant as the substrate for hydrogen production. The microbial electrolysis cell consists of stainless steel as cathode and graphite plate as anode. Cationic exchange membrane (CMI 7000) was used for the exchange of hydrogen ions from anode chamber to cathode chamber. External voltage of 0.8 V was supplied to the microbial electrolysis cell using a regulated power supply. Pseudomonas bacteria were added along with the substrate. The hydrogen gas evolved was collected by the downward displacement of water. The gas was sampled and analyzed using gas chromatography. The concentration of hydrogen in the gas was found to be 50.3%.

Use of coffee mucilage as a new substrate for hydrogen production in anaerobic co-digestion with swine manure

Coffee mucilage (CM), a novel substrate produced as waste from agricultural activity in Colombia, the largest fourth coffee producer in the world, was used for hydrogen production. The study evaluated three ratios (C1–3) for co-digestion of CM and swine manure (SM), and an increase in organic load to improve hydrogen production (C4). The hydrogen production was improved by a C/N ratio of 53.4 used in C2 and C4. The average hydrogen production rate in C4 was 7.6NLH2/LCMd, which indicates a high hydrogen potential compare to substrates such as POME and wheat starch. In this condition, the biogas composition was 0.1%, 50.6% and 39.0% of methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen, respectively. The butyric and acetic fermentation pathways were the main routes identified during hydrogen production which kept a Bu/Ac ratio at around 1.0. A direct relationship between coffee mucilage, biogas and cumulative hydrogen volume was established.

Optimization of key factors affecting hydrogen production from sugarcane bagasse by thermophilic anaerobic pure culture

Hydrogen is regarded as an attractive future energy carrier for its high energy content and zero CO2 emission. Currently, the majority of hydrogen is generated from fossil fuels. However, from an environmental perspective, sustainable hydrogen production from low-cost lignocellulosic biomass should be considered. Thermophilic hydrogen production is attractive, since it can potentially convert a variety of biomass-based substrates into hydrogen at high yields. Sugarcane bagasse (SCB) was used as the substrate for hydrogen production by Thermoanaerobacterium aotearoense SCUT27/Δldh. The key parameters of acid hydrolysis were studied through the response surface methodology. The hydrogen production was maximized under the conditions of 2.3% of H2SO4 for 114.2 min at 115°C. Using these conditions, a best hydrogen yield of 1.86 mol H2/mol total sugar and a hydrogen production rate (HPR) of 0.52 L/L · h were obtained from 2 L SCB hydrolysates in a 5-L fermentor, showing a superior performance to the results reported in the literature. Additionally, no obvious carbon catabolite repression (CCR) was observed during the fermentation using the multi-sugars as substrates. Considering these advantages and theimpressive HPR, the potential of hydrogen production using T. aotearoense SCUT27/Δldh is intriguing. Thermophilic, anaerobic fermentation using SCB hydrolysates as the medium by this strain would be a practical and eco-friendly process.