Surface Morphology Of Substrate Research Articles

Substrate and potential-driven surface morphology of bifunctional Ni-Fe electrode for efficient alkaline water electrolysis

Nickel-iron (Ni-Fe) alloy electrodes are synthesized using chronoamperometry. The influence of substrate type (copper, stainless steel, and nickel) and deposition potential on the structural, morphological, and electrocatalytic characteristics are systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed the formation of a face-centered cubic (FCC) Ni-Fe alloy. Electrodeposition at higher potential (−1.45 V) forms well-defined nanoflakes, whereas electrodeposition at lower potential (−1.00 V) results aggregated Ni-Fe particles. The Ni-Fe alloy electrodes having well-defined nanoflakes demonstrated superior electrocatalytic performance, exhibiting a overpotential of −168 mV vs. RHE for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and 236 mV vs. RHE for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), at current density of 10 mA/cm2. The enhanced electrocatalytic activity of the nanoflakes based Ni-Fe alloy is attributed due to their larger catalytic surface area, porous morphology and higher Fe concentration. The Ni-Fe alloy electrodes displayed bifunctional electrocatalytic behavior, making them highly suitable for both HER and OER processes.

High performance composite phosphor-in-glass film for laser-driven warm white light on patterned sapphire substrate

Phosphor-in-glass film (PiF) based on sapphire substrate (SS) is a promising laser-driven color converter. Herein, by using an optimized silicon borate glass component, high-performance Y3Al5O12:Ce3+ PiFs are successfully prepared on both flat sapphire substrate (FSS) and patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) surfaces. Compared with planar structure of FSS, PSS has a periodic arrangement of conical structures on its surface, which effectively increases the contact area between the PiF and the substrate by approximately 56%, thereby forming a more robust film composite structure. The blue laser light is affected by the structure of PSS and produces a typical diffraction effect, which realizes the dispersion of the convergent beam. This significantly expands the laser spot on PSS-PiF and improves the uniformity of light. The saturation power density of PiF-PSS (6.29 W/mm2) is found to be 91% higher than that of PiF-FSS, while maintaining a high luminous efficiency (220 lm/W) and a low correlated color temperature (4500 K). Finally, the thermal quenching mechanism of PiF with different substrate surface morphologies is compared and analyzed. The present results provide important support for designing the interface structure between SSs and PiF to achieve higher efficiency and higher saturation threshold for warm white light.

Effects of different pretreatments on Ti/RuO2-TiO2 anode

In this study, H2C2O4, H2SO4, HNO3, and HCl were used to etch the TA2 titanium matrix at the same concentration and temperature, and the effects of different acid etching methods on the properties of the titanium matrix and Ru-Ti electrode were investigated. The surface morphology of the titanium substrate and anode after acid etching was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while the electrochemical performance of the anode was determined by cyclic voltammetry (CV), linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), and tafel plots. SEM observations showed that H2C2O4 had the best etching effect on the titanium substrate, as the scratches were uniform, and the surface cracks of the prepared anode reached 4–6 μm; Analysis of the CV curves revealed that the Ti/RuO2-TiO2 anode prepared by H2C2O4 etching had the highest surface charge capacity (172 mC) compared to the anodes prepared by other acid etchings, while the LSV curves showed that the Ti/RuO2-TiO2 anode after H2C2O4 etching had the lowest polarization potential (1.232 V). Tafel curve analysis revealed that the corrosion potential of the Ti anode prepared by H2C2O4 etching was 0.203 V, and the self-corrosion current density was −5.11 A cm−2, indicating that the corrosion resistance of the Ti anode prepared by H2C2O4 treatment is the weakest. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis showed that the electrode surface changed from Ru4+ to Ru3+ after corrosion, with the Ti2p spectra showing similar transition from Ti4+ to Ti3+.

Focused ion beam-fabricated nanorod substrate for label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and enabling dual virus detection

The COVID-19 pandemic presents global challenges, notably with co-infections in respiratory tract involving SARS-CoV-2 variants and influenza strains. Detecting multiple viruses simultaneously is crucial for accurate diagnosis, effective tracking infectious sources, and containment of the epidemic. This study uses a label-free surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method using Au NPs/pZrO2 (250) and FIB-made Au NRs (100) to detect dual viruses, including SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant (D) and influenza A (A) or B (B) virus. Results demonstrate distinct peaks facilitating virus differentiation, especially between D and A or B, with clear disparities between substrates; specific peaks at 950 and 1337 cm−1 are pivotal for discerning viruses using Au NPs/pZrO2 (250), while those at 1050, 1394, and 1450 cm−1 and 1033, 1165, 1337, and 1378 cm−1 are key for validation using Au NRs (100). Differences in substrate surface morphology and spatial disposition of accommodating viruses significantly influence hotspot formation and Raman signal amplification efficiency, thereby affecting the ability to distinguish various viruses. Furthermore, both substrates offer insights, even in the presence of oxymetazoline hydrochloride (an interfering substance), with practical implications in viral diagnosis. The customized design and reproducibility underscore efficient Raman signal amplification, even in challenging environments, highlighting potential for widespread virus detection.

Effects of mechanical surface pre-treatment on integrity and corrosion of bare and coated AA6082 substrates

In this study, two classes of surface pre-treatment methods, namely three blast-cleaning methods with different abrasive materials (for initial preparation) and three mechanical methods (for repair applications) were applied to study their effects on surface morphology, composition, and corrosion of AA6082 substrates in artificial seawater. Coating adhesion and coating corrosion protection ability were investigated by applying a single-layer epoxy coating (250 μm dry film thickness) onto the substrates.The mechanical methods delivered cleaner surfaces with more regular surface morphologies, whereas the blast-cleaning methods revealed less clean surfaces and more irregular surface morphologies. The latter methods promoted the detrimental embedment of abrasive particles into the substrates. The corrosion performance of the pre-treated substrates was worse after blast-cleaning compared to mechanical treatments. However, all methods met the adhesion requirements for offshore applications. Regarding coating degradation, only the filiform corrosion test delivered meaningful results, whereas the duration of the cyclic corrosion test (3000 h) was too short to distinguish between the different methods because of neglectable degradation. Mechanical interlocking and isotropic surface morphologies are found to be more important for coating performance than a cleaner surface, and the remains of blasting material were neglectable too.

Research on the removal mechanism and surface damage of laser assisted cutting of CFRP materials

The material removal mechanism of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) in the process of laser assisted cutting (LAC) is still unclear. This study adopts a simulation and experimental methods to reveal the material removal mechanism of CFRP under the thermal-mechanical coupling effect. The cutting force, cutting temperature, and surface morphology are also analyzed through orthogonal cutting experiments. The experimental results show that the cutting force at various angles is significantly reduced due to enhancements in fiber fracture mode and a decrease in material removal volume with the laser assistance. The most substantial reduction, at 75.3 %, is observed in the feed cutting force at a 135° cutting angle. Additionally, the cutting temperature remains steady at approximately 55 °C, with no damage to the substrate in the laser assisted cutting. A three-dimensional finite element model of laser assisted orthogonal cutting was established innovatively by considering the bare fiber leakage to simulate the laser assistance. Based on this model, the fracture evolutionary mechanism of fibers and resins under laser irradiation is characterized. Laser assisted cutting experiments were conducted, and the simulation results were consistent with the experimental cutting force error within 20 %. The substrate damage and surface morphology were consistent with the experimental results. It is found that the bonding effect of the resin is significantly weakened due to being ablated in laser assisted cutting, making the fibers more prone to shear fracture. The proportion of fiber extrusion fracture under 90° cutting angle in laser assisted orthogonal cutting decreases, the crack damage is small and the fracture point of fiber bending is higher than that of conventional cutting. In addition, the effect of the laser on fiber fracture is more significant when the cutting angle is 135°, and it is more helpful for improving the fiber fracture mode with an increasing cutting speed when the cutting angle is 90°.

Growth of tungsten disulfide bilayers featuring Moiré superlattices: A surface energy perspective

The bilayer (BL) transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), with their elevated carrier mobility and narrowed bandgap, are advantageous for future electronic applications in comparison with their monolayer (ML) counterparts. Here, we introduce a facile and efficient approach for the chemical vapor deposition synthesis of BL WS2. The method involves an acetic acid sonication treatment to modify the substrate surface morphology and the surface energy, which regulates the nucleation processes and shapes the growth mode of WS2 crystals. Further modifications to the growth conditions yield high-quality ML and BL WS2 films. A comparative study confirms the superior valley polarization and higher carrier mobility of BL WS2 compared with its ML counterpart. Additionally, a minor twist angle existed between the upper and lower layers, featuring a Moiré superlattice. This work reveals the role of surface morphology and surface energy in the growth of TMDs. Simultaneously, it offers insights into the controlled preparation of vertically stacked homo- and heterojunctions.

Probing atomistic deformation behavior of graphene-coated Al0.3CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy under nanoindentation

This study employs a series of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the atomistic deformation mechanism of graphene (Gr)-coated Al[Formula: see text]CoCrFeNi high-entropy alloy (HEA) during nanoindentation. In the elastic region, both substrates exhibit similar indentation performance. However, at greater indentation depths, the Gr-coated HEA offered higher resistance against indentation, leading to a remarkable 78% increase in hardness compared to pristine HEA. The graphene-coated HEA also shows extended unloading time (52.3[Formula: see text]ps) compared to the pristine HEA (44.7[Formula: see text]ps), indicating improved structural recovery. Importantly, graphene coating raises the critical indentation depth for the emergence of the initial embryonic plastic deformation loop (PDL) from 0.628[Formula: see text]nm in pristine HEA to 0.86[Formula: see text]nm in the Gr-coated HEA, signifying its hindrance to the elastoplastic transition. Gr coating suppresses dislocation nucleation at first, but eventually stimulates dislocation formation at greater depths, resulting in a higher dislocation density in Gr-coated HEA, which contributes to increased material strength. Additionally, the post-indentation surface morphology of the Gr-coated HEA substrate displays reduced pile-up formation due to the restraining action of the Gr coating. The findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the deformation mechanism in the Gr-coated Al[Formula: see text]CoCrFeNi HEA and its potential implications for surface engineering.

Surface preparation of aluminum by atmospheric-pressure plasma jet for suspension plasma sprayed ceramic coatings

Surface preparation is a key step preceding the deposition of suspension plasma spray (SPS) coatings, a type of thermal spray coatings. This work evaluates the effect of surface preparation by atmospheric-pressure plasma jet (APPJ) treatment on the adhesion of SPS-deposited Al2O3 ceramic coatings on aluminum (Al-2024) substrates. For comparison, the substrate surfaces were also prepared by grit-blasting. Surface roughness (R) parameters and surface morphology of both grit-blasted and APPJ-treated substrates were characterized by confocal microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In addition, surface chemistry was evaluated by attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). Based on morphological analyses, the grit-blasted surfaces exhibit typical random peaks and valleys, whereas those subjected to APPJ treatment show self-organized patterns with multilayered and multiscale features. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy analyses also demonstrated a significant difference in surface chemistry for both surface preparation types. After the characterization of both types of prepared substrates, SPS coating was deposited on the substrates under two spray conditions. One spray condition demonstrated poor adherence of the coatings for both types of the prepared substrates; the other spray condition produced coatings with good adherence. The microstructures of the coating were evaluated for both spray conditions. The Adhesion strength of the coating was evaluated for the condition, which produced a coating with good adhesion. ASTM-C-633 pull test protocol was followed for the adhesion evaluation, and the pull test revealed significant adhesion improvements when the surface was prepared by APPJ. Improved adhesion strength was linked to the surface morphology and also to the surface chemistry of the surface prepared by APPJ. In addition, splat morphology was investigated on both grit-blasted and APPJ-treated substrates to correlate the improved adhesion.

Refining the Substrate Surface Morphology for Achieving Efficient Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells

AbstractSignificant advancements in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been driven by the engineering of the interface between perovskite absorbers and charge transport layers. Inverted PSCs offer substantial potential with their high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and enhanced compatibility for tandem solar cell applications. Conventional hole transport materials like poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) and poly(triaryl amine) (PTAA) not only constrain the PSC efficiency but also elevate their fabrication costs. In the case of improving inverted structured PSCs according to the aforementioned concerns, utilizing self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) as hole‐transporting layers has played a crucial role. However, the growth of self‐assembled monolayers on the substrates still limits the performance and reproducibility of inverted structured PSCs. In this study, the authors delve into the growth model of SAMs on different surface morphologies. Moreover, it is found that the plasma treatment can effectively regulate the surface morphologies of substrates and achieve conformal growth of SAMs. This treatment improves the uniformity and suppresses non‐radiative recombination at the interface, which leads to a PCE of 24.5% (stabilized at 23.5%) for inverted structured PSCs.

Comparison of Different Surface Pre-Treatment on Mild Steel for Cobalt-Nickel-Iron Electroplating

Electroplating is extensively practiced in the industry to fabricate corrosion-protective coatings for steel in large-scale production. Mild steel easily rusts at ambient temperature thus surface pre-treatment is mandatory to eliminate rust and superficial scale from the steel. Pre-treatment ensures that the steel surface is free from contaminants, which may interfere with the surface quality of the protective coating. This research is done to investigate the effect of different pre-treatment methods on the surface quality of mild steel rings and cobalt-nickel-iron coated mild steel rings. These surfaces were achieved by polishing the ring and subjected to alkaline degreasing, followed by immersion in sulfuric acid or sodium chloride at 10 vol % concentration and different immersion times (50 s, 55 s, and 60 s). Direct electroplating was applied to fabricate the cobalt-nickel-iron coating. The surface morphology of metal substrate and coating after electroplating were tested by scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive X-Ray (EDS), Vickers hardness, and surface roughness tests. Both types of pre-treatments provided lower surface roughness on the metal substrate and resulted in full coatings without voids formation. The results showed that pre-treatment using sulfuric acid exhibited higher hardness and a smoother coating surface. Agglomerates and cracking were observed on the surface coating treated with sodium chloride.

Molecular dynamics study on friction of high-entropy alloy FeNiCrCoCu

High-entropy alloy (HEA) is composed of five or more metal elements. It has excellent mechanical properties, tribological properties, corrosion resistance, high temperature resistance and other properties. The friction behavior of FeNiCrCoCu High-entropy alloy was studied using molecular dynamics (MD) simulation method at the nanometer level. The influence of friction depth, temperature, sliding speed and cobalt content on the frictional properties of FeNiCrCoCu High-entropy alloy was studied with the help of LAMMPS and OVITO software. The main research results are as follows: (1) The change in friction force will first go through a growth period, and then gradually stabilize. The fluctuation of its value is due to the release of stress energy caused by dislocations and the accumulation of wear debris. (2) As the friction depth increases, the plowing phenomenon and the accumulation of debris become more obvious and plastic deformation increases. (3) Temperature has no significant effect on the magnitude of friction force and the morphology of the alloy substrate surface. (4) There is an insignificant positive correlation between sliding speed and friction force and sliding speed does not have a significant impact on the amount of debris. (5) With the increase of the content of cobalt, the hardness and friction force of FeNiCrCoCu High-entropy alloy increase significantly at 600 K while the amount of wear debris decreases.

Copper corrosion prevention in 3.5% NaCl solution by Spartium junceum petals extract as an eco-friendly bio-inhibitor: kinetic and thermodynamic studies.

During the last decades, numerous studies were performed to introduce green corrosion inhibitors. So, various materials were utilized due to their being bio-degradable, available, and inexpensive. Because of the aforementioned aspects, Spartium Junceum petals extract (SJPE) was used as a new bio-inhibitor for the prevention of copper corrosion in a 3.5 wt% NaCl solution. This extract was obtained in water as a non-toxic solvent. Also, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) confirmed the presence of organic molecules containing O, N, and F heteroatoms in SJPE, which are important for inhibitors. Also, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to identify the functional groups of the inhibitor molecules. Moreover, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic polarization techniques were used which verified the great effect of this procedure to promote resistance corrosion of copper substrate. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) exhibited the surface morphology of copper substrate in the presence of SJPE which demonstrated the improvement of corrosion resistance in comparison to the absence of this bio-inhibitor. It should be noted that by increasing the amount of SJPE, the inhibition efficiency was ameliorated up to 87.8%. Furthermore, variation in temperature magnitude between 298 and 338K implied that SPJE can improve inhibition behavior in higher temperatures. By applying temperature effect study data, the value of activation energy in the presence of the inhibitor was calculated (37.9kJ mol-1), and the adsorption isotherm was Langmuir. Also, these data showed the inhibition mechanism is physical adsorption. The proposed inhibitor can be used as an efficient, eco-friendly, and inexpensive bio-inhibitor for the prevention of copper corrosion.

Modulation of the LaFeO3 film growth by the terrace width of SrTiO3 substrates

We have investigated the growth of polar LaFeO3 thin films on SrTiO3 (001) substrates with various terrace widths by pulsed laser deposition. It is found that the growth of LaFeO3 films undergoes a transition from a two-dimensional (2D) mode to a three-dimensional (3D) mode due to polarity compensation. Notably, however, the critical thickness of the growth mode transition from 2D to 3D can be modulated by the terrace width of the substrate, i.e., when the film is 30 monolayers thick, it becomes 3D growth on the substrates with narrow terrace width (∼100 nm) while it maintains 2D growth on those with wide terrace width (∼400 nm). Combined with dynamic and kinetic models, we have found that the modulation of the critical thickness from 2D to 3D is rationalized as a result of competition between the dynamic process and the kinetic process. These findings highlight the key influence of substrate surface morphology on the epitaxial growth of complex oxide films, shedding light on the construction of multifunctional artificial low-dimensional structures with polar stackings.

Anti-coking performance of Al/Si/Cr/Ce ceramic coating during naphtha steam cracking applied on Cr25Ni35Nb alloy

To reduce the coke formation, a novel Al/Si/Cr/Ce composite ceramic coating was prepared on the surface of the Cr25Ni35Nb alloy substrate by pack cementation. The microstructure, phase composition, surface morphology and element distribution of substrate and coating were characterized by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The results reveal that the outer layer of the coating forms a protective layer with a high proportion of AlN and Cr3Si and trace amounts of Ce. The inter-diffusion layer is mainly aluminide coating (AlNi and AlFe) and transition layer contains a small amount of AlN. The anti-coking performance of the coating was assessed using naphtha steam cracking. To study coking behavior, the morphology and microstructure of the coke layer were analyzed and characterized by SEM and Laser Micro-Raman Spectrometer. The coke layer on uncoated sample has a higher focal density and is more likely to spall and peel off when subjected to coking experiment. A large number of filamentous and granular cokes appear on the surface of the uncoated sample, whereas only less granular cokes appear on the surface of the coated sample, and the coke on the uncoated sample has a more disordered and amorphous carbon structure. The coating significantly inhibited the growth of filamentous coke and reduced coke accumulation.

Study of surface morphology in GaAs by hydrogen and helium implantation at elevated temperature

In this work, the surface morphology and internal defect evolution process of GaAs substrates implanted with light ions of different fluence combinations are studied. The influence of H and He ions implantation on the atomic mechanism of the blister phenomenon observed after annealing is investigated. Raman spectroscopy is used to measure the surface stress change of different samples before and after implantation and annealing. Optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy are used to characterize the morphology changes of the GaAs surface under different annealing conditions. The evolution of bubbles and defects in GaAs crystals is revealed by transmission electron microscopy. Through this study, it is hoped that ion implantation fluence, surface exfoliation efficiency and exfoliation cost can be optimized. At the same time, it also lays a foundation for the heterointegration of GaAs film on Si.

Surface morphology effect on magnetoelectric response in P(VDF-TrFE)/nano-porous Ni binderless laminates

Owing to the widespread use of electronic devices, energy harvesting technologies have attracted enormous attention to fulfill the soaring energy demands. Considering this, a generator based on the magnetoelectric (ME) effect is proposed as a promising energy harvesting device. As one class of ME materials, polymer-based ME laminates consisting of piezoelectric (PE) and magnetostrictive (MS) phases convert magnetic fields to electric voltage by strain transfer between the PE and MS phases. Herein, P(VDF-TrFE)/nano-porous Ni (P/np-Ni) binderless laminates were designed to investigate the ME voltage in polymer-based ME laminates by regulating the surface morphology of MS substrate. To implement a binderless state, nano-porous Ni (np-Ni) substrates were prepared via an electrochemical treatment. The morphology of np-Ni substrates was electrochemically adjusted with different treatment conditions. As a result, from P/np-Ni binderless laminates, an optimal ME coefficient of 8.41 (±1.00) mV/cm•Oe was achieved by a stable physical adhesion between the PE polymer and MS nano-porous structures. Moreover, the different ME voltage tendency according to interfacial morphology in the binderless laminates demonstrates the suitable interface configuration for polymer-based ME laminates as energy harvesting devices.

Effect of basal plane bending on the atomic step morphology of the 4H–SiC substrate surface

The atomic step morphology of the SiC (0001) surface is determined by the crystal structure of SiC and reflects the real crystal morphology of the SiC substrate surface. The atomic step morphology can be used as feedback in final processing of the substrate and can reflect the characteristics and defects of the crystal itself. However, the widths and orientations of the atomic steps in different regions of the same wafer surface are often quite different. In this paper, atomic force microscopy (AFM) was used to systematically study the atomic steps of the 4H–SiC substrate (0001) surface without surface damage. The results show that the distributions of the atomic step morphology on the surfaces of wafers obtained from the same crystal are consistent. Based on a comparison of high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) results, basal plane bending is the fundamental reason for the change in the atomic step morphology in different regions of the substrate. The results of this paper deepen the understanding of the surface morphology of SiC substrates and reveal the two-dimensional distribution of the bending characteristics of the basal plane throughout the entire substrate.

Discrete element analysis for effects of recoating blade and surface morphology of substrate on powder spreading quality

A discrete element method model was established to simulate 316L stainless steel powder spreading process in selective laser melting. The effects of recoating blade speed, assigned gap width and substrate surface morphology on the powder spreading quality was studied. The results showed that lower recoating speed and larger gap width benefited the quality of powder layer. When the angle between the moving direction of recoater and laser scanning direction was greater than 45 °, the density level of the powder layer on the SLM processing surface was higher than that of the flat substrate and more uniform. The quality of the powder layer on the milled surface varied with position obviously, and the maximum density was between the other two types of surfaces, while uniformity of the powder layer was worse than the other two surfaces. This study shows that the quality of powder layer can be controlled by adjusting the setting parameters of the recoater and the surface morphology of the substrate.

Ethanolic Mangifera Indica Leaves Extract as Green Corrosion Inhibitor

Mangifera indica (MI) or mango leaf as a green corrosion inhibitor for copper has been studied. The MI was extracted in ethanol solvent and prepared at different concentrations of 0, 0.4, 0.6 and 0.8 mg/ml in 1 M HCl solutions to imitate the corrosive environment. The as-prepared MI extract analyzed by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer shows a shoulder peak at about 370 nm, resulting from the π → π* and n → π* electronic transition of aromatic C=C and carbonyl (C=O) functional groups. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) found that the MI extract exhibits aromatic C=C, C=O groups of phenolic compounds, C-OH, and C-O stretching vibrations. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and Tafel plot analysis evaluate that the optimum corrosion inhibition of copper was achieved at 0.6 mg/ml concentration. The result is supported by a positive shift in the corrosion potential, Ecorr, lower corrosion current, Icorr and corrosion rate (CR) at -0.233 V, 4.39 µA/cm2 and 0.05 mm/yr, respectively. The surface morphology of the copper substrate after the corrosion test evaluated using metallurgical microscopy shows tremendous corrosion inhibition due to the adsorption of the molecules from the MI extracts.