Substitution Of Soybean Meal Research Articles

Mycotoxin concentration in salt-treated wet brewers’ grains and effects of their substitution for soybean meal and corn silage

Mycotoxin concentration in salt-treated wet brewers’ grains and effects of their substitution for soybean meal and corn silage

Serum Biochemical Profile, Intestinal and Liver Histomorphometry of Captive Broad-Snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris) Fed With a Diet Enriched With Soybean (Glycine max).

The impact of plant-based diets on crocodilians is unclear. Serum profiles and histomorphometry provide valuable insights into their nutritional and physiological status. This study aims to elucidate the impact of three levels of soybean meal substitution combined chicken by-product minced on the growth and health of broad-snouted caiman (Caiman latirostris). The research assesses the effects of diets supplemented with soybean meal on the blood biochemical profile, intestinal histomorphometry, and hepatic parameters of C. latirostris, providing essential information for understanding on the implications of dietary changes in this species. Forty-eight 6-month-old broad-snouted caimans were assigned to three dietary groups (0%, 25%, 40% soybean meal). Over a period of 90 days, data on growth, food consumption, serum biochemical analysis, intestinal and hepatic morphometry were recorded. The results showed that diets containing higher levels of soybean meal did not significantly affect growth, feed intake or serum profiles of total protein, albumin and cholesterol. However, changes in intestinal morphology were observed, with longer and wider villi in the animals feed with diets with soybean meal, indicating a gradual adaptation to new feeding diets. The presence of soybean meal reduced serum glucose and triglyceride profiles and hepatic lipid accumulation without affecting macronutrient digestion and absorption, considered beneficial for the caiman's health. This study provides valuable insights into the inclusion of soybean meal in the diet of Caiman latirostris and its effects on the intestines, liver, and physiology. It also highlights the importance of considering nutritional management as a key tool in improving the well-being and health of crocodilians in captivity.

High dietary Mucuna pruriens utilis seed meal compromises growth performance, carcass traits, haemato-biochemistry, and meat quality of broilers.

Usage of soyabean meal (SBM) in broiler diets is economically and environmentally unsustainable thus necessitating investigation of alternative protein sources. Therefore, this study investigated effects of incremental inclusion levels of Mucuna pruriens utilis seed meal (MSM) for partial substitution of SBM in broiler diets. In a completely randomized design (CRD), 400day-old Ross 308 chicks were allotted to 5 iso-caloric-nitrogenous MSM-containing (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20%) dietary treatments. Each treatment was replicated 8 times, with each pen having 10 birds, during starter (d1 - 14), grower (d15 - 28), and finisher (d29 - 42) phases. Results showed that dietary MSM decreased feed intake (FI: quadratic: P < 0.001), body weight gain (BWG: linear: P < 0.001), and feed conversion efficiency (FCE: linear: P < 0.001) as it linearly decreased slaughter weight (SW: P < 0.001), hot carcass weight (HCW: P < 0.001), cold carcass weight (CCW: P < 0.001), dressing percentage (P < 0.001), and breast weight (P < 0.05). In contrast, dietary MSM linearly increased the weights of the liver (P < 0.01), proventriculus (P < 0.001), gizzard (P < 0.001), duodenum (P = 0.01), jejunum (P < 0.001), ileum (P < 0.001), caecum (P < 0.01), and colon (P < 0.01). Also, dietary MSM quadratically increased blood heterophils (P < 0.05) and alkaline phosphatase activity (P < 0.05) of the chickens whilst linearly increasing their serum amylase (P = 0.001) and lipase (P = 0.001) activities and linearly decreasing their serum symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA: P = 0.001) and cholesterol (P < 0.05). Further, dietary MSM linearly decreased chicken breast meat ultimate pH (P < 0.05) whilst linearly increasing its cooking loss (P < 0.01), drip loss (P < 0.05) and shear force (P < 0.01). In conclusion, dietary MSM compromised growth performance, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of broilers as it increased the weights of their digestive-metabolic organs.

Dietary Lithospermum erythrorhizon ethanol extract alleviates soybean meal-induced enteritis by improving immune tolerance profile of pearl gentian grouper (Epinephelus fuscoguttatus ♀ × E. lanceolatus ♂)

The aquaculture industry has a shortage of objected protection against soybean meal-induced enteritis (SBMIE) in carnivorous fish caused by soybean meal feed. Our initial study discovered that Lithospermum erythrorhizon (LE) ethanol extract has potential application value in improving SBMIE. A feeding trial (for eight weeks) was conducted to investigate LE ethanol extract on pearl gentian grouper SBMIE of protection to clarify the influence of LE ethanol extract on the immune tolerance profile. Three hundred and sixty pearl gentian groupers were administered one of three distinct dietary regimes: 1) 100 % fish meal (FM); 2) soybean meal substitution of 50 % fish meal protein (SBM); 3) SBM diet +0.2 % LE ethanol extract (SBMLE). Each treatment included three 1000 L cisterns—each of cisterns with 30 fish. The preliminary weight of the fish varied between 72.01 g and 72.50 g. Growth performance results showed that WGR and SGR were significantly decreased in the SBM group (P < 0.05), while there was no significant difference between the FM and SBMLE groups. There was no significant difference in survival among the three groups. The results showed that SBM-fed fish exhibited enteritis manifested by mucosal fold shortening, lamina propria widening, decreased serum immune markers (IgM, C3, and C4), and up-regulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (il17 and il12) and immune-related gene (tlr3, and tlr9). The addition of 0.2 % LE ethanol extract to the SBM diet, reversed the above symptoms, and anti-inflammatory cytokine (tgf-β1), gene expression increased significantly (P < 0.05). Intestinal transcriptome analysis exhibited that the DEGs between the FM group and the SBM group were mainly enriched in FoxO signaling pathway, while the DEGs between the SBM group and the SBMLE group were enriched in MAPK signaling pathway and FoxO signaling pathway. The RT-qPCR results also revealed changes in MAPK/FoxO signaling pathway-related genes, including Dusp1, jund, Irs2b, fbxo32, and ccng2. Overall, Lithospermum erythrorhizon ethanol extract may alleviate SBMIE by regulating MAPK/FoxO signaling pathway, which would be beneficial for enhancing the immune tolerance and utilization efficiency of pearl gentian groupers to dietary soybean meal.

Fermented but Not Irradiated Cottonseed Meal Has the Potential to Partially Substitute Soybean Meal in Broiler Chickens.

This study was conducted to investigate and compare the effects of substituting soybean meal (SBM) with untreated cottonseed meal (CSM), fermented CSM (FCSM), or electron beam-irradiated CSM (ICSM) on the growth performance, cecal microbiota, digestive enzyme activity, apparent ileal digestibility (AID), and excreta gas emission of broiler chickens. A total of 384 one-day-old male broiler chickens were randomly assigned to four experimental diets, with eight replicates per diet and 12 birds per replicate, for six weeks. The experimental diets consisted of a control diet based on corn-SBM and three other diets in which 50% of the SBM (control) was substituted with CSM in its raw, irradiated, and fermented forms. The results showed that throughout the entire rearing period, feeding broiler chickens with ICSM significantly increased average daily gain (ADG) and body weight (BW) compared to the CSM diet (p < 0.05). Replacing 50% of SBM with FCSM led to a significant improvement in BW, ADG, and feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared to the CSM and ICSM diets (p < 0.05). Interestingly, no significant differences in BW, ADG, or FCR were observed between birds fed FCSM and those on the control diet (p > 0.05). Birds fed FCSM diets exhibited the lowest pH value in the crop, ileum, and ceca. Substituting SBM with FCSM significantly reduced Escherichia coli and Clostridium spp. counts in the ceca, while enhancing the presence of Lactobacillus spp. (p < 0.05). The AID of protein and ether extract was higher in the FCSM group than in the CSM and ICSM groups (p < 0.05). Compared to the CSM diet, ICSM feeding improved protein digestibility (p < 0.05). Broiler chickens on the FCSM diet exhibited higher intestinal amylase and protease activity than those on the other diets (p < 0.05). Furthermore, feeding diets containing FCSM significantly reduced ammonia emissions compared to the other diets (p < 0.05). Overall, our results indicated that microbial fermentation of CSM is a more effective approach than irradiation for enhancing the nutritional value of CSM. Therefore, FCSM is recommended as a viable alternative protein source that can safely replace up to 50% of SBM in broiler chicken diets, particularly during times of fluctuating SBM prices and availability issues.

The Effects of Replacing Soybean Meal with Chlorella vulgaris in Laying Hen Diets on Performance and Physical Characteristics of Eggs.

Chlorella vulgaris (CV) is a microalga with considerable nutritional value, containing high levels of protein, carotenoids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have the potential to positively influence the productive performance and egg quality of laying hens. CV emerges as a more sustainable ingredient than soybean meal (SBM) as it can be produced locally and with fewer inputs. In this regard, a study was conducted with 48 H&N Brown Nick strain laying hens, at 19 weeks of age, over a period of 16 weeks. The hens were divided into four treatments, with 12 replicates each. The treatments consisted of providing four different diets: a control diet based on corn and SBM without the inclusion of CV, and three other diets with partial substitution of SBM by 2.5, 5, and 10% of CV. The results showed that the inclusion of CV in the diets did not significantly affect feed intake, feed conversion ratio, or egg production (p > 0.05). In addition, moderate CV levels increased egg weight, while higher levels reduced it. Haugh units, yolk index, albumen index, egg surface area, specific density, and translucency were not affected (p > 0.05), while shell index and shell thickness were lower in the groups that received the CV (p < 0.0001). Yolk color improved significantly with increasing CV levels (p < 0.0001), with darker, more intensely colored yolks at higher CV concentrations. The results of this study suggest that the incorporation of CV in the diet of laying hens had a limited impact on performance parameters. In addition, CV supplementation can positively influence egg quality and yolk color, although careful consideration of optimal levels is necessary to avoid negative effects on other parameters.

Amino acid supplementation and substitution of soybean meal in crude protein- and phosphorus-reduced diets for grower-finisher pigs: Effects on performance and modelled environmental impact

Pigs’ N and P excretions are partially lost as NH3 or phosphate, resulting in potential environmental pollution and health risk for humans and animals. A study was conducted to investigate if supplementation of microbial phytase and free amino acids (AA) allows to decrease monocalcium phosphate (MCP) and solvent extracted soybean meal (SBM) in N- and P-reduced diets, and if these feeding strategies decrease environmental impacts while maintaining growth performance and meat quality traits. The impacts on greenhouse gas emissions (global warming, GW) and on acidifying emissions were modelled. Therefore, a total of 192 mixed-sexed pigs (body weight, BW: 32.6 ± 0.3 kg) were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments (4 pens per treatment and 12 pigs per pen, 48 pigs per treatment). Three-phase feed, supplemented with individual AA to maintain appropriate digestible AA to Lys ratios, were fed. The control treatment (CON) was formulated to contain 185 to 150 g kg-1 CP (as-fed). In the ‘low reduction’ treatment (LRT) and the ‘high reduction’ treatment (HRT), SBM and thus CP contents were reduced (LRT: 185 to 123 g kg-1; HRT: 161 to 123 g kg-1; as-fed). In the ‘alternative protein’ treatment (APT), SBM was completely replaced with rapeseed meal and faba beans to achieve CP contents of 169 to 123 g kg-1, close to HRT. Monocalcium phosphate was not supplemented in all treatments after the starter period (60 kg BW). Average daily gain (ADG) and gain to feed-ratio (G:F) did not differ between CON and other treatments during the overall grower-finisher period. Pigs of HRT and APT showed less lean compared to pigs of CON, being correspondent with the reduced loin muscle of those animals (P < 0.05). The meat quality traits did not differ between treatments although SBM per pig was markedly reduced or totally replaced (16, 13, 6.5, and 0 kg SBM per pig in CON, LRT, HRT, and APT, respectively). Nitrogen excretion was reduced (P < 0.05) by 13, 20, and 12% in LRT, HRT, and APT, respectively, compared to pigs fed the CON diet. Phosphorus excretion was reduced by 23, 25, and 5% in LRT, HRT, and APT, respectively, compared to CON. Consequently, the lower N intake reduced acidification and GW impacts by up to 14% and 7%, respectively. Results indicate that CP- and P-reduced diets for grower-finisher pigs are effective in lowering N and P releases into the environment, while growth performance and meat quality traits are maintained.

Nutritional Evaluation of Short-horned Grasshopper (Oxya hyla hyla Serville) as a Substitute for Soybean Meal in Compound Diets of Rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton)

The growth effects of partial substitution of soybean meal for grasshopper meal (Oxya hyla hyla) in compound diets of Rohu fish (Labeo rohita) were evaluated for 75 days at the aquaculture research center in IAAS, Paklihawa Campus with 16 meshed cages of 1 m3 size, stocked with 12 fingerlings. Completely Randomized Design was used with 4 treatments and 4 replications. Treatments included the incremental substitution of Soybean meal (SM) for Grasshopper meal (GM) as 0% GM, 10% GM, 20% GM and 30% GM. Feeding rates were adjusted every month based on observed body weight. Fish parameters were observed at 16, 27, 45, 60 and 75 days after stocking, whereas, the physical water parameters were observed daily. During the study period, the recorded mean water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen and survivorship were 19°C, 8.2, 6.4 mg/L and 64.6% respectively. Average growth rate, relative growth rate, specific growth rate, daily weight gain and protein efficiency ratio showed no significant difference (p&gt;0.05) among the treatments. The Feed Conversion Ratio of 20% GM and 30% GM were statistically similar and superior to 0% GM and 10% GM as well. To sum up, we did not have enough evidence to prove the superiority of grasshopper meal incorporated diet on rohu, perhaps because of a lower feed efficiency.

Effect of A Partial Substitution of Soybean Meal with Guar Meal on Blood Biochemistry Characteristics in Broiler Chickens

Effect of A Partial Substitution of Soybean Meal with Guar Meal on Blood Biochemistry Characteristics in Broiler Chickens

Effect of Soybean Meal Substitution Using Raintree (Samanea saman) Seed Meal on the Physical Quality of Feed and Growth Performance of the Juvenile White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Effect of Soybean Meal Substitution Using Raintree (Samanea saman) Seed Meal on the Physical Quality of Feed and Growth Performance of the Juvenile White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei

Influence of Replacing Soybean Meal with Nigella sativa Seed Meal on Feed Intake, Digestibility, Growth Performance, Blood Metabolites, and Antioxidant Activity of Growing Lambs.

The present experiment aimed to evaluate the partial or complete substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with Nigella sativa seed meal (NSM) on chemical composition, in vitro ruminal fermentation, and the growth performance and economic efficiency of growing lambs. Thirty-two male Ossimi lambs weighing 41 ± 0.4 kg at 195 ± 5 d were divided randomly into four experimental groups of eight lambs each. Lambs were fed four diets containing 40% berseem clover and 60% concentrate feed mixture. Soybean meal was replaced with NSM at 0% (NSM0; control), 50% (NSM50), 75% (NSM75), or 100% (NSM100). The experiment lasted for 105 d, consisting of 15 d for adaptation and 90 days for measurements. Higher concentrations of crude protein (CP) and nonstructural carbohydrates were observed with SBM; however, NSM contained more fibers and gross energy. Moreover, SBM contained higher concentrations of individual amino acids and lower concentrations of polyphenols. The replacement did not affect in vitro gas production and decreased (p < 0.05) methane production and CP degradability. Treatments did not affect feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and diet's nutritive value measured as starch value, total digestible nutrient, digestible energy, and apparent digestible crude protein. The NSM50 and NSM75 treatments increased (p < 0.001) total weight gain and daily gain compared to the control treatment, with lower feed conversion values associated with the NSM75 treatment. Treatments decreased cholesterol (p = 0.028) and high-density lipoprotein (p = 0.029) and increased antioxidant activity. Higher economic efficiencies were observed with the NSM75 followed by NSM50 and then NSM100 treatments. It is concluded that replacing 75% of SBM with NSM enhanced feed conversion and economic efficiency.

Impact of Partial Substitution of Soybean Meal by Cottonseed Meal with Iron Sulfate Supplementation in Nile Tilapia Diet

Aquatic meals participate in food security and nutrition. The economic dimension greatly influences the sustainability of the aquaculture industry. This study aimed to assess the effects of partial substitution of soybean meal (SBM) with cottonseed meal (CSM) supplemented with ferrous sulfate (FS) on the growth performance and health status of Nile tilapia. One hundred and fifty Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) were split equally into five group (triplicated). Each group was fed one of the following isonitrogenous isolipid diet; diet1 (0% CSM), diet2 (20% CSM), Diets3 (20% CSM with 580 mg/kg (FS), diet4 (50% CSM), and diet5 (50% CSM with 580 mg/kg FS) of total protein for two months. In comparison to the control group, Statistically significant (p&lt;0.05) improvements in growth performance, hemogram, and leukogram, as well as, the levels of ALT, AST, urea, creatinine, total protein, MDA, and GSH-px were observed in the third treatment . Histopathologically, it showed the highest values of villus height, width, and surface absorption area with normal architecture and cellular details. On the other hand, fish fed diet4 had the lowest growth rat with microcytic normochromic anemia and decreased villus height and width. The groups that fed CSM showed lower cholesterol levels. In conclusion, CSM inclusion with FS supplementation enhanced growth and health parameters.

Partial substitution of soybean meal with microalgae meal (Arthrospira spp. – Spirulina) in grower and finisher diets for broiler chickens: implications on performance parameters, footpad dermatitis occurrence, breast meat quality traits, amino acid digestibility and plasma metabolomics profile

This trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal with microalgae meal (MM; Arthrospira spp.) during grower and finisher phases on productive performance, footpad dermatitis (FPD) occurrence, breast meat quality, amino acid digestibility and plasma metabolomics profile of broiler chickens. One thousand day-old Ross 308 male chicks were divided into 5 experimental groups (8 replicates, 25 birds/each): CON, fed a commercial soybean-based diet throughout the trial (0-41 d); F3 and F6, fed the CON diet up to 28 d of age and then a finisher diet (29-41 d) with either 30 or 60 g MM/kg, respectively; and GF3 and GF6, receiving CON diet until 14 d and then diets containing 30 or 60 g MM/kg from 15 to 41 d, respectively. All diets were iso-energetic and with a similar amino acid profile. Growth performances were recorded on a pen basis at the end of each feeding phase and apparent ileal amino acid digestibility was determined at 41 d. Footpad dermatitis occurrence was assessed on all processed birds, while breast and plasma samples were collected for meat quality and metabolomics analysis (proton nuclear magnetic resonance - 1H-NMR). At 41 d, CON group showed higher body weight than F6 and GF6 ones (2,541 vs. 2,412 vs. 2,384 g, respectively; P < 0.05). Overall, GF6 group exhibited the highest feed conversion ratio, while F3 did not present significant differences compared to CON (1.785 vs. 1.810 vs. 1.934 g feed/g gain, respectively for CON, F3 and GF6; P < 0.01). The occurrence and the risk of developing FPD were similar among groups. MM administration increased breast meat yellowness and reduced amino acid digestibility (P < 0.001). The 1H-NMR analysis revealed variations in the levels of some circulating metabolites, including histidine, arginine and creatine, which play important metabolic roles. Overall, these findings can contribute to expand the knowledge about the use of Arthrospira spp. as protein source in broiler diets.

Dietary Replacement of Soybean Meal with Zanthoxylum bungeanum Seed Meal on Growth Performance, Blood Parameters, and Nutrient Utilization in Broiler Chickens.

Zanthoxylum bungeanum seed meal (ZBM), a novel plant protein raw material, has shown promising potential in enhancing the growth of broiler chickens as a substitute for soybean meal (SBM) in feed. In the artificial digestive experiment of vitro experiments, the digestibility of ZBM and SBM were assessed using the SDS-III Single Stomach Animal Biometric Digestion System. Subsequently, 180 1-day old AA chicks were divided into three groups for in vivo experiments: corn-soybean-meal-based diet (CON group); ZBM replacing 5% soybean meal in the basal diet (ZBM-1 group); ZBM replacing 10% soybean meal in the basal diet (ZBM-2 group). The experiment period lasted for 42 days. Compared to SBM, ZBM demonstrated higher crude protein content, dry matter digestibility, and extracorporeal digestible protein. Compared with the CON group, the broilers in the ZBM-2 group showed improved ADG and ADFI during the 1-21 d, 22-42 d, and 1-42 d periods (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the ZBM groups exhibited significant increases in slaughter performance compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). The substitution of ZBM for SBM also leads to a significant reduction in serum enzyme indicators (p < 0.05). Additionally, the lipoprotein and total cholesterol of the ZBM groups were significantly lower than those of the CON group (p < 0.05). Substituting SBM with ZBM significantly enhances the activity of superoxide dismutase and the content of immunoglobulin G in broiler serum, while reducing the content of malondildehyde (p < 0.05). The ZBM groups showed significantly higher utilization of dry matter, crude protein, and energy compared with the CON group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the study confirmed that the substitution of SBM with 5-10% ZBM in broiler diets has a significant positive effect on growth, development, antioxidant capacity, immune function, and nutrient utilization. This study not only provides a theoretical foundation for the utilization of ZBM in broiler diets but also offers an effective approach for reducing reliance on soybean meal.

111 Current and future usage of soybean meal in swine diets in China

Abstract The objective of this presentation was to introduce the utilization tendency and research progress of soybean meal (SBM) in swine diets in China. As for the utilization tendency of SBM in China, it not only brings great pressure to the food security of China, but also directly pushes the high production cost of animal products. In 2022, 117 million tons of protein feed was consumed by the animal husbandry in China, accounting for nearly 1/3 of the total protein feed consumption in the world. Thus, the application of low-protein diet has been promoted with the strong support of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs in China since 2018. With the related techniques, including popularizing low protein diet, developing new protein feed resources, promoting precise nutrition, and feeding technology, even though the compound feed output has increased by more than 84 million tons in 2022 in China, the SBM consumption in feed has reduced 6%. Recently, the geopolitical challenges, regional unrest and climate change tendency have increased the great uncertainty of protein feed supply, which requires us to deeply understand the significance of SBM reduction and substitution in animal feed. As for the research progress, the available energy contents of SBM were determined on growing pigs. Barrows [n = 24; initial body weight (BW) = 36 ± 1.4 kg] were randomly allotted to 4 diets containing SBM with either corn basal or corn-soybean meal basal, and total feces and urine collection method and indirect calorimetry method were used to determine the available energy of SBM. The results showed that the average digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), net energy (NE), and retained energy (RE) values in SBM [17.36, 16.52, 10.62, and 5.06 MJ/kg dry matter (DM), respectively] determined using the corn-SBM-basal diet were not different from the those determined using the corn-basal diet. Moreover, the best fitted prediction equations developed based on 22 SBM samples produced from soybeans from China (n = 6), USA (n = 6), Brazil (n = 7) or Argentina (n = 3) were: DE = 38.44 - 0.43 CF - 0.98 GE + 0.11 ADF (R2 = 0.67, P &amp;lt; 0.01) and ME = 2.74 + 0.97 DE - 0.06 CP (R2 = 0.79, P &amp;lt; 0.01). The in vitro digestion kinetics of SBM from different sources showed that the release of amino acids in the 0-10 min time interval was significantly negatively correlated with the NE of SBM (R2 = -0.34).

Isobutyramide and Slow-Release Urea as Substitutes for Soybean Meal in the Finishing Diet of Beef Cattle.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of isobutyramide (IBA) and slow-release urea (SRU) as substitutes for soybean meal (SBM) in the finishing diet of beef cattle. The completely randomized design in vitro experiment with five treatments, i.e., control, 0.9% SRU group, 0.6% SRU + 0.3% IBA group (SRU-I), 0.3% SRU + 0.6% IBA group (IBA-S), 0.9% IBA group was conducted. The results showed that the IBA-S and IBA increased (p ≤ 0.05) substrate disappearance of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), total gas, and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA). The SRU group had the highest (p < 0.01) crude protein disappearance and ammonia nitrogen concentration, but the IBA contrarily decreased (p < 0.01) them compared with the control. Inclusion of IBA increased isobutyrate concentrations (p = 0.01) with the highest value for the IBA group. Then, an 84-day replicate 4 × 4 Latin square design with 8 Angus steers and four treatments, i.e., control, SRU, SRU-I, IBA-S was performed. The results showed that the treatments did not affect DM intake (p > 0.05) but tended (p = 0.09) to increase average daily gain. The inclusion of IBA increased (p < 0.05) the apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter, NDF, ADF, TVFA, and microbial crude protein with the highest values for the IBA-S group. The IBA-contained groups also increased (p ≤ 0.01) isobutyrate concentration, activities of carboxymethyl cellulase and xylanase, and the relative abundance of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens with the highest values for the IBA-S group. The SRU had no effect on animal growth and nutrient apparent digestibility. In conclusion, IBA was developed as a new substitute for SBM in the finishing diet of beef cattle, and the optimal strategy was the isonitrogenous substitution of SBM with 0.3% SRU and 0.6% IBA of the diet.

Effect of different doses of camelina cake inclusion as a substitute of dietary soyabean meal on growth performance and gut health of weaned pigs.

Camelina cake (CAM) is a co-product proposed as an alternative protein source; however, piglet data are still limited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different doses of CAM in substitution of soyabean meal on the growth, health and gut health of weaned pigs. At 14 d post-weaning (d0), sixty-four piglets were assigned either to a standard diet or to a diet with 4 %, 8 % or 12 % of CAM. Piglets were weighed weekly. At d7 and d28, faeces were collected for microbiota and polyamine and blood for reactive oxygen metabolites (ROM) and thyroxine analysis. At d28, pigs were slaughtered, organs were weighed, pH was recorded on gut, colon was analysed for volatile fatty acids (VFA) and jejunum was used for morphological and gene expression analysis. Data analysis was carried out using a mixed model including diet, pen and litter as factors; linear and quadratic contrasts were tested. CAM linearly reduced the average daily gain from d0-d7, d0-d14, d0-d21 and d0-d28 (P ≤ 0·01). From d0-d7 increasing CAM linearly decreased feed intake (P = 0·04) and increased linearly the feed to gain (P = 0·004). CAM increased linearly the liver weight (P < 0·0001) and affected the cadaverine (P < 0·001). The diet did not affect the ROM, thyroxine, intestinal pH, VFA and morphology. All doses of CAM increased the α diversity indices at d28 (P < 0·05). CAM at 4 % promoted the abundance of Butyricicoccaceae_UCG-008. Feeding with CAM enhanced resilience in the gut microbiome and can be evaluated as a potential alternative protein source with dose-dependent limitations on piglet growth performance.

Response of broiler chickens to raw, heat-treated and heat-treated dehulled sweet lupin seed (Lupins angustifolius) meals on feed intake, growth and carcass performances

The experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the partial substitution of soybean meal with raw and processed lupin seed (Lupinus angustifolius) meals on growth and carcass performances of Cobb 500 broiler chickens. Two hundred unsexed day-old chicks with similar body weight were randomly assigned to four treatment diets in completely randomized design with 5 replicates. The four dietary treatments diets were 0 % lupin seed meal (T1), 15 % raw lupin seed meal (RLS, T2), 15 % heat-treated dehulled lupin seed meal (HDLS, T3) and 15 % heat-treated lupin seed meal (HLS, T4). The CP content of RLS, HDLS, and HLS were 33.5, 37.1, and 35.4 %, respectively. The highest total and daily feed intake was observed in chickens reared in control diet (T1) while the lowest from T2 and T4 diets and differed (p&lt;0.05) with the T1 diet. However, no significance effect was observed in feed conversion ratio among the treatment diets. Chickens fed with T1 diet had higher (p&lt;0.05) final body weight, total and daily weight gains than those reared in T2 and T4 diets while these values were comparable to those fed on T3 diet. Similarly, higher (p&lt;0.05) values were observed for slaughter weight, dressed carcass weight, drumsticks, keel bone meat, wings, neck and back and thorax in chickens fed with T1 diet than those of T2 and T4 diets; but these values did not differ with chickens fed on the T3 diet. The gizzard weight was similar between chickens fed with T1 and T3 diets while those on T2 and T4 diets had lower (p&lt;0.05) values than those of T1 diet. The highest liver weight was observed in T1 diet while the lowest in T2 and differed (p&lt;0.05). In conclusion it would be economically beneficial to replace 15 % of the soybean meal with heat-treated dehulled blue lupin seed meal in broilers ration under tropical environment

Enzymolytic soybean meal-impact on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidative capacity, and intestinal health of weaned piglets.

Enzymolytic soybean meal (ESBM) enriches free amino acids and small peptides, while mitigating anti-nutritional factors. Substituting soybean meal with ESBM enhances animal performance, though optimal piglet dietary supplementation levels vary. The present study aimed to assess the impact of ESBM on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, antioxidative capacity and intestinal health of weaned piglets. A total of 120 piglets (initial body weight, 7.0 ± 0.4 kg) were randomly allocated into 4 dietary groups, each comprising 5 replicates with 6 piglets per replicate. The control group received the basal diet, while the experimental groups were fed diets containing 2, 4% or 8% ESBM as a replacement for soybean meal over 28 days. Compared with the control group, piglets supplemented with 4% ESBM exhibited a significant increase (p < 0.05) in average daily gain and the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, ether extract and gross energy (p < 0.05), alongside a notable decrease (p < 0.05) in diarrhea incidence. Fed ESBM linearly increased (p < 0.05) the villus height in the ileum of piglets. The levels of superoxide dismutase and total antioxidant capacity in serum of piglets increased (p < 0.05) in the 2 and 4% ESBM groups, while diamine oxidase content decreased (p < 0.05) in the 4 and 8% ESBM group. ESBM inclusion also upregulated (p < 0.05) the expression of superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD-1), Catalase (CAT) and claudin-1 mRNA. In terms of cecal fermentation characteristics, ESBM supplementation resulted in a increase (p < 0.05) in valerate content and a linear rise (p < 0.05) in propionate, butyrate, and total short-chain fatty acids levels, accompanied by a decrease (p < 0.05) in the concentrations of tryptamine and NH3 in cecal digesta. ESBM had no discernible effect on cecal microbial composition. In summary, substitution of soybean meal with ESBM effectively improved the growth performance of piglets by enhancing nutrient digestibility, antioxidant capacity, intestinal barrier and cecal microbial fermentation characteristics, with the optimal replacement level identified at 4%.

Dynamic effects of black soldier fly larvae meal on the cecal bacterial microbiota and prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistant determinants in broiler chickens

BackgroundWe had earlier described the growth-promoting and -depressive effects of replacing soybean meal (SBM) with low (12.5% and 25%) and high (50% and 100%) inclusion levels of black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM), respectively, in Ross x Ross 708 broiler chicken diets. Herein, using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, we investigated the effects of replacing SBM with increasing inclusion levels (0-100%) of BSFLM in broiler diets on the cecal bacterial community composition at each growth phase compared to broilers fed a basal corn-SBM diet with or without the in-feed antibiotic, bacitracin methylene disalicylate (BMD). We also evaluated the impact of low (12.5% and 25%) inclusion levels of BSFLM (LIL-BSFLM) on the prevalence of selected antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) in litter and cecal samples from 35-day-old birds.ResultsCompared to a conventional SBM-based broiler chicken diet, high (50 to100%) inclusion levels of BSFLM (HIL-BSFLM) significantly altered the cecal bacterial composition and structure, whereas LIL-BSFLM had a minimal effect. Differential abundance analysis further revealed that the ceca of birds fed 100% BSFLM consistently harbored a ~ 3 log-fold higher abundance of Romboutsia and a ~ 2 log-fold lower abundance of Shuttleworthia relative to those fed a BMD-supplemented control diet at all growth phases. Transient changes in the abundance of several potentially significant bacterial genera, primarily belonging to the class Clostridia, were also observed for birds fed HIL-BSFLM. At the finisher phase, Enterococci bacteria were enriched in the ceca of chickens raised without antibiotic, regardless of the level of dietary BSFLM. Additionally, bacitracin (bcrR) and macrolide (ermB) resistance genes were found to be less abundant in the ceca of chickens fed antibiotic-free diets, including either a corn-SBM or LIL-BSFLM diet.ConclusionsChickens fed a HIL-BSFLM presented with an imbalanced gut bacterial microbiota profile, which may be linked to the previously reported growth-depressing effects of a BSFLM diet. In contrast, LIL-BSFLM had a minimal effect on the composition of the cecal bacterial microbiota and did not enrich for selected ARGs. Thus, substitution of SBM with low levels of BSFLM in broiler diets could be a promising alternative to the antibiotic growth promoter, BMD, with the added-value of not enriching for bacitracin- and macrolide-associated ARGs.