Fe Substitution Research Articles

Efficient photodegradation of acid orange 7 in water using a facile ultrasound-assisted microwave-combustion synthesized Ag-ZnAl2-xFexO4 solid-solution photocatalyst

This study explores the development of Ag-ZnAl2-xFexO4 solid-solution photocatalysts for Acid Orange 7 (AO7) degradation under visible light irradiation. The microwave auto-combustion method was employed to synthesize these photocatalysts, allowing for the investigation of the influence of Fe substitution (x) on their properties and performance. Characterization techniques revealed a trade-off between Fe content, surface area, pore size, and light absorption capacity. The Ag-ZnAlFeO4 variant achieved an optimal balance, demonstrating exceptional photocatalytic activity for AO7 degradation. This optimized photocatalyst achieved a removal efficiency of 99.3 % under neutral pH conditions, highlighting its effectiveness and potential for practical applications. Interestingly, the mineralization efficiency of AO7 reached 85.2 % after 160 minutes of reaction time. Kinetic studies supported the superior performance of Ag-ZnAlFeO4, attributing its success to its favorable morphology, high surface area, strong light absorption, and minimal electron-hole pair recombination. The proposed degradation mechanism involves light absorption, generation of electron-hole pairs, and their subsequent reactions with water and oxygen molecules to degrade AO7. This work establishes Ag-ZnAl2-xFexO4, particularly Ag-ZnAlFeO4, as a promising visible-light photocatalyst for the efficient degradation of organic pollutants.

ACuGa6S10 (A = Rb, Cs): Design and Synthesis of Two New Cavity-Chalcopyrite Chalcogenides Based on "Iterative Substitution" Strategy.

Two new non-centrosymmetric chalcogenides, ACuGa6S10 (A = Rb, Cs) have been successfully synthesized by an "iterative substitution" strategy based on chalcopyrite CuFeS2 structural template. Benefiting from the substitution of Fe3+ cations by Ga3+ cations, ACuGa6S10 (A = Rb, Cs) exhibit wide suitable band gap of 2.48 and 2.40 eV, respectively, which is about five times higher than their structure template CuFeS2, and the large second harmonic generation response (1.5 and 1.8 × AgGaS2). Combining theoretical calculation and structural analysis confirm that the [GaS4] tetrahedra make the main contribution on their good liner and nonlinear optical (NLO) performances. The "iterative substitution" strategy expands the design idea of materials and can lead to the discovery of a large number of IR NLO compounds.

Elucidating the Impact of Mn-Fe Substitution on The Crystal Structure of LiMn(x)Fe(1-x)PO4 Solid Solutions: A Theoretical Study

Abstract This study generated crystallography information files (CIF) to synthesize LiMn(x)Fe(1-x)PO4 solid solutions, with the Mn to Fe substitution ratio (x) ranging from 0 to 1 in 0.1 increments, guided by Vegard’s law, utilizing crystallography software. The investigation focused on how this substitution influences key structural parameters and properties within the Mn-Fe Olivine system. Specifically, it examined variations in lattice parameters, unit cell volume, cell density, and Theoretical capacity attributable to the substitution factor. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, predicted using mathematical models through the same software, provided insights into structural changes. Notably, the XRD analysis revealed a progressive shift in peak positions and an increase in peak intensities corresponding to the substitution level. These observations were linked to the altered lattice parameters resulting from the introduction of ions with varying ionic radii, and an enhanced electron density stemming from the increased presence of Fe. This comprehensive analysis underscores the significant impact of Mn-Fe replacement on the microstructural characteristics and electron density of the olivine system, offering valuable insights into material design and optimization in the context of energy storage materials.

Gallium: a decisive "Trojan Horse" against microorganisms.

Controlling multidrug-resistant microorganisms (MRM) has a long history with the extensive and inappropriate use of antibiotics. At the cost of these drugs being scarce, new possibilities have to be explored to inhibit the growth of microorganisms. Thus, metallic compounds have shown to be promising as a viable alternative to contain pathogens resistant to conventional antimicrobials. Gallium (Ga3+) can be highlighted, which is an antimicrobial agent capable of disrupting the essential activities of microorganisms, such as metabolism, cellular respiration and DNA synthesis. It was observed that this occurs due to the similar properties between Ga3+ and iron (Fe3+), which is a fundamental ion for the correct functioning of bacterial activities. The mimetic effect performed by Ga3+ prevents iron transporters from distinguishing both ions and results in the substitution of Fe3+ for Ga3+ and in adverse metabolic disturbances in rapidly growing cells. This review focuses on analyzing the development of research involving Ga3+, elucidating the intracellular incorporation of the "Trojan Horse", summarizing the mechanism of interaction between gallium and iron and comparing the most recent and broad-spectrum studies using gallium-based compounds with antimicrobial scope.

Study on the nanocomposites of polyaniline and Zn doped Fe3O4 using for arsenic absorption in water

The polyaniline/Fe2.9Zn0.1O4 (PANI/Fe2.9Zn0.1O4) nanoparticles with different mass ratios were synthesized by both co-precipitation and in situ polymerization methods. The FT-IR spectra and DTA analyses showed the involvement of PANI in the nanocomposite samples. The grain size of samples measured by SEM ranges from 25 to 40 nm. The magnetization of samples at 300 K, H = 11000 Oe decreased from 65 to 43 emu g−1 as PANI/Fe2.9Zn0.1O4 mass ratio increased from 9% to 40%. At pH 7 and 300 K, the maximum arsenic (III) adsorption capacities of sample S1 (mass ratio of 9%) qmax = 43.48 mg g−1 was higher than that of others and Fe3O4. Additionally, the substitution of Fe2+ ions by Zn2+ ions and the presence of PANI in samples contributed to improving the magnetic and chemical stability of samples over time. Furthermore, these materials could be reused after desorption in a solution at pH 14.

Tailoring monoclinic Na3V2(PO4)3-based cathode via bimetallic substitution for high-energy and long-lifespan Na-ion batteries

Na3V2(PO4)3 is a promising cathode for Na-ion batteries (NIBs) owing to the high electrochemical reversibility. The Na3V2(PO4)3 has two typical polymorphs including rhombohedral and monoclinic phases; the former has been extensively studied, whereas the latter is rarely reported. Here, we successfully designed monoclinic Na3V2(PO4)-based cathode via Ga and Fe substitutions owing to the lowered lattice energy. In addition, we revealed that Ga substitution improves average voltage owing to the activation of the V4+/V5+ redox couple and the Fe substitution enhances rate capability due to the decreased band gap and Na-ion diffusion activation energy. As a result, the designed monoclinic Na3V1.6Ga0.2Fe0.2(PO4)3 cathode exhibits high voltage plateaus (3.4 V and 4 V) and high-rate capability (from 116.8 mA h/g at 0.2 C to 103 mA h/g at 20 C) as well as superior cycling stability (99.9% capacity retention over 4,500 cycles at 5 C). Moreover, the assembled Na3V1.6Ga0.2Fe0.2(PO4)3//hard carbon full cell delivers a high-energy density of 313.8 Wh/kg with 86.4% capacity retention after 100 cycles at 1 C. This work demonstrates the design of monoclinic Na3V2(PO4)3-based cathode via bimetallic substitution, providing a new route for development of high-energy and long-lifespan NIBs.

Defect engineering synergistically boosts the catalytic activity of Fe-MoOv for highly efficient breast mesh antitumor therapy

The demand for breast mesh with antitumor properties is critical in post-mastectomy breast reconstruction to prevent local tumor recurrence. Molybdenum-based oxide (MoOx) exhibits enzyme-like activities by catalyzing endogenous hydrogen peroxide to produce reactive oxygen species for inducing tumor cell apoptosis. However, its catalytic activity is limited by insufficient active sites. Herein, a defect engineering strategy is proposed to create redox nanozymes with multiple enzymatic activities by incorporating Fe into MoOx (Fe-MoOv). Fe-MoOv is subsequently integrated into polycaprolactone (PCL) to fabricate breast meshes for establishing an enzyme-catalyzed antitumor platform. The doping of Fe into MoOx formed numerous defect sites, including oxygen vacancies (OV) and Fe substitution sites, synergistically boosting the binding capacity and catalytic activity of Fe-MoOv. Density functional theory calculations demonstrated that the outstanding peroxidase-like catalytic activity of Fe-MoOv resulted from the synergy between OV and Fe sites. Additionally, OV contributes to the localized surface plasmon resonance effect, enhancing the photothermal capability of the PCL/Fe-MoOv mesh. Upon near-infrared laser exposure, the catalytic activity of the PCL/Fe-MoOv mesh is further improved, leading to increased generation of reactive oxygen species and enhanced antitumor efficacy, achieving 86.7% tumor cell mortality, a 264% enhancement compared to the PCL/MoOx mesh.

Electrical transport characteristics of rare earth ions (Er³⁺, Sm³⁺) exchanged cobalt-manganese ferrite using impedance spectroscopy

This study presents findings on the AC impedance characteristics of rare earth-doped Co0.5Mn0.5RExFe2-xO4 ferrites (where RE = Er and Sm, and 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.1), synthesized utilizing the citrate auto-combustion process. Employing impedance spectroscopy at frequencies ranging from (100 −1 MHz) and temperatures between 30°C and 120°C, we distinguished the impact of grains (Gs) and grain boundaries (GBs) in these compositions. The Jonscher power law was applied to characterize the AC conductivity results. The dielectric constant έ and dielectric loss ε” decline as the frequency rises and reach a stable state at higher frequencies, indicating the characteristic dielectric dispersion. This phenomenon manifests the Maxwell-Wagner polarization, as described by Koop's hypothesis. The modified Debye formula provides a good match for the frequency-dependent dielectric permittivity fluctuation. The Cole-Cole plots revealed a single semicircle for the unaltered sample and lower Er³⁺ concentrations (up to x=0.02), but two semicircles appeared at higher Er³⁺ concentrations and in the Sm³⁺ doped samples. The G and GB resistances increased with higher concentrations of Er³⁺/ Sm³⁺ but showed a decrease at x=0.1 in Sm³⁺-doped samples. The data examination designates that the resistive and capacitive possessions are predominantly affected by G and GB processes. A relaxation phenomenon in the existing samples is shown by the frequency-dependent of the imaginary portion of impedance (Z"). Remarkably, the relaxation time (τz) showed linear temperature dependence. Additionally, studies of the electrical modulus (M’ and M”) highlighted non-Debye sort dielectric relaxation in all compositions, with peaks in the imaginary modulus indicating a shift in charge carrier mobility from long-range toward short-range. The investigation focused on the non-Debye relaxation, which was analyzed by determining the stretching exponential parameter (β). This factor was obtained by fitting the modified Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) formula to the graph of the imaginary electric modulus. The substitution of Fe3+ by Er3+ and Sm3+ ions substantially enhanced the dielectric properties, particularly Co-Mn-Sm ferrite series, suggesting their potential use in high-frequency devices.

Isovalent Co-Substitution of Iron and Titanium into Single-Crystal NMC622

Substitutional Li[Ni0.6Mn0.2Co0.2]O2 oxides (known as NMC622) were made by all-dry synthesis with Fe and Ti substituting Co and Mn, respectively. The substitutions were performed in three series, Fe substitution for Co, Ti substitution for Mn, and Fe and Ti co-substitution for Co and Mn, according to the formula Li(Ni0.6Mn0.2−y Co0.2−x Fe x Ti y )O2. The resulting oxides were evaluated as cathode materials for Li-ion batteries. Fe-substitution for Co resulted in increased intersite mixing, resulting in increased polarization and capacity fade. Ti-substitution for Mn also resulted in increased intersite mixing, but the mixing was due to Ti3+ in the Li-layer. As a result, Ti-substituted NMCs had improved capacity retention and reduced polarization. These effects were independent of each other, so that Ti could partially offset the negative aspects of Fe-substitution. Additionally, layered Mn-free Li(Ni0.6Ti0.2Co0.2)O2 (NTC622) was produced as an endmember of this series for the first time with low intersite mixing and superior electrochemical performance in comparison to previous reports. These results demonstrate benefits of all-dry Ti-substitution in NMC and the all-dry synthesis method as an avenue towards new cathode composition discovery.

Exploring the structural, magnetic, and dielectric properties of Fe and Y substituted NiCr2O4

This paper presents the successful single phase synthesis of NiCr2O4 and NiFe0.50Cr1.50-xYxO4 (x = 0 – 0.08) compounds followed by an investigation into their structural, magnetic and dielectric properties. The structural analysis confirms tetragonal structure for NiCr2O4 while a partially inverse cubic spinel structure for Fe and Y substituted samples (x = 0 – 0.08). Fe substitution (x = 0) induces a shift in room temperature hysteresis loop behaviour from paramagnetic to ferrimagnetic, suggesting enhanced superexchange interactions and a significant rise in magnetic transition temperature beyond room temperature. However, it is found that further inclusion of Y (x = 0.04 – 0.08) leads to a slight weakening of superexchange interactions. The saturation magnetization increases with Y substitution, while coercivity and magnetocrystalline anisotropy follows a decreasing trend. The complex impedance studies unveil a relaxation phenomenon and the dielectric constant is found to increase with the substitution of Fe and Y. Analysis of temperature dependent ac conductivity data and the frequency exponent profile suggests small polaron hopping as the predominant transport mechanism up to 380 K in NiCr2O4 and x = 0 samples, shifting to large polaron hopping beyond this temperature. In samples with x =0.04 and 0.06 the transport mechanism is found to follow the small polaron tunneling model. However, in the x = 0.08 sample, large polaron tunneling becomes predominant beyond 365 K.

Comparative study on the magnetic properties of Fe-substituted Co2Sn1−x Fe x O4 spinel oxides and its exchange bias effect

Herein, we report the Fe-substituted Co2Sn1−x Fe x O4 (0 ⩽ x ⩽ 0.4) inverse spinel’s oxide using the solid-state reaction method. X-ray reveals the single-phase cubic structure with space group Fd3m. With increasing Fe in Co2Sn1−x Fe x O4 spinel oxide, the transition temperature rise. The ac susceptibility at different frequencies also confirms a spin-glassy state at lower temperatures. The strong exchange bias effect appears in the sample having Fe substitution (x = 0.2) under the presence of constant temperature ∼10 K. The high-temperature susceptibility of Curie-Wise fitting shows that the system changes from antiferromagnetic exchange (x < 0.2) to ferromagnetic exchange (x > 0.2).

Effects of Fe substitution for Mn on structural, magnetic and magnetocaloric properties of TbMn2-xFexSi2

The structural and magnetic properties of TbMn2-xFexSi2 compounds (x = 0.0–0.4) have been investigated in details by high-resolution synchrotron x-ray and neutron powder diffraction, specific heat, and dc magnetization measurements. The replacement of Fe for Mn in TbMn2-xFexSi2 does not change the crystal structure but leads to a significant contraction of the unit cell (dV/dx ∼ - 6 Å3) and modification of three magnetic phase transition temperatures – the Curie temperatures Tc1, Tc2 and the Néel temperature TN. For example, the Tc1, Tc2 and TN values of TbMn2Si2 decrease from Tc1 = 50 K, Tc2 = 64 K and TN = 500 K to Tc1 = 27 K, Tc2 = 37 K and TN = 440 K for TbMn1.6Fe0.4Si2. Detailed neutron diffraction investigations have allowed us to determine the magnetic structures and construct the magnetic phase diagram as well as confirm the presence of magnetoelastic coupling effects. The significantly different responses of Tc1 and Tc2 to applied magnetic fields (e.g. dTc1/dB = 0.52 K/T and dTc2/dB = 4.7 K/T for TbMn1.6Fe0.4Si2), leads to expansion of the temperature region (ΔT = Tc2- Tc1) for the canted ferromagnetic state Fmc-ii between Tc1 and Tc2. In the case of TbMn1.6Fe0.4Si2, ΔT increases from ΔT = 9 K for applied magnetic field B = 0.2 T to ΔT = 36 K for B = 6 T, resulting in plateau-like behaviour of magnetic entropy change and enhances the relative cooling power (RCP) in this system. Under a change of magnetic field of 0 T – 5 T, the maximum value of the magnetic entropy changes -ΔSmax and adiabatic temperature change, ΔTad are derived to be -ΔSmax = 13.1 J/kg K and ΔTad = 8.4 K with the RCP = 411 J/kg for x=0.4 sample. The plateau-like magnetocaloric effect and relatively large RCP make these materials potentially suitable for application in cryogenic magnetic refrigeration.

Influence of local defects in the generation of memory effect in Dy2Ti2O7 compound: Fe-doped study

The study of defect-induced effects in functional materials is high-priority research for the miniaturization of smart devices. To elucidate the influence of local defects stemming from intrinsic or extrinsic factors on the enigmatic behavior of cooperative spin dynamics, we investigated the Dy2-xFexTi2O7 compound within a narrow Fe substitution range (x = 0–0.15). Our experimental findings unequivocally demonstrate that the dynamic response of cooperative spins and the emergence of anomalous memory effect are intricately linked to local defects. Depending on the nature and dynamics of these defects, the dynamic response of cooperative spins undergoes alteration. Notably, observed anomalous effect becomes more pronounced in scenarios characterized by slower defect dynamics and when cooperative spins are further from equilibrium. The emergence and sensitivity of thermomagnetic hysteresis (memory effect) to cooperative spin dynamics and external stimuli underscore the richness of Dy2Ti2O7 as a material for captivating physics investigations.

Influence of Fe(II), Fe(III), and Al(III) isomorphic substitutions on acid-base properties of edge surfaces of cis-vacant montmorillonite: Insights from first-principles molecular dynamics simulations and surface complexation modeling

Abstract Knowing the influence of isomorphic substitutions on the acid-base properties of smectite edge surfaces is an important aspect of the detailed understanding of clay minerals’ interfacial properties with implications in the modeling of adsorption processes. We investigated the intrinsic acidity constants of Fe(II)/Fe(III) and Al(III) substituted edge surface sites of montmorillonite with a cis-vacant structure, which includes four crystallographic orientations perpendicular to [010], [010], [110], and [110], using the first-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) based vertical energy gap method. Fe(II) and Fe(III) substitutions resulted, respectively, in a significant increase and decrease in pKa values of amphoteric groups directly associated with Fe octahedra. In addition, Fe(II) substitution increased the pKa values of the neighboring silanol sites, while Fe(III) substitution had a weak influence on these sites. The Al-substituted tetrahedra had amphoteric sites with higher pKa values than the non-substituted Si tetrahedra, and they increased significantly the pKa values of the sites bridging the tetrahedral and octahedral sheets on surfaces perpendicular to [010] and [110]. The acid-base properties of substituted and non-substituted surface sites of cis-vacant montmorillonite were used to build a state-of-the-art surface complexation model, which successfully reproduced the best available experimental acid-base titration data. This model was further used to predict acid-base properties of dioctahedral smectites (montmorillonite, beidellite, and nontronite) according to their cis- or trans-vacant structures and their layer chemistry. According to these predictions, these smectites exhibit very similar overall pH buffering properties despite significant differences in structure and chemistry. A detailed analysis of the acid-base properties as a function of crystallographic directions demonstrated, however, that these differences should have a large influence on the adsorption of ionic species.

Synergistically improving the performance of spinel cathode for efficient oxygen reduction electrocatalyst

Optimizing the performance of ceramic fuel cells requires the creation of effective and inexpensive electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction process. Here, we detail a plan for converting the inert spinel CoAl2O4 into a highly active and superior material for low-temperature ceramic fuel cells through Fe substitution. It turns out that the iron substitution aids in surface reconstruction, increasing oxidation-reduction reaction (ORR) activity. In addition, the reduction in energy bandgap due to Fe doping enhance the Cathode ORR performance, which may be triggered by the ions' kinetics at the surface and interface. The surface layer and Fe doping considerably aid the oxidation-reduction reaction, which creates more oxygen vacancies at the active oxygen site. The prepared materials exhibit enhanced fuel cell performance of 542 mW/cm2 at a temperature of 520 °C. Remarkably, the prepared cathode exhibits a commendable performance of 200 mW/cm2 at a temperature of 420 °C.Furthermore, the CoFe1Al1O4 cell exhibits a decreased Rp (polarization resistance) value of 0.6423 ohm-cm2 at a temperature of 520 °C, demonstrating rapid ORR kinetics. The distribution relaxation time (DRT) shows that the Cathode oxidation-reduction reaction (ORR) activity increased with Fe doping. We present a promising method for improving the oxidation-reduction reaction efficiency of low-temperature ceramic fuel cells.

Exploring Methane Storage Capacities of M2(BDC)2(DABCO) Sorbents: A Multiscale Computational Study

A promising solution for efficient methane (CH4) storage and transport is a metal–organic framework (MOF)-based sorbent. Hence, searching for potential MOFs like M2(BDC)2(DABCO) to enhance the CH4 storage capacity in both gravimetric and volumetric uptakes is essential. Herein, we systematically elucidate the adsorption of CH4 in M2(BDC)2(DABCO) or M(DABCO) (M = Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn) MOFs using multiscale simulations that combined grand canonical Monte Carlo simulation with van der Waals density functional (vdW-DF) calculation. We find that, in the M(DABCO) series, Mg(DABCO) has the highest total CH4 adsorption capacities, with mtot= 231.39 mg/g at 298 K, for gravimetric uptake, and Vtot= 231.43 cc(STP)/cc, for volumetric uptake. The effects of temperature, pressure, and metal substitution on enhancing CH4 storage are evaluated, and we predict that the volumetric CH4 storage capacity on M(DABCO) could meet the DOE target at temperatures of ca. 238 K–268 K and pressures of 35–100 bar. The interactions between CH4 and M(DABCO) are dominated by the vdW interactions, as shown by the vdW-DF calculations. The Mg, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni substitutions in M(DABCO) result in a stronger interaction and thus, a higher CH4 storage capacity, at higher pressures for Mg, Mn, Ni, and Co and at lower pressures for Fe. This work may provide guidance for the rational design of CH4 storage in M2(BDC)2(DABCO) MOFs.

Implications of Fe substitution on structure and magnetism in CoCr2O4

Implications of Fe substitution on structure and magnetism in CoCr2O4

Giant exchange bias induced by spin-glass and antiferromagnetic coupling in Fe2−xGaxTeO6 single crystals

It is known that the utilization of exchange bias (EB) effect for data storage underscores its importance. However, achieving a giant EB effect with a small cooling field (HCF) in single-phase materials remains a challenge. This study unveils a giant EB value within a single-phase material, Fe2−xGaxTeO6 (FGTO), originating from the anchoring of spin-glass phase by antiferromagnetic order. Manipulating the relative strengths of the spin-glass and antiferromagnetic order parameters by Ga3+-substitution of Fe3+ ions in the Fe2TeO6 lattice governs the magnitude of the EB effect. It is found that FGTO single crystals synthesized via the chemical vapor transport do exhibit a remarkably large EB value as large as 1.5 T at x = 0.50 and a quite small cooling field HCF = 50 Oe. Investigations on the training effect, minor loop, and relaxation behavior unravel the intricate dynamics inherent to the spin-glass state. This study not only establishes a platform for exploring the EB effect in single-phase materials but also illuminates potential applications of FGTO in the realm of spintronics.

Influence of Fe substitution on the structural and optical properties of Gd2TiO5 ceramic

Influence of Fe substitution on the structural and optical properties of Gd2TiO5 ceramic

Improved surface activity of lanthanum ferrite perovskite oxide through controlled Pt-doping for solid oxide cell (SOC) electrodes

The development of multi-functional and highly mixed ionic-electronic conductive perovskite oxide-based electrodes is becoming an established trend for designing and developing SOFC/SOEC reversible cells. Ideally, the same material can be employed at both electrodes provided that structural stability, high conductivity and catalytic activity are preserved in different operational atmospheres. Here, controlled Fe substitution with a small extent (0.5 mol%) of platinum at the B-site of a lanthanum strontium ferrite is proposed as an effective method to enhance the original oxide properties as both air and fuel electrode for solid oxide cells. The effects of low Pt-doping on La0.6Sr0.4FeO3-δ structure, morphology and electrocatalytic activity are investigated and discussed. La0.6Sr0.4Fe0.995Pt0.005O3-δ (05P-LSF) is first tested as air electrode, displaying lower area specific resistance as compared to the Pt-free perovskite. 05P-LSF structural stability and conductivity are assessed in 100 % CO2 and 50 % CO2–50 % CO environments. Symmetric devices are then tested as SOECs in 100 % CO2, obtaining a current density output of 1.08 A/cm2 at 1.5 V. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) with distribution of relaxation times analysis (DRT) are used to provide insights on the electrode operation. Pt nanoparticle exsolution at the fuel electrode is induced by voltage application. The device stability under applied voltage is assessed for over 120 h. SOFC/SOEC characterization in a 50 % CO2/50 % CO mixture at 850 °C is also provided, obtaining a maximum power density of 270 mW/cm2 in SOFC mode, and a current density of 0.91 A/cm2 at 1.5 V in SOEC mode.