Substantive Words Research Articles

Words and Roots – Polysemy and Allosemy – Communication and Language

AbstractMost substantive (content-bearing) words are polysemous, but polysemy is cross-categorial; for instance, the lexical forms ‘stone’ and ‘front’ are associated with families of interrelated senses and these senses are spread across their manifestations as three words, noun, verb and adjective. So, the ultimate unit underpinning polysemy is not a word but the categoryless root of the related words, which must, in some sense, track the interrelated families of senses. The main topic of this paper is the vexed question of the meaning of roots and the backdrop is a view of words as delineated syntactic domains which allow assignment of atomic content (non-compositional meaning), and whose actual meanings are, in the first instance, pragmatically inferred in the throes of communication, some of them subsequently becoming established, so stored in a lexicon and directly retrieved in comprehension. Three different positions on the meanings of roots are outlined, and their merits and shortcomings are discussed: (a) inherent underspecified meanings; (b) meanings conditioned by grammatical context (allosemy); (c) meaninglessness. I argue that, overall, the current state of the evidence favours the third position: roots are categoryless, meaningless (perhaps phonological) indices.

Соматическая лексика Веспасиановой Псалтири

The article focuses on the linguistic properties of Old English somatic vocabulary represented by the specific lexis and idiomatic expressions collected from The Vespasian Psalter, an 8 th century Anglo-Saxon glossed manuscript. The research submits to scrutiny 37 substantive words with corporeal semantics, which are grouped according to the conventional procedure. In the text of the Vespasian Psalter 750 contexts with lexical somatisms are thoroughly analyzed to calculate the frequency of occurrence of each unit and detect the corporeal vocabulary which enjoys the highest frequency and therefore may prove to be phraseologically productive. Proceeding from the analysis of a number of contexts with the noun toð (tooth), the study is made of the capacity of lexical somatisms to build regular idiomatic complexes with the contextual ambience. The emphasis is laid on the fact that the main signatures of idiomatization are regular speech incidence of the somatic component combined with certain words and a constant image underpinning the semantic structure of the hereby formed idiomatic word-combination. To verify the phraseological status of the word-combinations, contexts are considered in comparison with the corresponding contexts in other Old English manuscripts. The research can be of interest to specialists in a number of linguistic departments: lexicology, phraseology, linguoculturology and history of English.

Improve the application of reinforcement learning and multi‐modal information in music sentiment analysis

AbstractIn order to improve the effect of music sentiment analysis, this paper proposes a music sentiment classification method based on lyrics and comments. This method combines lyrics and comment texts to mine richer sentiment information, and comprehensively considers the influence of the word frequency, sentiment strength and part of speech of sentiment words on sentiment classification when constructing sentiment vectors. Moreover, it matches the lyrics of the music and the substantive words in the comment with the emotional dictionary to obtain the emotional category and emotional weight of each substantive word, and calculates the statistical value of each emotional category. In addition, this paper combines reinforcement learning and multi‐modal information technology to construct a music emotion research model.

Evaluative Potential of Nouns in the Russian Language

Specifying evaluation expression through the words representing differ-ent parts of speech, the article considers the evaluative potential of nouns and explores a possible correlation between the semantic and grammatical charac-teristics of substantive words, as well as their ability to play the role of evalua-tive qualification means. The author of the article makes a supposition that the noun has the greatest evaluative potential. The article reviews the capability of nouns that belong to different lexi-cogrammatical classes (proper, collective, material, abstract, and personal ones) for including an evaluative component of meaning into their semantics. It identifies the most important groups among the mass of evaluative units –the nouns having the meaning of person or a collective of persons or abstract nouns. The author notes that the thematic grouping, the character of connota-tions inherent in some groups of collective nouns, proper names, and common-language metaphors reflect the ethnic axiological reference points for assessing the qualities of a person.Opportunities for using substantive words in the evaluative function graphically demonstrate that only nouns can become proprial units. Names with evaluative connotations turn into symbols, which bring up evaluative associa-tions within the space of national culture.Ability of the noun to convey the evaluative signal is supported by the abundance and variety of suffixes that impart the evaluative component to de-rivative substantive words.The noun special status as a tool for generating the evaluative pragmat-ics of an utterance is supported by its syntactic multifunctionality.By denoting values, anti-values, and specific ethnic concepts, nouns play the main role in the verbalization of the national axiological hierarchy. They reflect the newly appearing realities and denominate the new meaningful no-tions of social life.

Przysłówek w systemie substantiwów i predykatów języka białoruskiego

Przysłówek w systemie substantiwów i predykatów języka białoruskiego

Research Article Titles and Disciplinary Conventions: A Corpus Study of Eight Disciplines

Research articles are clearly influenced by the discipline of the research being reported. Just as disciplinary conventions place constraints on, for example, the moves and language use of abstracts and introductions, they also provide a set of options for title design. This study attempts to identify the title conventions of eight disciplines by focusing on various features that play a part in title design: the use of multiple-unit titles (those with subtitles); the use of noun phrases to form the title; and ’a’ or ’the’ in initial position. The length of titles is investigated, as is the proportion of substantive words. Data is based on a 3,200-title corpus of titles from research articles published in prestigious journals in four disciplines in the hard sciences (botany, fluid engineering, geology, and medicine) and four in the soft sciences (economics, education, history, and sociology). The data is presented in a visual form that compares title features by discipline, to demonstrate title conventions and to help novice writers understand the features and options available.

Article title type and its relation with the number of downloads and citations

Title of an article can be descriptive, declarative or a question. It plays important role in both marketing and findability of article. We investigate the impact of the type of article titles on the number of citations and downloads articles receive. Number of downloads and citations for all articles published in six of PLoS (Public Library of Science) journals (2,172 articles) were obtained from PLoS and type of each article's title (including descriptive, indicative and question) was determined as well as the number of substantive words in title (title length). Statistical difference and correlation tests were carried out. The findings showed that differences exist between articles with different types of titles in terms of downloads and citations, especially articles with question titles tended to be downloaded more but cited less than the others. Articles with longer titles were downloaded slightly less than the articles with shorter titles. Titles with colon tended to be longer and receive fewer downloads and citations. As expected, number of downloads and citations were positively correlated.

The hierarchy of work pursuits of public health managers

How public health is managed in various settings is an important but under-examined issue. We examine themes in the management literature, contextualize issues facing public health managers and investigate the relative importance placed on their various work pursuits using a 14-activity management model empirically derived from studies of clinician-managers in hospitals. Ethnographic case studies of 10 managers in nine diverse public health settings were conducted. The case study accounts of managers' activities were content analysed, and substantive words encapsulating their work were categorized using the model. Managerial activities of the nine public health managers were ranked according to the number of words describing each activity. Kendall's coefficient of concordance yielded W = 0.710, P < 0.000, revealing significant similarity between the activity patterns of the public health managers. A rank order correlation between the activity patterns of the average ranks for the public health sample and for the hospital clinician-managers (n = 52) was R = 0.420, P = 0.131, indicating no significant relationship between relative activity priorities of the two groups. Public health managers put less emphasis on pursuits associated with structure, hierarchy and education, and more on external relations and decision-making. The model of hospital clinician-managers' managerial activities is applicable to public health managers while identifying differences in the way the two groups manage. The findings suggest that public health management work is more managerialist than previously thought.

Automatic thesaurus development: Term extraction from title metadata

AbstractThe application of thesauri in networked environments is seriously hampered by the challenges of introducing new concepts and terminology into the formal controlled vocabulary, which is critical for enhancing its retrieval capability. The author describes an automated process of adding new terms to thesauri as entry vocabulary by analyzing the association between words/phrases extracted from bibliographic titles and subject descriptors in the metadata record (subject descriptors are terms assigned from controlled vocabularies of thesauri to describe the subjects of the objects [e.g., books, articles] represented by the metadata records). The investigated approach uses a corpus of metadata for scientific and technical (S&amp;T) publications in which the titles contain substantive words for key topics. The three steps of the method are (a) extracting words and phrases from the title field of the metadata; (b) applying a method to identify and select the specific and meaningful keywords based on the associated controlled vocabulary terms from the thesaurus used to catalog the objects; and (c) inserting selected keywords into the thesaurus as new terms (most of them are in hierarchical relationships with the existing concepts), thereby updating the thesaurus with new terminology that is being used in the literature. The effectiveness of the method was demonstrated by an experiment with the Chinese Classification Thesaurus (CCT) and bibliographic data in China Machine‐Readable Cataloging Record (MARC) format (CNMARC) provided by Peking University Library. This approach is equally effective in large‐scale collections and in other languages.

자동 색인을 위한 한국어 형태소 분석기의 실제적인 구현 및 적용

본 논문에서는 정보검색 시스템에서 필수적인 자동 색인을 위한 한글 형태소 분석기를 구현하였다. 현존하는 대용량의 데이터에 대한 자동 색인을 효율적으로 수행하기 위해서 새로운 개념이나 아이디어의 도입 및 적용에 초점을 맞추기보다는 기존에 연구되었던 다양한 어절 분석 기법들을 바탕으로 어절분석 속도의 최대화, 형태소 분석기의 모듈화 및 구조화에 초점을 맞추었다. 따라서 본 논문에서 개발된 시스템의 특징은 이론적인 측면보다는 소프트웨어 공학적인 측면이 훨씬 더 강조된다 품사 사전의 구조화가 우선적으로 수행되었으며, 이에 따라서 체언 및 용언 분석 모듈, 수사 분석 모듈 둥이 구현되었다. 또한 형태소의 패턴을 이용한 미등록어 분석 기능이 개발되었다. 개발된 전체 시스템은 정보 검색 엔진인 K-2000 시스템의 색인 모듈로 장착되어서 적용되었다. In this paper, we developed Korean Morphological Analyzer for an automatic indexing that is essential for Information Retrieval. Since it is important to index large-scaled document set efficiently, we concentrated on maximizing the speed of word analysis, modularization and structuralization of the system without new concepts or ideas. In this respect, our system is characterized in terms of software engineering aspect to be used in real world rather than theoretical issues. First, a dictionary of words was structured. Then modules that analyze substantive words and inflected words were introduced. Furthermore numeral analyzer was developed. And we introduced an unknown word analyzer using the patterns of morpheme. This whole system was integrated into K-2000, an information retrieval system.

Variation in informativity of titles of research papers in selected humanities journals: A comparative study

Titles constitute the most concise statement of a document's content, and are heavily used by information retrieval systems. Consequently, the great importance of titles being highly informative is indisputable. The most common measure of title ‘informativity’ has been the number of ‘substantive’ words it includes. Previous studies found significant differences between journals of different subject fields, in the sciences and the social sciences, regarding the number of substantive words in article titles. However, unlike the sciences and the social sciences, very little research has been done onhumanities journals. Examining title informativity in a group of eighteen leading English-language journals, covering various humanities disciplines, from 1940 to 1990, the present study searched for possible differences between the humanities journal and the scientific and social sciences ones, concerning patterns of title informativity. Generally, considerable differences were found in the number of substantive words in article titles between the various humanities journals checked. On the other hand, a comparison of thegroup-average means and medians of the humanities journals to group figures of journals from the sciences and the social sciences indicates significant differences for almost all decade years studied. However, titles of papers in humanities journals did follow the general trend of increase in informativity, although in a slower pace. Possible explanations of these differences are discussed and areas for further study are suggested.

Relation of title length of journal articles to number of authors

The great importance of titles being highly informative is almost unanimously accepted in literature, assuming that the more informative titles are, the more effectively they serve their functions. The most common measure of title “informativeness” has been the number of “substantive” words included in it, and one of the factors which might be associated with it is the number of authors. The present study attempted to test, in a large group of journals fromdifferent areas, and over six decades, the hypothesis that a paper signed by a larger number of authors will have more substantive words in its title. Large samples of original research papers were drawn from each decade year of fourteen leading journals. For each paper, the number of substantive words in the title was correlated with the number of authors. Findings indicate a difference between the scientific journals on the one hand, and the social sciences and humanities journals on the other. A moderate positive correlation was found in most scientific journals (excluding mathematics) for many periods. In the social sciences journals, and to a greater extent, in the humanities journals, a significant positive correlation was limited to only a few periods, while the rest showed a very low correlation, or even a negative correlation. The different findings for the sciences may be somehow associated with their higher rate of multiple authorship.

The use of topic sentences for evaluating the representativeness of Arabic article titles

This paper provides another partial answer to the question of whether titles of Arabic periodical articles can be used for keyword indexing techniques and for the production of Arabic title-derivative printed indexes. It examines and evaluates the representativeness of Arabic article titles in five different disciplines by comparing the substantive words found in titles to the content of their accompanying topic sentences in the introduction or objectives parts of articles. Although significant differences are found between titles in library and information science and titles in philosophy, Arabic titles appear to provide good representations of their articles. Between 70% and 88% of the substantive words in titles matched substantive words in the corresponding topic sentences. To give a full answer to the above question, there are still other issues to be investigated

The information content of titles of Arabic periodical articles

This paper provides a partial answer to the question of whether titles of Arabic periodical articles can be used for keyword indexing techniques. It examines the information content of titles of Arabic research papers in 16 scientific and non-scientific fields by counting the number of their substan tive words and comparing the results with those for English periodical articles in the same subject areas. Although signifi cant differences are found between the two samples in some subjects, such as agriculture, philosophy, linguistics, law, and library and information science, Arabic titles generally appear to be as informative as English titles. Some practical problems are found in using Arabic titles for indexing, e g the need to strip prefixes from keywords.

CONCISE DISPLAY OF INDEX ENTRIES

A computer‐aided method has been devised to display index entries in a concise tabular form. The data studied are index terms and their text modifications in the Analytical Abstracts database. The index entries are articulated subject indexes, in which terms or words are linked with prepositions and punctuation marks. The simple syntactic structures are expressed by BNF (Backus Naur form) notations, from which rules are derived to extract substantive words in accordance with the facets pertinent to analytical chemistry. LISP programs were written for word extraction and facet tabulation and tested on a personal computer. Repetitive expressions are eliminated, while no necessary information is discarded. The tabular format, clear and readable, can expedite scanning of a large number of documents. In addition, it facilitates understanding of the contents of documents, providing facets for easy assimilation.

A procedure for analysing classroom dialogue

The importance of dialogue in classrooms and the neglect of dialogue structure as a significant research variable are highlighted. Techniques for analysing classroom dialogue are reviewed. These are limited in that they are relatively unsophisticated frequency counts, focus on a limited range of types of interactions, analyse teacher dialogue only and/or disregard the context of the utterances. A technique that overcomes these inadequacies, the Thematic and Structural Analysis (TSA) Technique, is described. The technique has been used previously in the analysis of text material to investigate the emergence and recession of themes by the analysis of the distribution of substantive words across paragraphs. In the case of dialogue, paragraphs are replaced by Bellack cycles and implicit language is made explicit. The application of the technique to a sample of classroom dialogue is discussed along with possible future uses of the technique.

Informational dynamics of journal article titles

AbstractThe informational dynamics of journal article titles was investigated by analyzing the changing informational value of titles over time. The Informational value of titles was measured by counting the total number of words (y τ) in a title, counting the number of substantive words (ys), or keywords, in a title, and computing the proportion of substantive words (yp = ys/yτ) In a title. Random samples of journal article titles were gathered from four selected journals, six library journals, and six miscellaneous journals over the period from 1951 through 1980. The informational values were averaged by year to yield annual means for Yτ, Ys, and Yp. The patterns of change of these annual means were analyzed over time by regression analysis. We questioned whether linear regression analysis would yield equations representing the underlying data with a 95% or greater level of confidence. The results of these analyses were linear equations of the form, y = mt + b, where y Is the dependent variable (informational value), m is the slope of the equation, t is the independent variable (time), and b is the y‐intercept of the equation. The sign (+ or ‐) of the slope (m) indicates the direction of change (increasing or decreasing) of the informational dynamics of journal article titles. A rate of change was computed by differential calculus by differentiating informational value with respect to time. Rate of change Indicates how rapidly change is occurring. The sample journals selected in this research represent the primary literature, the review literature, the physical science literature, the social science literature, the library literature, and a miscellaneous collection of six journals.

THE VARIATION IN THE INFORMATION CONTENT OF TITLES OF RESEARCH PAPERS WITH TIME AND DISCIPLINE

The relative information content of titles of research papers in different subject areas has been examined by counting the number of their ‘substantive’ words in eleven English periodicals, two French and two German. Chemistry and botany (in which KWIC indexes are already produced) are found to have the highest values, followed by physics, medicine, history, and the social sciences, with philosophy lowest. The information content of the foreign titles when translated into English was almost equal to that of English titles in the same subjects. Most subjects showed a significant increase in the number of substantive words between 1947 and 1973. Some difficulties of searching by title due to the vocabularies of non‐scientific subjects are discussed.

Are titles of chemical papers becoming more informative?

AbstractThe efficiency of key‐word‐in‐context (KWIC) permuted‐title indexes and their numerous variations is highly dependent upon authors' choices of titles for their papers. Titles are important not only in commercial services, such as Chemical Titles, BASIC, Current Contents, and CA Condensates, but also in scanning primary journals, and in traditional library services, such as bibliographies. It is generally believed and often stated that titles of chemical papers are becoming more informative as authors become increasingly aware of the importance of titles as “carriers” of information. The present study was undertaken to test whether (1) titles of chemical papers are becoming more informative and (2) whether uninformative titles of chemical papers are being eliminated since the advent of the KWIC index in 1958.The first hypothesis was tested by comparing titles published in 1948, 1958, and 1968 by the following criteria: (1) a count of substantive words in the title; (2) a count of all word matches between title and abstract, with and without the use of a thesaurus; and (3) a count of word matches between title and 10 leading substantive words selected from the abstract, with and without the use of a thesaurus. The second hypothesis was tested by comparing a count of short titles (with 3 or less substantive words) published in 1948, 1958, and 1968.Results confirm that uninformative titles of chemical papers are being eliminated and that informative titles are becoming more informative since the advent of the KWIC index.

Fluency in Aphasia: Correlation with Radioactive Scan Localization

The obvious differences in verbal output of individual aphasics has been noted and an attempt made to evaluate these differences. In order to accomplish this a set of variable characteristics of aphasic speech was described. There were ten such features; rate of speaking, prosody, pronunciation, phrase length, effort, pauses, press of speech, perseveration, word use and paraphasia. It was noted that certain of these characteristics occurred together naturally so that two distinct clusters of clinical features were outlined. 100 aphasic patients were then studied, each of the characteristics being rated separately and it was found that the majority of patients (64%) readily fell into one of the two groups. Correlation of these two clinical groups with the underlying anatomical lesion was obtained through use of radioisotope brain scan results. Almost without exception the lesion producing one cluster of characteristics was located anterior to the Fissure of Rolando while the other cluster had a posterior lesion. The cluster with the anterior lesion had speech characterized by low verbal output, dysprosody, dysarthria, considerable effort and predominant use of substantive words while the posterior group were normal or near normal in all these features but often had paraphasia, press of speech and a distinct lack of substantive words. Thus it was felt that an anterior or posterior localization could be realiably diagnosed in many cases of aphasia based solely on the characteristics of verbal output. Several significant exceptions to this simple clinical observation were noted.