Substantial History Research Articles

Optimization of a roller coaster bogie considering fatigue life

This study explores the effectiveness of fatigue-life constrained topology optimization in roller coaster engineering, a previously unexplored field. Emphasizing the importance of fatigue life considerations, the research focuses on key components of roller coasters: the wheel assemblies. By integrating stress–life fatigue constraints, such an approach can lead to longer lasting and more efficiently designed roller coaster components. Multiaxial fatigue topology optimization using the method of moving asymptotes gradient-based optimization is examined to address the complex loading experienced by these bogies given a substantial load-time history in the high-cycle fatigue region. Using a validated optimization methodology, this study aims to reduce the bogie volume in selected domains while ensuring structural integrity and potentially extending service life. The optimization process successfully reduces the number of designable elements, resulting in decreased global volume and mass, and the results quantifiably demonstrate the impact of applying high-cycle fatigue constraints on the bogie’s performance.

Long-term outcomes and trends in elbow arthroplasty with Coonrad-Morrey prosthesis: a retrospective study in large group of patients.

Total Elbow Arthroplasty (TEA) was first developed to treat severe rheumatoid arthritis, but its uses have grown to encompass end-stage osteoarthritis, post-traumatic arthritis, and distal humeral fractures. This study analyzes indications changes, long-term survival, complications, and post-operative functional results of the Coonrad-Morrey prostheses, enhancing the existing literature on this technique and substantial case history. We included 122 arthroplasties in 117 patients, 28 males and 89 females (mean age of 67 years) treated in our hospital between 2002 and 2016. Minimum follow-up was four years. We collect functional parameters of 48 patients (51 elbows), due to death of patients due to old age and loss at follow-up. Survival rate at five years was 90%, 85% at 10 years and 83% at 15 years. The overall medium Mayo elbow score was 79.7 ± 18.3 with the highest result in osteoarthritis patients (p < 0.005); QuickDASH score was 33.1 ± 25.5 with the worse result in rheumatoid group. Average post-operative arc of motion (ROM) was 95°±27°. There were complications in 46 out of 122 cases (37.7%) and revision surgeries were performed in 12 of them (9.8%): seven aseptic loosening, four late septic loosening, one bushing wear. In 27 instances (22.1%) was reported ulnar nerve involvement. Coonrad-Morrey prosthesis has shown satisfactory clinical results in the treatment of a wide range of pathologies. The long-term implant survivorship was satisfactory, yet the occurrence of failures and complications cannot be overlooked, above all the ulnar nerve paresthesia. There was a good recovery in quality of life, pain-free with limited residual limb disability.

Autism Symptom Presentation and Hierarchical Models of Intelligence.

There is a substantial history studying the relationship between general intelligence and the core symptoms of autism. However, a gap in knowledge is how dimensional autism symptomatology associates with different components of clinically-relevant hierarchical models of intelligence. We examined correlations between autism diagnostic symptom magnitude (Autism Diagnostic Observational Schedule; ADOS) and a hierarchical statistical model of intelligence. One autistic cohort was tested on the fourth edition of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC-IV; N = 131), and another on the fifth edition (WISC-V; N = 83). We anticipated a convergent pattern of results between cohorts. On WISC-IV, ADOS scores were correlated significantly with g and three out of four intermediate factor scores, which was a broader pattern of correlations than anticipated from the literature. In the WISC-V cohort, only one intermediate factor correlated significantly with the ADOS; correlations with g and the other intermediate factors were less statistically certain. ADOS-factor correlations were larger in the WISC-IV than WISC-V cohort; this difference was significant at the 90% level. WISC-IV shows dimensional relationships with ADOS at multiple points in the hierarchical model of intelligence. Moreover, the current results provide evidence that relationship between core autism symptomatology and the construct of general intelligence may depend on how intelligence is measured. Known cohort effects in the relationship between categorical autism diagnosis and general intelligence have previously been attributed to changes in autism diagnostic practices. To our knowledge, this is the first evidence that differing versions of IQ tests may be implicated.

Botulinum Toxin A as an Adjunct for the Repair Giant Inguinal Hernias: Case Reports and a Review of the Literature.

The management of giant inguinoscrotal hernias remains a challenge as a result of the loss of the intra-abdominal domain from long-standing hernia contents within the scrotum. Multiple techniques have been described for abdominal wall relaxation and augmentation to allow the safe return of viscera from the scrotum to the intraperitoneal cavity without adversely affecting cardiorespiratory physiology. Preoperative progressive pneumoperitoneum, phrenectomy, and component separation are but a few common techniques previously described as adjuncts to the management of these massively large hernias. However, these strategies require an additional invasive stage, and reproducibility remains challenging. Botulinum toxin A (BTA) has been successfully used for the management of complex ventral hernias. Its use for these hernias has shown reproducibility and a low side effect profile. In the present report, we describe our institutional experience with BTA for giant inguinal hernias in two patients and present a review of the literature. In one case, a 77-year-old man with a substantial cardiac history presented with a giant left inguinal hernia that was interfering with his activities of daily living. He had BTA six weeks prior to inguinal hernia repair. Repair was performed via an inguinal incision with a favorable return of the viscera into the peritoneum. He was discharged on the same day of the operation. A second patient, 78 years of age, had a giant right inguinoscrotal hernia. He had a significant cardiac history and was treated with BTA six weeks prior to inguinal hernia repair via a groin incision. Neither patient had complaints nor recurrence at 7- and 3-month follow-ups. While the literature on this topic is scarce, we found 13 cases of inguinal hernias treated with BTA as an adjunct. BTA might be a promising adjunct for the management of giant inguinoscrotal hernias in addition to or in place of current strategies.

Evidence for 2 clusters among patients with noneosinophilic asthma

BackgroundAlthough asthma is often seen as an eosinophilic disease associated with atopy, patients with noneosinophilic asthma represent a substantial part of the population with asthma. ObjectiveTo apply an unsupervised clustering method in a cohort of 588 patients with noneosinophilic asthma (sputum eosinophils < 3%) recruited from an asthma clinic of a secondary care center. MethodsOur cluster analysis of the whole cohort identified 2 subgroups as cluster 1 (n = 417) and cluster 2 (n = 171). ResultsCluster 1 comprised a predominantly female group with late disease onset, a low proportion of atopy (24%), and a substantial smoking history (53%). In this cluster, treatment burden was low (<50% of inhaled corticosteroid users); asthma control and quality of life were poor, with median Asthma Control Test, Asthma Control Questionnaire, and Asthma Quality of Life scores of 16, 1.7, and 4.5, respectively, whereas lung function was preserved with a median postbronchodilation forced expiratory volume in 1 second of 93% predicted. Cluster 2 was a predominantly male group, almost exclusively comprising patients with atopy (99%) with early disease onset and a moderate treatment burden (median inhaled corticosteroids dose 800 µg/d equivalent beclomethasone). In cluster 2, asthma was partially controlled, with median Asthma Control Test and Asthma Control Questionnaire scores reaching 18 and 1.3, respectively, and lung function well preserved with a median postbronchodilation of 95% predicted. Although systemic and airway neutrophilic inflammation was the dominant pattern in cluster 1, cluster 2 essentially comprised paucigranulocytic asthma with moderately elevated fraction exhaled nitric oxide. ConclusionNoneosinophilic asthma splits into 2 clusters distinguishing by disease onset, atopic status, smoking history, systemic and airway inflammation, and disease control and quality of life.

Exploring the Psychological Well-Being of Tourism Community Members Through the Lens of Self-Determination Theory: A Case Study of Queenstown, New Zealand

Despite a substantial history of research on the well-being of host communities at tourism destinations, the individual psychological well-being of local residents remains an underexplored topic. This study explores the psychological well-being of tourism host community members through a case study of Queenstown, New Zealand. By drawing on the self-determination theory, an innovative focus group analysis approach, microinterlocutor analysis, complemented by thematic analysis, was used to explain the psychological well-being of individual host community members in a nature-based tourism destination. Findings revealed a sense of autonomy, relatedness to people and the natural environment, feelings of competence or mastery, and beneficence-supported psychological well-being. This study extends prior research on the well-being of host communities by identifying key psychological well-being domains explicitly related to host community members. Practical implications of the findings are highlighted with reference to nature-based destinations.

Considerations for prevention of and emergency response to tularemia outbreaks in Ukraine: vaccine involvement

Tularemia is a highly dangerous, febrile zoonotic bacterial infection, endemic to many regions of the Northern hemisphere including Eastern Europe. The current war in Ukraine raises the risk for both natural outbreaks of tularemia resulting from destroyed infrastructure, and potential use as a weapon of war or bioterrorism. There has been a substantial history of outbreaks in prior wars in the region, and tularemia has been previously weaponized and stockpiled as an offensive agent. There are current reports of “mouse fever”, where Russian soldiers are affected with a high fever associated with mice in the battlefield. While antibiotic countermeasures to naturally occurring forms of tularemia are available, these may not be appropriate for long-term risks on the battlefield and could contribute to antibiotic resistance. At this time, there are no FDA or EMA approved tularemia vaccines, which are an ideal alternative to antibiotic prophylaxis. Vaccines have advantages in not requiring diagnosis, are generally safe and effective, leading to long-lasting prophylaxis with little impact to the patient and little need for future medical intervention. The potential for engineered forms of the disease for deliberate use may limit the effectiveness of existing countermeasures. The sporadic nature of outbreaks, and likely outcomes following deliberate use raise a number of complexities in a potential emergency response. Means to optimize potential countermeasure assessment, including responsible and effective vaccine candidate testing are discussed.

Role of Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD)

Background: The most prevalent liver illness, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), is characterized by abnormal fat buildup in the hepatocytes without a substantial alcohol consumption history or secondary causes of fatty liver disease. Aim: This study aims to assess ultrasound's diagnostic utility in NAFLD. Material and Method: In the Hayatabad Medical Complex (HMC) in Peshawar, Pakistan, a cross sectional study with convenient sampling technique was conducted over six-month. This study received permission from the Institutional Research and Ethical Review Board (IREB) of HMC Hospital, and Open-Epi determined the sample size of 250 patients with a 95% confidence interval and a 5% margin of error. A certified sinologist conducted the abdominal ultrasound. The right arm was extended to its maximum abduction while the participants were positioned in the dorsal decubitus position. Using a right intercostal technique, the right liver lobe was seen, and a representative parenchymal region was identified without compromising the main vascular. The data were gathered through Questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 26. Results: There were 250 participants, with 55.4% men and 44.2% women. Patients between 40 and 49 accounted for 38.4% of the affected population. The most common conditions among patients with NAFLD were mild severity (49%) and abdominal discomfort (47.4%). Only (8%) of participants had liver cirrhosis before NAFLD while (91.6%) of patients lacked liver cirrhosis before NAFLD. When treating suspected NAFLD, 83.3 percent of patients preferred the Ultrasound modality initially, and more patients received a primary ultrasound diagnosis. Practical Implication: Ultrasound is the most commonly used modality because of their availability and low cost but its role in NAFLD is not fully diagnosed and evaluated. This study aims to evaluate the proper use of the Ultrasound modality in NAFLD for the benefits of patients to be diagnosed initially with Ultrasound so that it may not lead to a serious problem. Conclusion: A valuable non-invasive imaging technique for the diagnosis of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is ultrasound. Most patients first favor ultrasound, which is considered the leading imaging modality for NAFLD suspicion. The majority of NAFLD patients were middle-aged and male. Keywords: Abdominal pain, Fatigue, Liver cirrhosis, Non- Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease, Ultrasound

The internal dynamics and environments of Relics and compact massive ETGs with TNG50

ABSTRACT Relic galaxies are massive, compact, and quiescent objects observed in the local Universe that have not experienced any significant interaction episodes or merger events since about z = 2, remaining relatively unaltered since their formation. On the other hand, massive and compact early-type galaxies (cETGs) in the local Universe appear to show similar properties to Relic galaxies, despite having substantial accretion history. Relic galaxies, with frozen history, can provide important clues about the intrinsic processes related to the evolutionary pathways of ETGs and the role that mergers play in their evolution. Using the high-resolution cosmological simulation TNG50-1 from IllustrisTNG project, we investigate the assembly history of a sample of massive, compact, old, and quiescent subhaloes split by satellite accretion fraction. We compare the evolutionary pathways at three cosmic epochs: z = 2, z = 1.5, and z = 0, using the orbital decomposition numerical method to investigate the stellar dynamics of each galactic kinematical component and their environmental correlations. Our results point to a steady pathway across time that is not strongly dependent on the mergers or the environment. Relics and cETGs do not show a clear preference for high- or low-density environments within the volume explored at z = 0, as they are found in both scenarios. However, the progenitors of Relic galaxies have consistently resided in high-density environments since z = 2, while cETGs were shifted to such environments at a later stage. The merger history can be recovered from the stellar kinematics imprints in the local Universe. Relics and cETGs show consistently dynamical similarities at z = 2 and differences at z = 0 to disc, bulge, and hot inner stellar halo. In the current scenario, the mergers that drive the growth of cETGs do not give rise to a new and distinct evolutionary pathway when compared to Relics.

Basil of Seleucia

Abstract The article analyzes the validity of recent claims to attribute the Acathistus hymn to Basil of Seleucia on the basis of the hymn’s strong literary ties to two other works linked to his name, the De uita et miraculis s. Theclae (CPG 6675) and In sanctae deiparae annuntiationem (CPG 6656.39). Charting a relatively substantial history of misguided attributions of these texts to Basil’s name, including the evidence of the earliest underscript of the double palimpsest, Vat. gr. 1853, the author shows the far-reaching consequences of such claims. By comparing style and the theological content of the attributed works to other works in Basil of Seleucia’s corpus, the author confirms the spurious status of the works allegedly linked to his name and thus that of the associated hymn.

The Mixed Tendency in Bipolar Disorder: An Operational Proposal for the Integration of Mixed Episodes in Predominant Polarity

Predominant Polarity (PP) is an established specifier of Bipolar Disorder (BD), holding significant clinical implications. Nevertheless, there exists no consensus on how to incorporate mixed states into PP, leaving patients prone to mixed recurrences that are unclassified. In a comprehensive study involving 701 euthymic BD patients, we sought to redefine PP by introducing a novel metric, the “mixed tendency”, and establish a practical threshold to identify patients with a “mixed phenotype”. Furthermore, we investigated potential associations between the mixed phenotype and specific PP categories. Our findings revealed that the mixed tendency correlated significantly with early BD type I, lifetime suicide attempts, self-aggressive behaviour, and lifetime number of affective episodes (&gt;5). Using a ROC curve analysis, we determined an optimal cut-off point for the mixed tendency at 0.228, suggesting that patients with ~25% of lifetime mixed episodes relative to total affective episodes should be identified as having a mixed phenotype. Notably, the mixed phenotype was positively associated with undetermined PP and negatively with manic and depressive PP. This study introduces a promising approach to incorporating mixed episodes into the PP definition, potentially enabling tailored interventions for patients with a substantial history of mixed episodes. However, further research in large, longitudinal cohorts is essential to validate these findings.

Flexible Topology: A Dynamic Model of a Continuous Chemical Space.

Ligand design problems involve searching chemical space for a molecule with a set of desired properties. As chemical space is discrete, this search must be conducted in a pointwise manner, separately investigating one molecule at a time, which can be inefficient. We propose a method called "Flexible Topology", where a ligand is composed of a set of shapeshifting "ghost" atoms, whose atomic identities and connectivity can dynamically change over the course of a simulation. Ghost atoms are guided toward their target positions using a translation-, rotation-, and index-invariant restraint potential. This is the first step toward a continuous model of chemical space, where a dynamic simulation can move from one molecule to another by following gradients of a potential energy function. This builds on a substantial history of alchemy in the field of molecular dynamics simulation, including the Lambda dynamics method developed by Brooks and co-workers [X. Kong and C.L. Brooks III, J. Chem. Phys. 105, 2414 (1996)], but takes it to an extreme by associating a set of four dynamical attributes with each shapeshifting ghost atom that control not only its presence but also its atomic identity. Here, we outline the theoretical details of this method, its implementation using the OpenMM simulation package, and some preliminary studies of ghost particle assembly simulations in vacuum. We examine a set of 10 small molecules, ranging in size from 6 to 50 atoms, and show that Flexible Topology is able to consistently assemble all of these molecules to high accuracy, beginning from randomly initialized positions and attributes.

A Common Misassumption in Online Experiments with Machine Learning Models

Online experiments such as Randomised Controlled Trials (RCTs) or A/B-tests are the bread and butter of modern platforms on the web. They are conducted continuously to allow platforms to estimate the causal effect of replacing system variant "A" with variant "B", on some metric of interest. These variants can differ in many aspects. In this paper, we focus on the common use-case where they correspond to machine learning models. The online experiment then serves as the final arbiter to decide which model is superior, and should thus be shipped. The statistical literature on causal effect estimation from RCTs has a substantial history, which contributes deservedly to the level of trust researchers and practitioners have in this "gold standard" of evaluation practices. Nevertheless, in the particular case of machine learning experiments, we remark that certain critical issues remain. Specifically, the assumptions that are required to ascertain that A/B-tests yield unbiased estimates of the causal effect, are seldom met in practical applications. We argue that, because variants typically learn using pooled data, a lack of model interference cannot be guaranteed. This undermines the conclusions we can draw from online experiments with machine learning models. We discuss the implications this has for practitioners, and for the research literature.

Photoluminescence in mammal fur: 111 years of research.

Photoluminescence in the pelage of mammals, a topic that has gained considerable recent research interest, was first documented in the 1700s and reported sporadically in the literature over the last century. The first detailed species accounts were of rabbits and humans, published 111 years ago in 1911. Recent studies have largely overlooked this earlier research into photoluminescent mammalian taxa and their luminophores. Here we provide a comprehensive update on existing research on photoluminescence in mammal fur, with the intention of drawing attention to earlier pioneering research in this field. We provide an overview on appropriate terminology, explain the physics of photoluminescence, and explore pigmentation and the ubiquitous photoluminescence of animal tissues, before touching on the emerging debate regarding visual function. We then provide a chronological account of research into mammalian fur photoluminescence, from the earliest discoveries and identification of luminophores to the most recent studies. While all mammal fur is likely to have a general low-level photoluminescence due to the presence of the protein keratin, fur glows luminously under ultraviolet light if it contains significant concentrations of tryptophan metabolites or porphyrins. Finally, we briefly discuss issues associated with preserved museum specimens in studies of photoluminescence. The study of mammal fur photoluminescence has a substantial history, which provides a broad foundation on which future studies can be grounded.

Cause of death: femicide

ABSTRACT Labelled ‘the shadow pandemic’ by UN Women, violence against women received considerable global public attention during 2020–21. Underpinning this moment of public concern, there lies a substantial history of efforts to document the nature of, and campaign against, the extent of violence against women globally. This is also the case in relation to femicide. Whilst we recognise that this is a contested term, for the purposes of this paper we use femicide to refer to the killing of women and girls because they are female by male violence. Femicide, as a death to be specifically counted in law only exists in a small number of jurisdictions. Where it is so recognised, primarily in South American countries as feminicidio, such deaths represent only the tip of the iceberg of such killings globally. This paper, in drawing on empirical data from a range of different sources (including administrative data, media analysis, and Femicide Observatory data) gathered throughout 2020, considers: what it means to call a death femicide, what implications might follow if all the deaths of women at the hands of men were counted as femicide, and the extent to which extraordinary times have any bearing on this kind of ordinary death.

Recognizing the Right to Family Unity in Immigration Law

The Trump Administration’s travel ban and separation of families at the U.S.- Mexico border drew newfound attention to the constitutional due process right to family unity. But even before then, the right to family unity has had a substantial history. Rooted in the Supreme Court’s line of privacy rights cases, the right to family unity is amorphous. This ambiguity has given rise to disagreement regarding not only legal doctrine surrounding the right but also whether the right even exists. This Note clarifies this disagreement by offering a historical account of the right to family unity and an overview of three categories of immigration cases in which litigants assert this right. Acknowledging that a substantive resolution of the problem of family separation in immigration will require legislative and executive intervention, this Note argues instead that courts should adopt two recommendations that would, as a matter of judicial process, more fully recognize the right. These measures would validate the dignitary interests of immigrant families and signal to the legislative and executive branches the constitutional implications of their longstanding inaction.

Say No to Speculation in Crypto market during NFT trades: Technical and Financial Guidelines

Saying no to speculation in the crypto market during NFT trades is a call for prudence, diligence, and a commitment to responsible investing. Embracing these principles will contribute to a more sustainable and credible ecosystem, allowing the underlying blockchain technology to fulfill its potential beyond short-term market fluctuations. Speculation in the cryptocurrency market, particularly during NFT (Non-Fungible Token) trades, demands a cautious and informed approach. The crypto market is renowned for its inherent volatility, a characteristic accentuated by the NFT space. Prices can experience sudden and unpredictable fluctuations, making it imperative for investors to exercise prudence and avoid succumbing to the lure of speculation. NFTs derive their value from factors such as perceived scarcity, demand, and cultural significance rather than traditional fundamentals. This lack of intrinsic value makes it challenging for investors to make well-informed decisions based on solid analysis. Furthermore, the rapid evolution of the crypto space means that NFTs may lack a substantial history of price data, adding an additional layer of complexity to the assessment of their value.

Performance of the intracerebroventricularly injected streptozotocin Alzheimer’s disease model in a translationally relevant, aged and experienced rat population

The intracerebroventricularly (icv) injected streptozotocin (STZ) induced brain state is a widely used model of sporadic Alzheimer-disease (AD). However, data have been generated in young, naive albino rats. We postulate that the translationally most relevant animal population of an AD model should be that of aged rats with substantial learning history. The objective of the study was thus to probe the model in old rats with knowledge in various cognitive domains. Long-Evans rats of 23 and 10 months age with acquired knowledge in five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), a cooperation task, Morris water-maze (MWM) and “pot-jumping” exercise were treated with 3 × 1.5 mg/kg icv. STZ and their performance were followed for 3 months in the above and additional behavioral assays. Both STZ-treated age groups showed significant impairment in the MWM (spatial learning) and novel object recognition test (recognition memory) but not in passive avoidance and fear conditioning paradigms (fear memory). In young STZ treated rats, significant differences were also found in the 5CSRTT (attention) and pot jumping test (procedural learning) while in old rats a significant increase in hippocampal phospho-tau/tau protein ratio was observed. No significant difference was found in the cooperation (social cognition) and pairwise discrimination (visual memory) assays and hippocampal β-amyloid levels. STZ treated old animals showed impulsivity-like behavior in several tests. Our results partly coincide with partly deviate from those published on young, albino, unexperienced rats. Beside the age, strain and experience level of the animals differences can also be attributed to the increased dose of STZ, and the applied food restriction regime. The observed cognitive and non-cognitive activity pattern of icv. STZ in aged experienced rats call for more extensive studies with the STZ model to further strengthen and specify its translational validity.

ODP649 COVID-19 Induced Diabetic Ketoacidosis Which Unmasked Latent Autoimmune Diabetes In Adult

Abstract Latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA)" is a kind"of autoimmune diabetes" that progresses slowly. Numerous studies have termed LADA type 1.5 diabetes because it is often associated with antibodies against insulin-producing pancreatic cells. In contrast to type 1 diabetes, patients with LADA may go six months without insulin following diagnosis. Individuals with LADA are often well beyond the age of 30. Because they develop symptoms later than patients with type 1 diabetes and because their pancreases initially generate some insulin, persons with LADA are sometimes misdiagnosed as having type 2 diabetes. Individuals with LADA have a lower BMI and a better metabolic profile than patients with type 2 diabetes. The majority of individuals with LADA are diagnosed after the age of 30, exhibit detectable islet antibodies — most often to glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65) — and advance more rapidly on insulin than those with Type 2 diabetes. COVID-19 is a pandemic virus produced by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The researchers discovered that this virus may damage"insulin-producing cells in the pancreas in a variety of ways. It may cause direct harm to the pancreatic beta cells required for normal insulin production since SARS-CoV-2 has a spike protein that binds to the target cell's receptor. Recent research established that angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) functions as a functional receptor for the SARS-CoV-2 S-protein, promoting viral entry into target cells, most notably the lung, ileum, and various other cardiovascular, renal, gastrointestinal, and pancreatic organs". It"has been shown that overexpression of ACE2 mRNA in the pancreas causes islet cell destruction and acute beta cell malfunction, manifesting as new-onset diabetes in healthy persons or increasing hyperglycemia or ketoacidosis in diabetic patients." A 37-year-old male with no major previous medical history except than COVID-19 infection seven months before admission arrived at the emergency department complaining of two days of nausea, vomiting, and stomach discomfort. He has also advocated for polyuria, polydipsia, and accidental weight loss after contracting COVID-19. His vital signs were abnormal for a heart rate of 124 beats per minute". "His BMI was 24, he had an unremarkable physical examination, and he had no substantial family history". "His laboratory values were as"follows: Na 135 mEq/L, K 3.2 mEq/L, Cl 108 mEq/L, HCO3 10 mEq/L, Anion Gap 17, Glucose 500 mg/dl, Hemoglobin A1C 13%. His urine analysis revealed ketones, TG 120 mg/dl, LDL 60 mg/dl, and HDL 50 mg/dl. The patient was diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis, admitted to the intensive care unit, and began on an insulin drip, intravenous fluid hydration, and potassium supplements. "After" one night, his anion gap was closed then bridged with the use of five units of Lantus. Further testing indicated that the laboratory tested positive for Glutamic Acid Decarboxylase antibodies (GAD65) at a concentration of 2U/ml (1 U/ml) and C-Peptide at a value of "0.4 ng/ml (0.8-3 ng/ml). The patient met the Immunology of Diabetes Society's (IDS) criteria for LADA diagnosis: adult-onset, islet cell autoantibody, and initial insulin independence. The patient was finally sent home with Insulin and a referral to an Endocrinologist, and at his three-month follow-up visit, he reports that his symptoms have improved, he has gained some weight, and his A1C is 6.9 percent. Due to the similarities between many kinds of diabetes and LADA, it may be difficult to determine which type a patient has. Type 1 diabetes often manifests early in life, before the age of 30, with positive autoantibodies and the need for insulin treatment. While patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes after the age of 30 are often obese, lack autoantibodies, and react favorably to lifestyle changes and oral hypoglycemic medications. However, since LADA manifests late in life, it has features of both type 1 and types 2 diabetes. Typically, the patient has a low BMI and initially reacts somewhat to lifestyle changes and oral hypoglycemic medications but eventually develops insulin resistance. Presentation: No date and time listed

Dwarf emus from Baudin's voyage (1800–1804): an overlooked engraving by Nicolas Huet (1770–1830)

The French voyage of exploration to New Holland (Australia) between 1800 and 1804, commanded by Nicolas Baudin (1754–1803), made substantial natural history collections, notably capturing dwarf emus from the two distinct populations on King Island (Île King) in Bass Strait (December 1802) and Kangaroo Island (Île Decrès) (January 1803). Two of these emus survived their voyage to France, were housed briefly at the Empress Josephine's menagerie at Malmaison, and then the zoological park of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. Both died in 1822. With the wild populations on both islands exterminated soon after Baudin's visit, two watercolours, one by Charles-Alexandre Lesueur (1778–1846) and one by Léon de Wailly ( fl. 1801–1824), have been central to the history of the dwarf emus. However, an important contemporary engraving by Nicolas Huet (1770–1830) depicting the two surviving emus in captivity has been overlooked. This essay explores the history of the images of the now extinct dwarf emus, as well as the production and significance of Huet's engraving.