ObjectiveIn relation with the growing literature suggesting an increased risk of alcohol or other substance use disorder after bariatric surgery, we aimed to review the risk of any substance use disorder in patients undergoing bariatric surgery. MethodsA systematic review of the relevant literature was conducted from November 2019 to December 2021, using PubMed, Cochrane and Web of science. ResultsIn total, 44 articles were included in the review. Most of the studies find out an increased risk of alcohol and drugs use disorders two years after surgery, with a large proportion of new onset. Young age, males, history of psychiatric disorder and bypass surgery were potential risk factors. An increased risk of substance use disorder regarding to analgesics or psychotropic drugs was retrieved in 5 out of 8 studies. Results for tobacco use were conflicting. ConclusionWe showed that an increased risk of substance use disorder seems to appear 2 years after bariatric surgery, concerning not only preoperative users, but also new users.