Substances In Blood Serum Research Articles

Changes of endothelial function and oxidant status in insulin resistance and obesity under the conditions of iodine deficiency

Background. The topicality of the theme is due to the significant prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and an increase in costs for medical care, the high risk of disability, which characterizes the medical and social component of the problem. Pathological changes can be a manifestation not only of a cardiovascular disorder, but also develop as a result of other diseases, including diabetes mellitus, obesity, and thyroid pathology. One of the main mechanisms of morbidity and mortality is macrovascular complications that can occur in endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. The purpose of the research is to study the peculiarities of changes in the parameters of the endothelial system and oxidant status in animals with insulin resistance and obesity under conditions of adequate iodine supply and iodine deficiency. Materials and methods. Study included 75 sexually mature rats having received a high-carbohydrate, high-fat diet under conditions of adequate and limited iodine supply, followed by analysis of markers of carbohydrate metabolism, thyroid status, indices of endothelial function, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection. Results. The development of insulin resistance and obesity in a diet loaded with fructose and fats is accompanied by the development of endothelial dysfunction: in the blood serum, the level of endothelin-1 increases and inducible NO-synthase (iNO-synthase) is activated, in the myocardium, the activity of iNO-synthase increases compared to the data in animals who received a standard diet. The development of oxidative stress in experimental animals characterizes an increase in the content of diene conjugates and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in blood serum and myocardium against the background of inhibition of serum antioxidant enzymes (catalase, superoxide dismutase, ceruloplasmin, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase). The degree of endothelial dysfunction and the intensity of lipoperoxidation increase with hypothyroid dysfunction against the background of iodine deficiency. Conclusions. Metabolic disorders under the conditions of insulin resistance and obesity are characterized by the development of endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which are the predictors of the development of cardiovascular risks. Their intensity depends on carbohydrate and thyroid homeostasis.

On the importance of nonionic osmotically active substances of the blood for the pathogenesis of severe alcoholic delirium

The main non-ionic osmotically active substances in blood serum are glucose and urea. The aim of the study was to study the changes in the water-osmotic state caused by non-ionic (organic) substances in patients with delirium tremens (DT) and in a state of alcohol withdrawal, and to assess their influence on the blood leukocyte composition and the clinical manifestations of the disease. A total of 747 men were examined in a state of alcohol withdrawal; of these, 450 people had manifestations of severe DT (F10.43), 213 — “classic” DT (F10.4), 84 patients had signs of alcohol withdrawal with somatic and vegetative manifestations (F10.3). To quantitatively describe the composition of leukocytes, an index equal to the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NL-R) was used. We were able to mathematically describe a previously unknown quantitative relationship between the osmolarity level due to non-ionic osmotically active substances in blood serum and the NL-R values. It is expressed by the following formula: G + U = 1 mmol/L (log2 NL-R + 9.5), where G — concentration of glucose in blood serum, mmol/l; U is the concentration of urea in the blood serum, mmol/l; NL-R — neutrophil-lymphocyte index, units; 1 mmol/l — coefficient providing the required dimension of the result; log2 — logarithm with base 2; 9.5 is a constant whose size depends on the selected system of units. It was found that regular changes in blood osmolarity in patients with alcohol withdrawal and DT, both at the stage of initiation of psychosis and during the progression of the disease and the formation of severe DT, occur mainly, and maybe completely, due to non-ionic osmotically active substances. Glucose and urea have their unique role in the formation of homeostasis disorders during the development of the disease in individuals with uncomplicated alcohol withdrawal, as well as DT of varying severity.

Experimental Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Resveratrol as an Antioxidant in Colon Cancer Prevention

According to the WHO, cancer is the second leading cause of death globally and the third most common cancer is colorectal. A significant etiological factor for carcinogenesis might be oxidative stress. Chemoprevention by consuming natural antioxidants has great perspectives in the struggle to control cancer because it is available and affordable for the wide population. Studies by diverse research groups discovered that grapes, as well as grape-based products, are exceptional sources of the polyphenolic compound resveratrol, which has powerful antioxidant properties. Despite the great number of publications on the anticancer effectiveness of resveratrol, they were all aimed at studying its action once the condition was established. This experiment was the first to study the dynamics of the anticancer activity of resveratrol in the development of chemically induced colorectal cancer. Administrating resveratrol along with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) during 30 weeks led to the inhibition of oxidative stress manifestations, in particular, lipid peroxidation. Our research showed that the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances in blood serum was 85.1%, 214.6%, and 276.9% lower on the third, fifth, and seventh months of the experiment in the group of rats that obtained resveratrol, compared with the animals affected only by DMH. In the fifth month of the experiment, we noticed that the GPx activity in blood serum was 1.54 times higher than the DMH-control level. During the next 8 weeks, this indicator decreased. The activity of glutathione reductase increased by 2 times in the seventh month, compared with the DMH-control. Histologically resveratrol decelerated the development of the tumor. After 30 weeks of experiment, rats that were receiving only DMH had developed colon adenocarcinoma in situ. In contrast to them, morphological changes in the colon tissue of the animals that obtained resveratrol + DMH could be characterized as signs of mucous colitis.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and perfluorinated alkyl substances in blood serum of New Zealand adults, 2011–2013

A national survey was conducted in 2011–2013 to assess serum concentrations of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in adult New Zealanders. Participants were randomly selected from the 2010 Electoral Roll within 64 demographic strata according to 4 age groups, 4 geographic regions, 2 ethnic groups (Māori/non-Māori) and sex. Eligible participants (n = 734; response rate of contacted individuals = 37%) donated up to 30 mL of blood, after which serum was pooled (49 pools for BFRs, 63 pools for PFASs) according to demographic strata. BFRs were analysed by GC-HRMS and PFASs by LC-MS/MS. Associations between serum BFRs and PFASs and demographic variables (age, region, ethnicity, sex) were assessed using regression analysis. The weighted geometric mean (GM) serum concentrations of BDE47, BDE99, BDE100, and BDE153 were 2.0, 0.66, 0.43, and 1.2 ng/g lipid, respectively. The weighted geometric mean (GM) serum concentrations of PFOS, PFOA, PFHxS, and PFNA were 3.4, 2.4, 1.0, and 0.66 ng/mL, respectively. The majority of BFRs showed higher serum concentrations in younger age groups. Conversely, the four PFASs showed higher serum concentrations in older age groups. Concentrations of BFRs and PFASs were generally lower in females compared to males. In New Zealand, both age and sex are important determinants of BFR and PFAS serum concentrations.

Влияние криоконсервированной сыворотки кордовой крови на системные проявления воспаления на модели холодовых ран

The effect of cryopreserved cord blood serum on systemic inflammatory responses following skin cryodestruction was studied. The investigation comprised the assessment of inflammation response indices: erythrocyte sedimentation rate, leukogram, amount of C-reactive protein and TBA reactive substances in blood serum after the treatment with the human cryopreserved cord blood serum of animals with cold wounds. It has been shown that cryodamage of rat skin led to an inflammation response accompanied with a two-fold erythrocyte sedimentation rate, 1.5 elevation of C-reactive protein to observation days 7 and 14, changes in leukogram; 1.4 rise in the level of peroxidation processes to day 7, 2.5 times to day 9, 1.9 times to day 14 and 1.5 times to day 21. Application of cryopreserved cord blood serum resulted in a reduced intensity of inflammation response to skin cryodestruction in experimental animals, that was confirmed by a 1.5 time decrease in the level of C-reactive protein to days 7and 9, and its normalization to day 14; 2.0 times diminishing of erythrocyte sedimentation rate to day 7 and its normalization to day 14; normalization of leukogram to day 7; 1.4 times reduction of TBA reactive product level to day 7 and its normalization to day 9. Probl Cryobiol Cryomed 2017; 27(1): 71-80

AB0897 Lipid Peroxidation and Antioxidant Protection in Children with Juvenile Scleroderma and Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis

ObjectivesTo evaluate the status of lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant protection in children with juvenile scleroderma (JS) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).MethodsBaseline demographics, clinical characteristics and disease activity parameters have...

A simple and rapid extraction method for sensitive determination of perfluoroalkyl substances in blood serum suitable for exposure evaluation

In this work, we propose a microextraction method based on a new supramolecular solvent (SUPRAS) made up of reverse aggregates of hexanoic acid, combined with liquid chromatography/triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC/QQQ MS–MS) for the determination of the perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in blood serum. A SUPRAS is a nano-structured liquid made up of surfactant aggregates synthesized through a self-assembly process. The method involved the acidification of 765μL of blood serum (600μmol of hydrochloric acid per mL of serum) followed by the addition of hexanoic acid (97μL) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) (600μL), conditions under which the supramolecular solvent (∼360μL) formed in situ after vortex-shaking and centrifugation. Parameters affecting extraction efficiency and concentration factors were studied. The overall sample treatment took only 20min and several samples (20–30) can be simultaneously analyzed using conventional lab equipments, making additional investments unnecessary. Recoveries for the internal standards in samples ranged from 75 to 89% with relative standard deviations between 1 and 15%. Calibration was based on the use of internal standards. The method was very sensitive with detection limits ranging from 2 to 20pgmL−1 for PFASs. The approach developed was successfully applied to the determination of PFASs in different blood serum samples. The concentration of PFASs found in samples of animal origin ranged between 17 and 197.3pgmL−1 and between 84 and 5168pgmL−1 in samples of human origin. Both the analytical and operational features of this method make it suitable for the evaluation of exposure to PFASs.

A Bayesian precision profile for measuring the quality of immunoassay experiments

A precision profile, the relationship between the concentration of a substance and its measured precision, is a convenient way of conveying the ability of an immunoassay to accurately measure the concentration of a substance in blood serum. A precision profile is characterized by the definition of precision. Historically, precision has been evaluated as the standard error of an estimator of the concentration in a sample conditional on the true concentration. In this paper, Bayesian predictive inference is used to develop a new measure of precision based on the accuracy with which an assay could infer the concentration in a hypothetical new sample. This leads to a natural procedure for evaluating a precision profile that avoids using approximations such as those inherent in traditional methods.

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Nitric Oxide Serum Levels in Arterial Hypertension

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a specific mitogen for endothelial cells and an inducer of the angiogenic procedure. Endothelial nitric oxide (NO) is a potent vasodilator. Because both are implicated in vascular function, it is possible that they would be significantly affected in arterial hypertension. The aim of the study was the investigation of the levels of the two substances in blood serum and their potential relation in patients with untreated essential arterial hypertension compared to healthy individuals. VEGF levels were found 129.1 ± 135.9 pg/mL in a group of 28 untreated hypertensive patients vs. 209.0 ± 133.3 pg/mL in a group of 28 healthy individuals (p = 0.008). Nitrites and nitrates levels (as an indirect index of calculating NO levels) were also lower in hypertensive patients than in healthy individuals (19.8 ± 9.7 μmol/L vs. 29.6 ± 15.9 μmol/L, p = 0.014). A positive correlation between NOx (nitrites and nitrates levels) and VEGF was found in healthy individuals (r = 0.55, p = 0.003), but there was no correlation in hypertensive patients. The significant decrease of serum VEGF and NO in arterial hypertension and the existence of a correlation between the two substances in healthy subjects that did not exist in the hypertensive patients are findings that need evaluation.

ORAL DIAGNOSTIC CHALLENGES

Over 2000 years ago in ancient Greece, Hippocrates (460–375/351 bc) recorded his observations of an adverse food reaction (i.e., milk-induced),18 and in his treatise on ancient medicine, admonished patients to “search out food befitting their nature.”7 Writings from Galen, physician and philosopher (130–200 ad), indicate that the Romans were also well aware that foods safely consumed by most of the population could not be tolerated by some and could initiate many forms of adverse reactions.16 Centuries later, in 1921, Carl Prausnitz and Heinz Kustner, in a significant breakthrough contribution, demonstrated the passive transfer (P-K) test. By injecting his own serum into Prausnitz, who had a known sensitivity to fish, Kustner was able to provoke a wheal and flare response at the injection site following fish ingestion by Prausnitz.17 Although now used only for special purposes because of the risk of transmitting AIDS and other diseases, the test succeeded in establishing substances in blood serum as the causative factor in food allergy. Blinded, placebo-controlled food trials were introduced in 1950 by Loveless who incorporated “food masking” techniques to disguise a suspected food in a safe food, thereby avoiding detection by the patient.10, 11 At that same symposium, Graham et al presented a paper examining the placebo effect. Patients in this study reacted more to what they believed was being administered than to the actual food, showing once again the human mind's ability to conjure up and to remand symptoms.5, 15 Further pioneering work by May, in 1976, used the double-blind, placebo-controlled food challenge (DBPCFC),14 a procedure that continues to be recognized as the standard in diagnosing food allergy.18

A disc electrophoretic method for detecting humic acid-type substances in blood serum

Es wird eine Methode zum Nachweis von Stoffen vom Huminsauretyp (naturliche und synthetische Phenolkorperpolymerisate) im Blutserum beschrieben. Die Abtrennung der freien Huminsauren von Begleitsubstanzen erfolgt durch Polyacrylamidgelelektrophorese an einem 7,5 %igen Trenngel pH 8.9; die Trenndauer betragt 30 min. Nach Fixieren der Gele in einer 10%igen Blei(II)-acetatlosung werden die Huminsauren durch Anfarben mit 0,2% Alcianblau 8GS sichtbar gemacht. Eine quantitative Auswertung der Disk-Elektrophoresen ist durch direkte photometrische Messung der Gele bei 560 nm moglich. Zur Differenzierung von sauren Mucopolysacchariden (z.B. Heparin) und Stoffen vom Huminsauretyp wird die Reaktion mit FeCl3/K3 [Fe(CN)6] und/oder eine Vorbehandlung der Proben mit 1 N KMnO4 empfohlen.

Volatile substances in blood serum: Profile analysis and quantitative determination

Alcohols, ketones and aldehydes have been identified in the profiles of volatile substances in blood serum. A 5-ml sample is required in order to obtain a complete gas chromatographic profile, selective profiles of alcohols or individual ketones by computer mass fragmetntography, and to permit mass spectrometric identification of the compounds. The quantitative determination of total 4-heptanone using an extraction and gas chromatographic-mass fragmentographic procedure demonstrated concentrations of 10–50 nmole/l in normal serum, whereas in the serum of patients with chronic renal insufficiency the concentrations were 10- to 40-fold higher. Ethanol and total acetone were quantitatively measured by direct injection of serum. For 10 patients, concentrations between 25 and 85 μmole/l of acetone and 10–170 μmole/l of ethanol were determined.

The detection of Jaffe-positive substance in blood serum by paper partition chromatography the problem of apparent creatinine

1. 1. A method for the detection of Jaffé-positive substances in human blood serum using the technique of paper partition chromatography is described. 2. 2. A partial solution of the problem of apparent creatinine has been furnished by identification of pyruvate as a second Jaffé-positive compound beside creatinine in a water-soluble fraction of acetone-filtrate of sera; this finding was confirmed polarographically as well as spectrophotometrically. Up till now the quantitative significance of this substance has not been considered in connection with this problem. 3. 3. After a few preliminary experiments, paper chromatography of the insoluble residue of acetone-filtrate of serum has been left open for further investigation. It seems likely that the final solution of the problem of apparent creatinine will cover both possibilities which were discussed in the introduction, irrespectively of whether the chromatographic investigation of the insoluble fraction might show the presence of some new unknown Jaffé-positive component.

Cell Proliferation Accelerating and Inhibiting Substances in Blood Serum During Pregnancy.

Summary1. Two types of factors which affect cell proliferation have been observed in blood serum, one of which accelerates the rate of normal cell proliferation, and the other inhibits the proliferation of normal cells. Normal blood serum contains a predominance of factcrs which accelerate the rate of normal cell proliferation. During pregnancy there is a progressive change in the balance of factors which affect cell proliferation such that the factors which inhibit proliferation of normal cells become predominant.2. The rate of cell proliferation of a cell suspension in vitro of cells obtained from rat embryos and fetuses, at least up to the 15th day of pregnancy, is accelerated by 2-amino-4-hydroxy-7-methyl pteridine and cancer blood serum and inhibited by xanthopterin and normal human blood serum.3. The rate of cell proliferation of a cell suspension in vitro, of cells obtained from rat young at the time of birth, is accelerated by xanthopterin and normal human blood serum and inhibited by 2-amino-4-hy...

Determination of the estrogenic substance in blood serum by means of an estimation of the antiproteolytic power of the serum

1. A simple laboratory test for the presence of estrogenic substance in the blood serum of animals and man is described in detail. It requires 1 c.c. of blood serum and can be completed in about one and a half hours.2. We have used it in 2,493 tests on 1,204 human beings and 61 experimental animals in the course of the last three years.3. Its clinical significance is discussed, especially in view of the accumulation of estrogenic substance in the blood serum in cases of deficiency of vitamin E.

The elimination of cloudy reactions by the use of formalin as a preservative forBacterium pullorumantigen

Abstract does not appear. First page follows. Introduction All who have used the agglutination test for the detection of fowls that harbor Bacterium pullorum have observed the occurrence of excessive turbidity in many tubes which seriously interfered with accurate reading of the reactions. Hitchner, in 1923, reported that the turbidity resulted from the precipitation of fat that is present in the blood serum of some fowls and that it could be avoided by starving fowls for thirty-six hours before blood samples were drawn. Matthews, in 1926, reported studies which he believed demonstrated that such turbidity was due to the presence of a protein rather than a fatty substance in blood serum of fowls. He stated that this protein substance was soluble in weak alkali solution and that clouding of agglutination tests could be avoided by adding a small amount of sodium hydroxide solution to antigen. Bushnell, Hinshaw and Payne, in 1926, published a very complete discussion of bacillary white diarrhea in fowls which included a resume of the methods used by various agricultural experiment station laboratories in making agglutination tests. This resume shows that in twenty-four of twenty-eight laboratories, phenol is used for preservation of the antigen. The amount of phenol used is 0.5 per cent in nineteen laboratories and 0.4, 0.3, 0.25 and 0.2 per cent phenol in one each of four other laboratories.

IMMUNOCHEMICAL STUDIES WITH PEPTONES

The experiments here described indicate that the peptone fractions can alter the different blood elements in such a manner as to affect their immunological reactions. This power is not possessed by all the peptones equally, either qualitatively or quantitatively. If we regard the phenomenon of hemolysis by immune serum in the light of a biochemical process, depending upon properties inherent in certain constituents of the serum and the red blood cells, the experiments described reveal a number of facts concerning the immunochemical action of albumoses and peptones. These substances, which depend for their separation and identification upon purely physical means, show differences in their behavior toward the elements concerned in the production of hemolysis. Inagaki (7) has shown that the albumoses can combine with nucleohiston. It is not improbable, therefore, that some of the reactions are chemical as well as physicochemical in character. Further studies are necessary to determine whether the reactions elicited can aid us in the differentiation of the peptone bodies, for which at present we possess but few tests. The results, however, are suggestive, and may aid in recognizing the presence of these substances in blood serum.