Subsidized Housing Projects Research Articles

Faktor Utama Keterlambatan Pembayaran Dalam Proyek Perumahan Subsidi dan Komersial

In the implementation of housing development, the problem of late payment delays is a common issue encountered in commercial and subsidized housing projects during construction. These delays impact the timely completion and lead to disputes among the involved parties, which include owners, contractors, and subcontractors. This study aims to analyze the primary factors contributing to late payment in construction projects, specifically in commercial and subsidized housing. The analysis is conducted from the perspective of the owner, contractors, and subcontractors. The study involves six owner respondents, six contractor respondents, and four subcontractor respondents. The survey results were analyzed using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to assess the significance of various factors influencing payment delays in both housing schemes. The analysis results indicate that financial issues with the owner's company are crucial factors from the owner's perspective in causing payment delays in both commercial and subsidized housing projects. A major challenge faced by contractors is the lack of capital availability, which can lead to delays that affect all involved parties. Meanwhile, discrepancies between job specifications not following the contract from the subcontractor's viewpoint highlight the importance of clear communication and rigorousness. All parties involved in housing projects need to improve financial management, enhance capital procurement, and tighten the supervision of contract implementation. By identifying key factors, adopting best practices can help mitigate the risk of payment delays and improve efficiency in future housing project implementations, whether commercial or subsidized.

ANALISA DAMPAK PENERAPAN MANAJEMEN PROYEK DAN EFEKTIFITAS PEKERJA TERHADAP KEBERHASILAN PENYELESAIAN PROYEK PADA PEMBANGUNAN PERUMAHAN BERSUBSIDI PESONA PRIMA 7 RAJAMANDALA DEVELOPER PT. KREASI PRIMA NUSANTARA

This study aims to determine the impact of knowing whether project management has been carried out properly and correctly in subsidized housing development projects and to find out whether the company has implemented Employee Performance Effectiveness properly and correctly in implementing the Pesona Prima 7 Rajamandala subsidized housing project. Methods of data collection by observation, surveys, and interviews conducted with 3 (three) informants. The results of the study show that the company has implemented project management well in terms of the use of management tools and techniques, overcoming obstacles in implementing project management and efforts to improve project management that has been implemented. And the effectiveness of workers who have a significant impact on the success of the Pesona Prima 7 Rajamandala subsidized housing development project.

Ghostly murals: Tracing the politics of public art in Vancouver’s Hogan’s Alley

The article unpacks the multiple political implications of commissioned murals in contested urban space. It examines public artwork in Hogan’s Alley, a historically Black neighborhood in Vancouver, BC, situated on the unceded Indigenous territories of the Musqueam, Squamish, and Tsleil-Waututh Coast Salish Nations. Drawing from ethnographic field research and semi-structured interviews with local artists, policymakers and community activists, I read the mural Remember Hogan’s Alley (2019), covering the sidewall of a subsidized housing project, as a contested public space. In this conflictual space, multiple pasts appear, disappear and reappear, oscillating between the celebration of Black culture, food and entertainment and the systematic displacement of Black residents and businesses. By contrasting diverging rationales, expectations and dreams regarding murals’ contributions to memory-making and cultural reconciliation, I trace where and how conflicts about public art inscribe themselves into the urban cultural fabric. The article intervenes into the predominantly ‘positive’ discussion of sanctioned public art to develop a more conflict-attuned understanding of artworks placed in the public realm. It deploys a framework of hauntology to discuss the appearance of ghosts invited into the public realm via official art commissions. These ghosts, becoming visible on urban walls via acts of placemaking, conjure memories of spatial displacement and racial discrimination, as well as stories of community care and healing. In sum, the article argues that the analytic of ghosts assists to foster an understanding of public art as always-already conflictual, thus inviting to stay with conflicts of belonging and memory, rather than to suppress them or shy away. By reflecting on what public art does politically – unpacking diverse narratives of the past that continue to mark present racial inequalities – the article contributes to sketching a conflict-oriented understanding of public space that is needed in cities wounded by racism and displacement.

Development of a Python-based algorithm for adaptive thermal comfort: Theoretical formulation and application cases

Adaptive thermal comfort has gained momentum within the scientific community as a cost effective and affordable way of maintaining acceptable levels of comfort in dwellings while abating energy expenditure. At the moment two international standards, namely the European EN16798-1 and the American ASHRAE55-2010 shape the understanding of adaptive comfort around the world. However, in recent years concerns have raised about whether they can accurately represent comfort conditions considering the cultural and societal background of different countries, and whether adaptive thermal comfort will be still feasible in future scenarios of climate change. Considering these challenges, this study presents an algorithm which can model different adaptive comfort models; additionally, it can be implemented into energy simulation engines and therefore used to predict energy consumption under different climates, building typologies, and dynamic comfort conditions. This contribution presents the development of the aforementioned algorithm, called ACCIS (Adaptive-Comfort-Control-Implementation Script), originally written in EnergyPlus Runtime Language (ERL) and later nested in a Python package called ACCIM (Adaptive-Comfort-Control-Implemented Model)”, its main characteristics, and also the implementation into two cases studies: The thermal comfort in social dwellings in Spain and Japan considering present and future climate change scenarios namely Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 2.6, 4.5 and 8.5 for years 2050, 2080 and 2100. The results show that the predicted energy consumption of low-income families is strongly influenced by the adaptive comfort model chosen to model their thermal routine and suggest that international standards should be put under revision to consider the local particularities of dwellers in subsidized housing projects. The results of this research can be useful to devise public policies aimed at abating energy cost for low-income dwellers that benefit from social housing programs, particularly in the light of the increment of energy costs for heating and cooling associated with climate change..

AHP-SAW and AHP-WP Sensitivity Test in DSS Design for Housing Location Selection

The Decision Support System (DSS) is implemented by CV. IKS assists the director as a Decision Maker in determining the location of housing developments. In the case of determining the location of the subsidized housing project that was carried out in 2020, the DSS developed with two methods, namely DSS1 with the AHP – WP method and DSS2 with the AHP – SAW method, gives different outputs. The purpose of this paper is to conduct a sensitivity test to determine the MADM method most suitable for completing the locating determination of subsidized housing projects in CV. IKS. The sensitivity test method was chosen because this method can detect every ranking change in each MADM method. The more sensitive the value obtained from the change in ranking suggests the MADM method is the best in displaying the order of the ranked alternatives. It can be seen from the sensitivity test results that the change value of the AHP-WP method is 3.178%, and the change value of the AHP-SAW method is -19.274%. It concluded that the AHP-WP method was considered to be the most relevant in addressing the problem of determining the location of housing developments in the CV. IKS.Keywords: sensitivity test, MADM, AHP-SAW method, AHP-WP method, housing location determination

Analisis Kelayakan Investasi Pengembangan Perumahan Subsidi di Kabupaten Aceh Tamiang

The construction of subsidized housing projects continues to increase every year. This development must be in line with the benefits received by developers of subsidized housing, especially regarding investment costs, which need to be analyzed for suitability based on the benefits obtained. The developers need to make a decision in allocating the amount of funds they currently have, with the aim of gaining profits and increasing that value in the future. The technical aspect determines that the developers have carried out development in accordance with the standards set by the government. Analysis of housing investment needs to be carried out, including from the technical and financial aspects, to find out how much benefit has been obtained from the housing business that has been going on so far. The review of the technical aspects includes the height of the subsidized house building, the Basic Building Coefficient (BBC), the Building Floor Coefficient (BFC) and the accessibility of the location. Furthermore, the analysis of financial aspects using the Net Present Value (NPV) and Benefit Cost of Ratio (BCR) methods. From the results obtained, the construction of Mutiara Residence II Housing in Aceh Tamiang Regency has met the requirements from the technical aspect with a building height of 15 m, BBC and BFC 30% as well as accessibility close to the city center, offices, houses of worship and health centers, with mileage less than 10 minutes. The feasibility of the financial aspect is calculated using the NPV and BCR methods with NPV 0 and BCR 1, so the cash flow for proper investment and meets to be implemented for the development of subsidized housing development. The return on investment obtained ranges from 8% to 10%. From the results of the projection for the development of subsidized housing development using sensitivity analysis, an addition of 20% was carried out on certain elements, it was found that from a financial aspect it was still adequate and feasible to add 20% with the selling price in accordance with government regulations which increased every year.

GIS for planning a sustainable and inclusive community: multi-criteria suitability analysis for siting low-income housing in a sustainable community and suitable neighborhood in Buffalo Metropolitan Area, New York

This study utilized Geographic Information System (GIS) as a tool for sustainable community planning which incorporateslow-income communities into current sustainable neighborhoods. GIS suitability analysis aimed at finding suitable and sustainable neighborhoods for locating subsidized housing projects for low-income families through the Low-Income Housing Tax Credit (LIHTC) program in the Buffalo Metropolitan Area (BMA), New York. LIHTC projects allocate 30% of their rental units for low-income families. They must be located in sustainable neighborhoods to ensure economically and socially sustainable livesfor low-income inhabitants. Data was collected from various New York State government agencies and used as input for several raster-based criteria maps using GIS network analysis, raster cost-distance analysis, Kernel density analysis, raster-based local statistics, and surface analysis.The criteria of sustainable neighborhoodsusing GIS multi-criteria analysis (MCA) were grouped into five factors, namely public amenities, economic viability, population growth, property conditions, and environmental factors. A final suitability map was created by multiplying the derived raster maps with their respective weight resulting from the Analytical Hierarchical Process (AHP). The study found several locations in suburban areas of the BMA that meet the criteria and canbe usedby the Buffalo Metropolitan Housing Authority (BMHA) to site the LIHTC housing.

The function and credibility of urban slums: Evidence on informal settlements and affordable housing in Chile

In recent decades, governments and international organizations have made strong efforts to promote homeownership among low-income households. However, in many countries, informal housing arrangements persist. A strong reason for this is emphasized in the “credibility thesis” which posits that informal settlements play a functional role and serve informal dwellers by supplying other valuable attributes that formal housing may not provide. Based on a comprehensive survey of 1588 households living in 69 irregular settlements and 32 subsidized housing projects in Santiago, Chile, we analyze the functionality of informal settlements by examining two hitherto under-researched indicators for credibility: residents' perceptions on location and neighborhood security. Results show that in the low-income housing sector some individuals may prefer to live in an informal settlement because these places are more functional with respect to some relevant urban attributes to which they give more weight. In effect, households living in informal settlements are less willing to move from their current municipal district, are closer to jobs, and report lower rates of neighborhood vandalism relative to those living in formal subsidized housing projects. This is related to the fact that in Chile many individuals who have had access to affordable housing have moved to segregated urban areas. The results show that even within well-functioning urban areas where there is strong protection to private property rights, urban informality may still provide a better geography of opportunities than formal homeownership.

Liberty and the City

The city is the locus of our every-day lives. It is where we are free to live, socialize, shop, and labour. However, with this freedom also comes unfreedom. Policies and systemic structures are capable of denying freedom as much as supporting it. With the freedom of the automobile came the erosion of sidewalks, with the increased provision of common parks (like those in gated communities) came the elimination of genuine public space, and with the construction of subsidized housing projects came the destruction of many dynamic neighbourhoods and socio-economic segregation. Debates over the content of “freedom” have long been a tradition within political theory. This thesis transplants those debates to the urban realm of the “every-day.” Guided by the works of both urban theorists (including David Harvey and Jane Jacobs) and theorists of liberty (Rawls, Nozick, and G.A. Cohen, among others), the completed project will synthesize the two and demonstrate how features of urban environments affect the realization of human freedom.

Rehousing Good Citizens: Gender, Class, and Family Ideals in the St. John’s Housing Authority Survey of the Inner City of St. John’s, 1951 and 1952

This article investigates how gendered middle class family ideals were used to relocate administratively defined “good citizens” from a multidimensional yet often demonized “slum” neighbourhood in St. John’s in the 1950s and 1960s. We argue that under the guise of urban renewal, notions of “good citizens” and “good families” were reconstructed along gendered and class lines through housing eligibility criteria for new subsidized housing projects. Our findings show how housing eligibility criteria initially rehoused only specific families from the inner city area. We conclude by discussing the implications of urban renewal in St. John’s for historical work on modernity and on slum clearance.

A multiobjective optimization model for locating affordable housing investments while maximizing accessibility to jobs by public transportation

This paper develops a new optimal location model for siting affordable housing units to maximize the accessibility of low-income workers to appropriate jobs by public transportation. Transit-accessible housing allows disadvantaged populations to reduce their reliance on automobiles, which can lead to savings on transportation-related expenditures. The housing location model developed here maximizes transit accessibility while reducing the clustering of affordable housing units in space. Accessibility is maximized using a high-resolution space-time metric of public transit accessibility, originally developed for service equity analysis. The second objective disperses subsidized housing projects across space using a new minimax dispersion model based on spatial interaction principles. The multiobjective model trades off accessibility maximization and affordable housing dispersion, subject to upper and lower bounds on the land acquisition and construction budget. The model is tested using data for Tempe, AZ including actual data for vacant parcels, travel times by light rail and bus, and the location of low-wage jobs. This model or similar variants could provide insightful spatial decision support to affordable-housing providers or tax-credit administrators, facilitating the design of flexible strategies that address multiple social goals.

Stakeholder participation and incremental housing in subsidized housing projects in Colombia and South Africa

Subsidized housing projects in developing countries are constrained by important challenges. Up-front subsidies are often insufficient to solve the housing needs of beneficiaries and subsidized units are considered too small. However, the delivery of ‘finished’ units might be neither necessary nor desirable. The qualitative examination of two subsidized housing projects in Colombia and South Africa shows how the challenges related with the size and quality of the units can be efficiently faced adopting an approach based on incremental growth of housing units. In South Africa, the project emphasized the participation of beneficiaries from construction to occupation, while in Colombia the project assumed an incremental housing approach. In the Colombian case, beneficiaries were not early involved in construction activities, but instead, the project anticipated user-driven additions and upgrading, recognizing the role of beneficiaries during the post-occupancy phase. The comparison of the two projects shows the advantages of optimizing the investment of up-front subsidies in an incremental construction. It also highlights that the size and quality of units depend, in reality, on early decisions made during the planning and design of the project, which have a considerable influence on the participation of stakeholders during the post-occupancy phase. Even though much attention is often given to the participation of beneficiaries during project construction, the results suggest that the success of a subsidized housing project is strongly related with the appropriate coordination of formal and informal stakeholders after the occupation of units.

The Last Slum: Moving from Illegal Settlements to Subsidized Home Ownership in Chile

The living conditions of the urban poor have dramatically changed in Chile in the past two decades. On one hand, through a massive program of investment in subsidized housing, more than a million Chileans have moved out from slums and shantytowns and become property owners. On the other, youth violence, drug trafficking, and other social maladies are increasing in many neighborhoods. It appears that home ownership has not been enough to overcome marginality and disintegration. Moreover, in some cases, moving to subsidized housing projects contributes to increased social problems, especially those related to violence and disintegration. To acquire knowledge about shantytown living conditions and the changes attendant to the move to home ownership, six focus groups were conducted with former residents of La Toma de Peñalolén, the last important slum remaining in Santiago and eliminated in 2006. This article analyzes the ways in which residents who have moved out from a shantytown compare the houses and neighborhood in which they used to live with their current setting. It analyzes the changes and continuities in living conditions and the aspects of shantytown living that former residents remember as valuable. The article ends with a discussion regarding the conditions of home ownership, social control, stigmatization, and the identity and value transformation residents have experienced.

Do subsidized housing units depreciate faster than unsubsidized ones?

The economics literature provides considerable evidence on the performance of low-income housing programs. One issue that has not been adequately addressed by previous studies is the relative depreciation rates of subsidized and unsubsidized housing units. Simple economic theory suggests that subsidized projects should depreciate more quickly than unsubsidized units, as the rents received by owners of these projects do not depend directly on the condition of their units provided that they meet minimum housing standards. However, many government programs aimed at modernizing subsidized housing projects exist. Whether there is a difference between the depreciation rates of subsidized and unsubsidized housing units is therefore an empirical question. Using panel data from the American Housing Survey, I find that there is no significant difference in the depreciation rates of subsidized and unsubsidized housing units over the period from 1985 to 2005.

La racaille

Dominant French discourses stigmatize la racaille (‘male street toughs’) in a national moral panic about cités (‘subsidized housing projects’). This paper examines how these discourses influence everyday talk and experiences of public space in Chemin de l’Ile, a cité west of Paris. In both national and local discourses, la racaille symbolizes stigmatized public spaces, particularly la rue (‘the street’). However, inhabitants in Chemin de l’Ile mobilize the symbol of la racaille to evoke a set of moralizing discourses that are inflected with cultural, gendered, and generational prescriptions. Specifically, la racaille is constructed as morally threatening to culturally respectful spaces, such as Muslim weddings, and the respect of certain persons including adolescent girls. Adolescent girls’ own perspectives are analyzed to show that through narratives about la racaille they elaborate and resist normative prescriptions for gendered uses of public space in their cité.

The informal construction sector and the inefficiency of low cost housing markets

Urban low cost housing markets in developing countries are often inefficient and subsidized programmes can add further market distortions. In the case of South Africa, one of the important causes of the inefficiency of the housing market (and one that is often ignored) is the fact that housing policies and construction practices systematically exclude the informal construction sector: the very sector that has been the only source of delivery of affordable housing for the bottom poor. After the end of the apartheid era and the transition to democracy in 1994, an ambitious programme of subsidized housing was implemented in the country. Since then, more than 1.6 million housing units have been built but the housing policies have not created a functional residential market for low income South Africans. In spite of the good intentions of the stakeholders in the marketplace, some projects developed by NGOs do not help to overcome these shortcomings and frequently accentuate some of the inefficiencies of the market. Four case studies of housing projects in Cape Town show the common constraints derived from institutional structures and prevailing attitudes among the NGOs and other stakeholders that prevent the informal sector from being involved. Giving greater participation to the informal sector in subsidized housing projects might prove difficult as it requires modification of structural policies and reformulation of the principles and values of urban intervention. However, these changes are required to reduce the housing deficit in South Africa.

The myths and politics of housing in Hong Kong: The controversy over the demolition of the Hunghom Estate

This paper explores the post-handover surge of civic activism in Hong Kong by examining the controversy over the demolition of the Hunghom Estate—a government subsidized housing project that was sold to private developers during a recession in early 2004. In a departure from “business as usual,” the high-profile demolition was stopped 10 months later after a series of protests mobilized by environmental activists. This result was widely hailed as a triumph of corporate responsibility and environmental consciousness. By tracing the competing narratives over the course of the controversy, this paper attempts to elucidate this “success” story by revealing the inherent conflicts between different stakeholders, and how these narratives nevertheless share and sustain a number of long-held myths about Hong Kong's economy and housing market. It argues that these myths obscure the ongoing political choices of an interventionist administration, which maintains legitimacy by tightly controlling urban development and securing support from powerful economic actors. By connecting the various claims of the present case with historic discourses of the territory, the paper aims to shed light on the power relations embedded in the development policies that characterized Hong Kong over the colonial period, and which continues to shape the practices of housing in the present.

Does Stigma Keep Poor Young Immigrant and U.S.-Born Black and Latina Women From Seeking Mental Health Care?

Does Stigma Keep Poor Young Immigrant and U.S.-Born Black and Latina Women From Seeking Mental Health Care?

Depression Among Latina Immigrant Mothers Separated From Their Children

Latinas who immigrate to the United States and leave their children in their homelands may experience psychological consequences of this separation. This study examined whether immigrant Latinas who were separated from their children differed in rates of probable major depression from those who lived with their children and from those who did not have any children. Data were obtained between March 1997 and May 2002 from women in Women, Infants, and Children programs that target low-income pregnant and postpartum women and their children (up to five years of age), women in county-run Title X family planning clinics, women in pediatric clinics for low-income families, and women who were living in a subsidized-housing project or attending programs for county welfare recipients. Latinas in this study were all immigrants to the United States. The women were screened for major depressive disorders with the Primary Care Evaluation of Mental Disorders. A total of 5,122 Latina immigrants were screened. Overall, 11.7 percent of the sample screened positive for major depression. The rates of depression were 11.4 percent for women who lived with their children, 10.9 percent for those who did not have children, and 18.1 for those who were not living with their children. When the analyses controlled for demographic differences, the odds of depression for immigrant Latinas who were separated from their children were 1.52 times as great as the odds for those whose children were currently living with them (p=.02). Odds of depression were similar among women who lived with their children and those who did not have children. Separation from children during immigration may lead to increased risk of depression for immigrant Latinas. Health care clinicians who treat young immigrant women should pay close attention to signs of depression among women who have left children with relatives in their homelands.

Thai Credit Market Failures: The 1997 Aftermath

Central to Thai credit market failures in the aftermath of 1997 debacle are information economics problem, balance sheet rehabilitation knowledge gap and declining value of collateral. But curing one form of market failure can lead to another. The best way to understand the failure in the credit extension process in Thailand is first to understand what market success and the ideal market are.Theoretical sources of capital for firm, information economics, degree of monitoring and risk sharing are among the next topics of discussion. The primary threat to Thailand credit market system lies in the Small and Medium Enterprise (SME),while personal consumption can be a major factor in Thailand's economic recovery process. Retail credit liberalization, nation-wide subsidized housing projects, a value chain system and a limited credit guarantee scheme are among the macro and micro economic proposals put forth in this paper to create incentive compatibility among stakeholders and to mitigate Thai credit market failures. Our essential theme is time, flexibility and growth via financial innovation as a way to jump start SMEs and to put Thailand's economy on the road to self-sustainable recovery. A classical S-learning curve is found to be applied in Siam Commercial Bank (SCB) multilayer loan restructuring process from the top management down to account officers. Taking SCB as a benchmark, the percentage of all individual private banks' NPLs can be expected to reach a sustainable percentage within December 2000. Since the informational and organizational capital of financial intermediaries has not been well preserved for the state owned banks, their proportion of NPLs is much higher than private banks'. With the most optimistic assumption, the loan restructuring process for the state-owned banks is not expected to be completed until the middle of 2001 at the earliest.