Thymocyte Subsets Research Articles

Notch3-regulated microRNAs impair CXCR4-dependent maturation of thymocytes allowing maintenance and progression of T-ALL.

Malignant transformation of T-cell progenitors causes T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL), an aggressive childhood lymphoproliferative disorder. Activating mutations of Notch, Notch1 and Notch3, have been detected in T-ALL patients. In this study, we aimed to deeply characterize hyperactive Notch3-related pathways involved in T-cell dynamics within the thymus and bone marrow to propose these processes as an important step in facilitating the progression of T-ALL. We previously generated a transgenic T-ALL mouse model (N3-ICtg) demonstrating that aberrant Notch3 signaling affects early thymocyte maturation programs and leads to bone marrow infiltration by CD4+CD8+ (DP) T cells that are notably, Notch3highCXCR4high. Newly, our in vivo results suggest that an anomalous immature thymocyte subpopulation, such as CD4-CD8- (DN) over-expressing CD3ɛ, but with low CXCR4 expression, dominates N3-ICtg thymus-resident DN subset in T-ALL progression. MicroRNAs might be of significance in T-ALL pathobiology, however, whether required for leukemia maintenance is not fully understood. The selection of specific DN subsets demonstrates the inverse correlation between CXCR4 expression and a panel of Notch3-deregulated miRNAs. Interestingly, we found that within DN thymocyte subset hyperactive Notch3 inhibits CXCR4 expression through the cooperative effects of miR-139-5p and miR-150-5p, thus impinging on thymocyte differentiation with accumulation of DNCD3ɛ+CXCR4- cells. These data point out that deregulation of Notch3 in T-ALL, besides its role in sustaining dissemination of abnormal DP T cells, as we previously demonstrated, could play a role in selecting specific DN immature T cells within the thymus, thus impeding T cell development, to facilitate T-ALL progression inside the bone marrow.

Epigallocatechin-3-gallate ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute thymus involution in mice via AMPK/Sirt1 pathway.

The thymus, a site to culture the naïve T lymphocytes, is susceptible to atrophy or involution due to aging, inflammation, and oxidation. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) has been proven to possess anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor activity. Here, we investigate the effects of EGCG on thymic involution induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an endotoxin derived from Gram-negative bacteria. The methodology included an in vivo experiment on female Kunming mice exposed to LPS and EGCG. Morphological assessment of thymic involution, immunohistochemical detection, and thymocyte subsets analysis by flow cytometry were further carried out to evaluate the potential role of EGCG on the thymus. As a result, we found that EGCG alleviated LPS-induced thymic atrophy, increased mitochondrial membrane potential and superoxide dismutase levels, and decreased malondialdehyde and reactive oxygen species levels. In addition, EGCG pre-supplement restored the ratio of thymocyte subsets, the expression of autoimmune regulator, sex-determining region Y-box 2,and Nanog homebox, and reduced the number of senescent cells and collagen fiber deposition. Western blotting results indicated that EGCG treatment elevated LPS-induced decrease in pAMPK, Sirt1 protein expression. Collectively, EGCG relieved thymus architecture and function damaged by LPS via regulation of AMPK/Sirt1 signaling pathway. Our findings may provide a new strategy on protection of thymus from involution caused by LPS by using EGCG. And EGCG might be considered as a potential agent for the prevention and treatment of thymic involution.

Local and Global Variability in Developing Human T-Cell Repertoires.

The adaptive immune response relies on T cells that combine phenotypic specialization with diversity of T-cell receptors (TCRs) to recognize a wide range of pathogens. TCRs are acquired and selected during T-cell maturation in the thymus. Characterizing TCR repertoires across individuals and T-cell maturation stages is important for better understanding adaptive immune responses and for developing new diagnostics and therapies. Analyzing a dataset of human TCR repertoires from thymocyte subsets, we find that the variability between individuals generated during the TCR V(D)J recombination is maintained through all stages of T-cell maturation and differentiation. The interindividual variability of repertoires of the same cell type is of comparable magnitude to the variability across cell types within the same individual. To zoom in on smaller scales than whole repertoires, we defined a distance measuring the relative overlap of locally similar sequences in repertoires. We find that the whole repertoire models correctly predict local similarity networks, suggesting a lack of forbidden T-cell receptor sequences. The local measure correlates well with distances calculated using whole repertoire traits and carries information about cell types.

CCR4 and CCR7 differentially regulate thymocyte localization with distinct outcomes for central tolerance.

Central tolerance ensures autoreactive T cells are eliminated or diverted to the regulatory T cell lineage, thus preventing autoimmunity. To undergo central tolerance, thymocytes must enter the medulla to test their T-cell receptors (TCRs) for autoreactivity against the diverse self-antigens displayed by antigen-presenting cells (APCs). While CCR7 is known to promote thymocyte medullary entry and negative selection, our previous studies implicate CCR4 in these processes, raising the question of whether CCR4 and CCR7 play distinct or redundant roles in central tolerance. Here, synchronized positive selection assays, two-photon time-lapse microscopy, and quantification of TCR-signaled apoptotic thymocytes, demonstrate that CCR4 and CCR7 promote medullary accumulation and central tolerance of distinct post-positive selection thymocyte subsets in mice. CCR4 is upregulated within hours of positive selection signaling and promotes medullary entry and clonal deletion of immature post-positive selection thymocytes. In contrast, CCR7 is expressed several days later and is required for medullary localization and negative selection of mature thymocytes. In addition, CCR4 and CCR7 differentially enforce self-tolerance, with CCR4 enforcing tolerance to self-antigens presented by activated APCs, which express CCR4 ligands. Our findings show that CCR7 expression is not synonymous with medullary localization and support a revised model of central tolerance in which CCR4 and CCR7 promote early and late stages of negative selection, respectively, via interactions with distinct APC subsets.

CCR4 and CCR7 differentially regulate thymocyte localization with distinct outcomes for central tolerance

Abstract Central tolerance ensures autoreactive thymocytes are either eliminated via clonal deletion or are diverted to the regulatory T-cell lineage, thus minimizing T cell autoimmunity. To undergo central tolerance, thymocytes must enter the medulla to test their TCRs for autoreactivity against the diverse self-antigens displayed by medullary antigen presenting cells (APCs). While CCR7 is known to promote thymocyte medullary entry and negative selection against some self-antigens, our previous studies implicate CCR4 in these processes, raising the question of whether CCR4 and CCR7 play distinct or redundant roles in central tolerance. Here, we use synchronized positive selection assays and 2-photon timelapse microscopy to demonstrate that CCR4 and CCR7 are expressed sequentially after positive selection and promote medullary accumulation and central tolerance of distinct post-positive selection thymocyte subsets. CCR4 is upregulated within hours of positive selection signaling and promotes medullary entry and clonal deletion of immature post-positive selection thymocytes. In contrast, CCR7 is expressed several days later and promotes medullary entry and negative selection of mature thymocytes. Unlike CCR7 ligands, which are expressed by medullary thymic epithelial cells, CCR4 ligands are expressed by hematopoietic APCs, and we find that CCR4 enforces thymocyte tolerance to self-antigens presented by activated thymic APCs. Our findings demonstrate that CCR7 expression is neither necessary nor sufficient for thymocyte medullary entry and support a revised model of central tolerance in which CCR4 and CCR7 promote early and late stages of central tolerance, respectively, via interactions with distinct APC subsets. Supported by a grant from the NIH/NIAID (R01AI104870)

Klf4 protects thymus integrity during late pregnancy.

Pregnancy causes abrupt thymic atrophy. This atrophy is characterized by a severe decrease in the number of all thymocyte subsets and qualitative (but not quantitative) changes in thymic epithelial cells (TECs). Pregnancy-related thymic involution is triggered by progesterone-induced functional changes affecting mainly cortical TECs (cTECs). Remarkably, this severe involution is rapidly corrected following parturition. We postulated that understanding the mechanisms of pregnancy-related thymic changes could provide novel insights into signaling pathways regulating TEC function. When we analyzed genes whose expression in TECs was modified during late pregnancy, we found a strong enrichment in genes bearing KLF4 transcription factor binding motifs. We, therefore, engineered a Psmb11-iCre : Klf4lox/lox mouse model to study the impact of TEC-specific Klf4 deletion in steady-state conditions and during late pregnancy. Under steady-state conditions, Klf4 deletion had a minimal effect on TEC subsets and did not affect thymic architecture. However, pregnancy-induced thymic involution was much more pronounced in pregnant females lacking Klf4 expression in TECs. These mice displayed a substantial ablation of TECs with a more pronounced loss of thymocytes. Transcriptomic and phenotypic analyses of Klf4 -/- TECs revealed that Klf4 maintains cTEC numbers by supporting cell survival and preventing epithelial-to-mesenchymal plasticity during late pregnancy. We conclude that Klf4 is essential for preserving TEC's integrity and mitigating thymic involution during late pregnancy.

Leptin regulates thymic plasmacytoid dendritic cell ability to influence the thymocyte distribution in vitro.

Leptin, the adipocyte-derived hormone, involved in regulating food intake and body weight, plays an important role in immunity and reproduction. Leptin signals via the specific membrane receptors expressed in most types of immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs) and thymocytes. Leptin enhances thymopoiesis and modulates T-cell-mediated immunity. Thymic plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) are predominated in the thymus. They play an important role in thymocyte differentiation. We have analyzed whether leptin mediates its effects on human thymocytes by influencing on pDCs. We used leptin at concentration corresponding to its level during II-III trimesters of physiological pregnancy. We cultivated leptin-primed pDCs with autologous thymocytes and estimated the main thymocyte subsets expressing αβ chains of the T-cell receptor (αβTCR), natural regulatory T-cells (tTreg), natural T-helpers producing interleukin-17 (nTh17) and invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKT) in vitro. We have shown that leptin augmented CD86, CD276 expressions and depressed IL-10 productions by pDCs. Leptin-primed pDCs decreased the percentage of CD4+CD8+αβTCR+ thymocytes, increased CD4hiCD8-/loαβTCR+ cells. pDCs cultivated with leptin decreased the number of iNKT precursors, and did not change the number of tTreg and nTh17 precursors. Thus, leptin's important role in regulation of thymic pDC abilities to influence on the thymocyte distribution was indicated in vitro.

Dynamic changes in thymic sub-populations during acute and long-term infections with virulent and virulence-attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium strains in C57BL/6 and autoimmune-prone lpr mice

SalmonellaTyphimurium infection in mice results in drastic loss of immature CD4− CD8− double negative (DN) and CD4+ CD8+ double positive (DP) thymic subsets compared to mature single positive (SP) subsets. We investigated changes in thymocyte sub-populations post infection with a wild type (WT) virulent strain and ΔrpoS, a virulence-attenuated strain, of Salmonella Typhimurium in C57BL/6 (B6) and Fas-deficient autoimmune-prone lpr mice. The WT strain caused acute thymic atrophy with greater loss of thymocytes in lpr mice compared to B6 mice. Infection with ΔrpoS caused progressive thymic atrophy in B6 and lpr mice. Analysis of thymocyte subsets revealed that immature thymocytes including the DN, immature single positive (ISP), and DP thymocytes underwent extensive loss. SP thymocytes were more resistant to loss in WT-infected B6 mice, whereas WT-infected lpr and ΔrpoS-infected mice exhibited depletion of SP thymocytes. Overall, thymocyte sub-populations exhibited differential susceptibilities depending on bacterial virulence and the host background.

Pre-T cell receptor self-MHC sampling restricts thymocyte dedifferentiation.

Programming T cells to distinguish self from non-self is a vital, multi-step process that occurs in the thymus1-4. Signalling through the pre-T cell receptor (preTCR), a CD3-associated heterodimer comprising an invariant pTα chain and a clone-specific β chain, is a critical early checkpoint in thymocyte development within the αβ T cell lineage5,6. PreTCRs arrayed on CD4-CD8- double-negative thymocytes ligate peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules (pMHC) on thymic stroma, similar to αβ T cell receptors that appear on CD4+CD8+ double-positive thymocytes, but via a different molecular docking strategy7-10. Here we show the consequences of these distinct interactions for thymocyte progression using synchronized fetal thymic progenitor cultures that differ in the presence or absence of pMHC on support stroma, and single-cell transcriptomes at key thymocyte developmental transitions. Although major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-negative stroma fosters αβ T cell differentiation, the absence of preTCR-pMHC interactions leads to deviant thymocyte transcriptional programming associated with dedifferentiation. Highly proliferative double-negative and double-positive thymocyte subsets emerge, with antecedent characteristics of T cell lymphoblastic and myeloid malignancies. Compensatory upregulation of diverse MHC class Ib proteins in B2m/H2-Ab1 MHC-knockout mice partially safeguards in vivo thymocyte progression, although disseminated double-positive thymic tumours may develop with ageing. Thus, as well as promoting β chain repertoire broadening for subsequent αβ T cell receptor utilization, preTCR-pMHC interactions limit cellular plasticity to facilitate normal thymocyte differentiation and proliferation that, if absent, introduce developmental vulnerabilities.

EARLY T-CELL PRECURSOR ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA IN CHILDHOOD

Early T-cell precursor (ETP) ALL accounts for 10% to 15% of T-ALL, which arises from an early T-cell lineage clone with aberrant expression of myeloid and/or early progenitor cell markers (1,2). ETPs are a subset of thymocytes representing recent immigrants from the bone marrow to the thymus, they retain multilineage differentiation potential, suggesting their direct derivation from hematopoietic stem cells (3). ETP-ALL, which was first reported by Coustan-Smith in 2009, largely overlaps with the pro-T subtype of the EGIL classification; its special diagnostic criteria in immunophenotypic screening are the absence of CD1a and CD8 expression, the absence or weak expression of CD5, and the presence of strong positive for at least one of CD34, CD117, HLADR, CD13, CD33, CD11b, and CD65 (2,4-6). In case of strong positivity of CD5, at least two of the latter must be strong positive (6). There is also novel evidence that the myeloid marker CD371 may be positive in ETP (6). The genetic features of ETP-ALL are similar to those of hematopoietic stem cells and myeloid progenitor cells. The genomic mutations of ETP-ALL are enriched in hematopoietic transcriptional regulators (such as BCL11B, ETV6, RUNX1, biallelic WT1, and GATA3), epigenetic factors (such as histone modification, including PHF6, CTCF, EED, EZH2, SUZ12, and SETD2), and signaling genes (such as activation JAK-STAT, IL-7R and RAS signaling pathway, including JAK1, JAK3, IL7R, SH2B3, NRAS, KRAS, FLT3, NF1, and PTPN11). ETP-ALL has a lower frequency of classical T-ALL genetic alterations such as NOTCH1/FBXW7/CDKN2A mutations and a higher prevalence of FLT3, NRAS/KRAS, DNMT3A, IDH1, IDH2, JAK3, and ETV6 mutations (1,2,5). ETP-ALL was initially thought to have a poor prognosis, but the opinions on it vary (2,3,7). ETP ALL is often corticosteroid resistant and a high percentage of ETP ALL patients have detectable MRD at day 29 including many induction failures (1,2,7,8). No difference in OS was observed in the COG AALL0434 study and UKALL 2003 trial between the patients with ETP-ALL and typical T-ALL (4,9). Therefore, it is important to continue with conventional therapy in ETP-ALL patients who have poor end-induction response; MRD based therapeutic approach is recommanded (7,10). Patients with ETP-ALL had high risk of hematological relapse treated at St Jude Children's Research Hospital (3). For relapsed and refractory patients, the use of acute myeloid leukemia-oriented therapies such as FLAG-IDA regimen or targeted agents may be of benefit for some patients, including FLT3 inhibitors, tyrosine kinase inhibitors, BCL-2 inhibitors such as venetoclax, or JAK/STAT inhibitors in patients with JAK mutations or fusions (1,2,4,5,7).

Tracking Regulatory T Cell Development in the Thymus Using Single-Cell RNA Sequencing/TCR Sequencing.

Recent studies have demonstrated that regulatory T cells (Tregs) develop in the thymus via two pathways involving distinct Treg progenitors (TregP): CD25+FOXP3- (CD25+ TregP) and CD25-FOXP3lo (FOXP3lo TregP) Treg progenitors. To examine this process in more detail, we carried out single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) and TCR-Seq on sorted murine CD4+CD8+ double-positive (DP) thymocytes, CD4+ single-positive (CD4SP) thymocytes, CD25+FOXP3-CD73- TregP, CD25-FOXP3loCD73- TregP, newly generated mature CD25+FOXP3+CD73- Tregs, and FOXP3+CD73+ recirculating/long-term resident Tregs (RT-Tregs). Sorted populations were individually hashtagged and then combined into one scRNA-Seq/TCR-Seq library before sequencing and subsequent analysis. We found that both CD25+ TregP and FOXP3lo TregP arise via an initial agonist-activated state that gives rise to a second transitional stage before differentiating into mature Tregs Using both scRNA-Seq and bulk RNA-Seq on sorted thymocyte subsets, we demonstrate that CD25+ TregP are significantly enriched for Il2 production, suggesting that they are the major source of IL-2 needed to convert TregP into mature Tregs Using TCR-Seq, we found that several TCRs were clearly biased in favor of the conventional or Treg lineages, but that a large fraction of TCRs were found in both these lineages. Finally, we found that RT-Tregs in the thymus are not monomorphic but are composed of multiple distinct subsets and that these RT-Tregs express the most diverse TCR repertoire of all CD4SP thymocytes. Thus, our studies define multiple stages of Treg differentiation within the murine thymus and serve as a resource for future studies on CD4+ thymocyte development and Treg differentiation.

The circadian clock sets a spatial-temporal window for recent thymic emigrants.

The diurnal timing system regulates multiple functions of lymphocytes in peripheral lymphoid organs. Whether T-cell development in the thymus and T-cell egress from the thymus are affected by the circadian clock is not clear. Herein, we used flow cytometry to examine the cell number and percentage of total thymocytes and various thymocyte subsets from Zeitgeber time (ZT) 1 to ZT21. CD4 and CD8 single-positive (SP) thymocytes, in particular, the mature CD4 SP4 thymocyte subset with emigration capability and P-phycoerythrin+ CD4 SP thymocytes in the perivascular space of the thymus, exhibited robust circadian oscillations. The diurnal expression of sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor-1 (S1PR1) and CCR2 on SP thymocytes and the rhythmic sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and CCL2 gradient formed between peripheral blood and thymus likely promoted SP thymocyte egress in a circadian pattern. Switching the daylight cycle disturbed the rhythm of S1PR1 and CCR2 expression and subsequent thymocyte output. We further demonstrated that the core clock molecule BMAL1 had rhythmic binding of the promoters of Klf2, S1pr1 and Sphk2. Together, we elucidated the circadian dynamic characteristics of mature thymocyte egress, which coordinated with the diurnal changes in T-cell homing to the lymph nodes. The core rhythmic molecule BMAL1 likely promoted thymocyte emigration through transcriptional regulation of emigration-related molecules.

The Hypoxia Affects the Main Thymocyte Subset Distributions in Congenital Heart Diseases

The Hypoxia Affects the Main Thymocyte Subset Distributions in Congenital Heart Diseases

Metabolic regulation of T cell development.

T cell development in the thymus is tightly controlled by complex regulatory mechanisms at multiple checkpoints. Currently, many studies have focused on the transcriptional and posttranslational control of the intrathymic journey of T-cell precursors. However, over the last few years, compelling evidence has highlighted cell metabolism as a critical regulator in this process. Different thymocyte subsets are directed by distinct metabolic pathways and signaling networks to match the specific functional requirements of the stage. Here, we epitomize these metabolic alterations during the development of a T cell and review several recent works that provide insights into equilibrating metabolic quiescence and activation programs. Ultimately, understanding the interplay between cellular metabolism and T cell developmental programs may offer an opportunity to selectively regulate T cell subset functions and to provide potential novel therapeutic approaches to modulate autoimmunity.

Profound abnormalities in thymic epithelial cells in Rag1 hypomorphic mice: implications for immune reconstitution after stem cell transplantation

Abstract Thymic epithelial cells (TEC) are a heterogeneous population of stromal cells which orchestrate T cell development and selection. Although recent reports highlighted TEC complexity, their developmental origin, hierarchy and differentiation still remain ill-defined. We compared TEC distribution and gene expression in wild-type (WT) mice and in mice carrying Rag1 hypomorphic mutations (Rag1mut) observed in patients with immunedeficiency and immune dysregulation. Single cell RNA-seq analysis of TECs isolated from Rag1mut mice revealed an excess of cortical TECs (cTECs). Medullary TECs (mTECs), albeit reduced in number, showed a similar distribution in previously described mature subsets. To address whether TEC abnormalities in Rag1mut mice might result from a developmental block, we compared them to TECs from neonate WT mice. Indeed, we observed a similar TEC distribution in adult Rag1mut mice and newborn WT mice, although we identified peculiar features in cTEC subsets of Rag1mut mice. Transplantation of WT hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) into Rag1mut mice was able not only to correct thymocyte development, but also to revert TEC phenotype to normalcy. However, in a competitive transplantation setting where 10% of WT and 90% mutant HSCs were used, only partial restoration of thymocyte subsets was observed, associated with incomplete rescue of TEC phenotype. In summary, we show that abnormalities of TEC composition in Rag1 mutant mice correlate with impaired development of thymocytes, highlighting the role of lymphostromal cross-talk in TEC maturation. Moreover, these data point to the need to achieve full donor chimerism after HSC transplantation in order to rescue the thymic compartment and prevent defects of immune tolerance. This research was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the NIAID, NIH

Depletion of Ift88 in thymic epithelial cells affects thymic synapse and T-cell differentiation in aged mice.

Primary cilia are ubiquitous hair-like organelles, usually projecting from the cell surface. They are essential for the organogenesis and homeostasis of various physiological functions, and their dysfunction leads to a plethora of human diseases. However, there are few reports on the role of primary cilia in the immune system; therefore, we focused on their role in the thymus that nurtures immature lymphocytes to full-fledged T cells. We detected primary cilia on the thymic epithelial cell (TEC) expressing transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) receptor in the basal body, and established a line of an intraflagellar transport protein 88 (Ift88) knockout mice lacking primary cilia in TECs (Ift88-TEC null mutant) to clarify their precise role in thymic organogenesis and T-cell differentiation. The Ift88-TEC null mutant mice showed stunted cilia or lack of cilia in TECs. The intercellular contact between T cells and the "thymic synapse" of medullary TECs was slightly disorganized in Ift88-TEC null mutants. Notably, the CD4- and CD8-single positive thymocyte subsets increased significantly. The absence or disorganization of thymic cilia downregulated the TGF-β signaling cascade, increasing the number of single positive thymocytes. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting the physiological role of primary cilia and Ift88 in regulating the differentiation of the thymus and T cells.

Expression of Human Endogenous Retroviruses in the Human Thymus Along T Cell Development

Human Endogenous Retroviruses (HERVs) constitute up to 8% of the human genome and have been emerging as important modulators of the immune system, being associated with cancer, autoimmunity and infectious diseases. Here, we investigated the expression of three HERV families in the human thymus. HERV-K, -W, and -R envelope (env) and HERV-Kgagtranscriptional levels were quantified in the main thymocyte subsets, thymic epithelial cells (TECs), B cells and myeloid populations, and Env protein expression was studied in thymic tissue. We found that HERV mRNA decreased with T cell development, which was in agreement with the identification of HERV-K Env protein in CD3 negative cortical cells. These results suggest a distinct regulation of HERV expression along T cell development, prompting us to evaluate the interplay with host restriction factors and potential underlying pathways. The transcriptional levels of some HERVs were found to positively correlate with the expression of the host restriction factors APOBEC3G and SLFN11, and, conversely, a negative correlation was found with SAMHD1. Moreover, IFN-α and IFN-γ induced the upregulation of HERV-Kenvandgagin purified CD4 single-positive thymocytes. Additionally, we found high levels of HERV mRNAs in TECs. Overall, our data support a tight regulation of HERV expression during human T cell development, with possible implications for the process of T cell selection.

Thymus Subset Alterations Accompanying Concomitant Tumor Immunity Mimics Phenotypic Patterns of Cytotoxic Drug Doxorubicin.

Concomitant immunity (CIM) is a phenomenon that elicits an antitumor response not sufficient enough to destroy the primary tumor but prevents a secondary implant from growing and spreading. This study aimed to develop a method of identification of serum tumoricidal factors released into circulation during CIM and to compare the CIM-related effect to the effect elicited by the cytotoxic drug doxorubicin. SL2 tumor-bearing mice were studied at three time points - day 4, day 7, and day 11 following i.p. 5×105 cell implantation. Hematological effects and thymocyte immunophenotyping (CD4/CD8) data were compared to the effects induced by intravenous 10 mg/kg doxorubicin (DOX) administration to intact DBA 2 mice. The level of plasma colony stimulating factor-granulocyte macrophage (CSF-GM) was evaluated by ELISA. Identical thymus histopathology and an extent of double-positive CD4+CD8+ subset depletion was found in day 11 tumor-bearing mice (TBM-11) and in DOX-administered animals. TBM-11 exhibited a leukemoid reaction with an increase in monocyte and granulocyte counts. Conversely, DOX administration was followed by severe leukocytopenia at the 72-h time point. No increase in CSF-GM was observed in mice with or without a leukemoid reaction. The complexity of CIM can be examined by tracking alterations in the most fragile cortical CD8+CD4+ double positive population. Thymocyte apoptosis induced by DOX and TBM-11 might be associated with different mechanisms. TBM-11 did not exhibit severe myelotoxicity as DOX did. CIM-related serum factors can be assessed and screened via thymocyte subset analysis.

Development of Notch1 Positive T-Lineage Lymphomas or Splenic Marginal Zone Lymphomas with Pan-Hematopoietic or Pro-B Cell Specific Deletion of Trp53 with Distinct Differentially Dysregulated Pathways

Deletion of the tumor suppressor gene TP53 (Trp53 in mice) has been associated with the development of numerous human malignancies. TP53 acts as a central coordinator of the DNA damage response. In mice, pan-Trp53 deletion leads predominantly to the development of T-cell lymphomas, followed by B-cell lymphomas, sarcomas and teratomas. In order to dissect the role of Trp53 in the hematopoietic system, we created two different loss of function mouse models: Pan-hematopoietic Trp53 deletion using Vav1-Cre based deletion; and a B-cell-specific deletion was created using CD19-Cre.Vav1-p53CKO mice developed hematolymphoid malignancies with 100% penetrance by 12 months. Most malignancies observed were CD3e+ T-lineage lymphomas involving the thymus or spleen (37/45). Beyond 200 days, these mice predominantly developed mixed myeloid malignancies. The shift away from T-lineage malignancies in older mice may reflect aging-related decline of pre-malignant lymphoid progenitors and skewing to myeloid progenitors.Flow cytometric characterization of the T-lineage lymphomas identified a mix of tumors, including double-negative (CD4-CD8-), double-positive (CD4+CD8+), or single positive (CD4/CD8). In pre-malignant mice, Vav1-p53CKO thymocytes showed accelerated maturation with most of the cells in the DN4 stage, suggesting a bypass of the p53-dependent DN3 β-selection checkpoint. All T-lineage lymphomas showed overexpression of surface Notch1 as well as overexpression of Notch1 targets Hes1 and p21 at the transcript level. Consistent with prior data, normal murine thymocyte subsets showed high levels of expression of Notch1 target genes at the DN3 stage of development, which appears dysregulated in these T-lineage lymphomas. This Notch1 activation was found to be multifactorial with increased Mdm2 and decreased Numb levels seen in tumors. Overall, we demonstrate Notch1 activation and subsequent acceleration through the T-cell developmental stages in this model of pan-hematopoietic Trp53 deletion.The B-cell specific Trp53 knockout mice (CD19-P53CKO) (n=54) were followed up for up to 2 years. The majority (47/54) developed splenomegaly in an age-dependent manner. Histologic examination showed marginal zone expansion (6/54), frank low-grade marginal zone lymphoma (16/54) or diffuse splenic lymphoma (25/54). The disease was confined to the spleen in the case of lower-grade histology while higher grades correlated with liver and kidney involvement. Flow cytometric analysis of tumors showed B220+ CD19+ IgM+ cells. Interestingly, these tumors demonstrated low levels of Notch2 expression, which normally is highly expressed in marginal zone B-cells.In order to characterize pathogenesis, we sorted follicular and marginal zone B-cells from floxed P53 and pre-malignant CD19-P53CKO mice. RNA was isolated from all these fractions and the spleens of 5 CD19-P53KO mice with diffuse lymphoma and subjected to RNA-Seq. A comparison of the floxed p53 with the CD19-P53CKO fractions (follicular and marginal zone) revealed a highly similar transcriptome. On the other hand, p53-deficient lymphomas showed >10,000 genes significantly differentially expressed demonstrating the unique transcriptome which developed during malignant transformation.Pathway analysis of these genes using Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) identified enrichment of PI3K, Rap1 and MAPK signaling pathways, which are associated with cellular proliferation. Overexpression of the PI3K pathway genes Ccne1, Sgk1, Mapk13 and Pik3cb were validated by qPCR in 10 independent tumor samples when compared to the splenic marginal zone fractions. In the B-cell lineage, Trp53 deficiency leads to the dysregulation of multiple genes involved in key cellular signaling pathways, including the PI3K/MAPK pathway.In summary, pan hematopoietic deletion of Trp53 led to T-lineage lymphoma in young mice and myeloid tumors in older mice; with activation of Notch1 signaling in the former. B-cell specific deletion of Trp53 led to splenic marginal zone and diffuse B-cell lymphoma with transcriptional dysregulation of key signaling molecules. Hence, tumorigenesis by Trp53 deletion is tightly linked to lineage and appears to dysregulate key signaling pathways that are operant in those lineages, potentially identifying novel strategies for therapeutic interventions in P53 dependent human hematolymphoid malignancies. DisclosuresNo relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Delayed maturation of thymic epithelium in mice with specific deletion of \u03b2-catenin gene in FoxN1 positive cells

Wnt signalling pathways have been reported to be involved in thymus development but their precise role in the development of both thymic epithelium (TE) and thymocytes is controversial. Herein, we examined embryonic, postnatal and adult thymi of mice with a specific deletion of β-catenin gene in FoxN1+ thymic epithelial cells (TECs). Together with a high postnatal mouse mortality, the analysis showed severe thymic hypocellularity, largely due an important reduction in numbers of developing thymocytes, and delayed, partially blocked maturation of mutant TECs. Affected TECs included largely cortical (c) TEC subsets, such as immature MTS20+ TECs, Ly51+ cTECs and a remarkable, rare Ly51+MTS20+MHCIIhi cell subpopulation previously reported to contain thymic epithelial progenitor cells (TEPCs) (Ulyanchenko et al., Cell Rep 14:2819–2832, 2016). In addition, altered postnatal organization of mutant thymic medulla failed to organize a unique, central epithelial area. This delayed maturation of TE cell components correlated with low transcript production of some molecules reported to be masters for TEC maturation, such as EphB2, EphB3 and RANK. Changes in the thymic lymphoid component became particularly evident after birth, when molecules expressed by TECs and involved in early T-cell maturation, such as CCL25, CXCL12 and Dll4, exhibited minimal values. This represented a partial blockade of the progression of DN to DP cells and reduced proportions of this last thymocyte subset. At 1 month, in correlation with a significant increase in transcript production, the DP cell percentage increased in correlation with a significant fall in the number of mature TCRαβhi thymocytes and peripheral T lymphocytes.