Subsequent Technological Developments Research Articles

Style and language of television news on the Iraqi issue on TRT and RT

Interest in mass media discourse has increased significantly in recent decades, which is confirmed by numerous studies that are aimed at studying the features of the language and style used on news channels, the manifestation of the manipulative function, the rhetoric of the sender of the communication message and the reaction of recipients. TRT and RT are major international news channels. Having a similar mission (24-hour daily updates of news from politics, business, finance, sports, science, culture...), these TV channels actively use modern digital technologies in their activities, which allows them to take leading positions in the rankings in their niche. Already at the end of the twentieth century, there was a regular change in the forms of speech styles of communication due to the development of communication and other technologies. The information revolution and the subsequent technological development gave a new impetus to the journalistic profession, bringing it to a completely new level of the digital space. Research methods used in the article: systematization, generalization, critical analysis, discourse analysis, stylistic analysis, pragmatic analysis. Television which occupies an important place among the media due to its wide coverage acted as the subject of our consideration. The authors identified a common feature among many researchers of the language and style of television news - anxiety about their ambiguous influence on the broad masses of the population, as J. Bloomer talks about. This concern stems from concerns about the power of the media to influence modern democratic societies, the protection of various freedoms, and the dangers of propaganda tools and information manipulation.

The role of technology in shaping the coexistence of local hospital buildings

Architecture is one of the reflections of the development of societies and an indication of the extent of their development from the technological aspect, as this results in products characterized by uniqueness and positivity, as the role of technology is highlighted in the occurrence of symbiotic interference on existing buildings, especially hospital buildings, because this type of building has a constant need for expansion, so the relationship between the origin and the symbiont differs. Depending on the time of addition and the subsequent technological developments that give possibilities and possibilities for coexistence, in addition to the factor of the surrounding environment, the general fabric, and the original building, the important role in determining patterns for reconfiguration of coexistence. However, the concept of technology has the fundamental role in determining the type of relationship and connection and its degree between two cities, as the research aims to clarify the perception. Knowledge about the impact of technology on existing local hospital buildings in terms of materials, structures and mechanisms used when merging old and new, and applying the theoretical framework that has been reached on two samples of existing local hospitals and showing how to achieve the coexistence formation of this type of building to arrive at the most important conclusions (developments affect Technology on hospital configurations when adding and expanding, especially at the levels (structures - materials - facades - basic composition)).

Anticipation and Divination of Technological Culture: Dialectic Images of the Internet in Emerson’s Nature

The article presents certain aspects of the Internet (interface design, user behavior, advertising, codes of conduct) as new incarnations of the American pastoralism, defined in terms derived from literary criticism and history of American literature. The rationale of this procedure is provided in terms of “dialectic images,” which are old pieces of imagery that seem to anticipate subsequent technological and social developments. Of particular importance is the set of dialectical images derived from Ralph Waldo Emerson’s writings, and the pastoral descriptions of nature derived from various American poets and fiction writers. Arguably, dialectic images of the Internet offer an opportunity for a better understanding of contemporary development of the Internet, and its possible future.

Technology network and development trends of government-funded patents

PurposeHow prospective or emerging technologies can be supported through government-funded research projects has gradually received global attention. However, previous studies have primarily focused on the effects of government funding on subsequent technological development, the overall economy or social welfare of a country or corporate research and development (R&D) activities. These studies have not examined the technology distribution and development trends of government-funded research from a comprehensive technology perspective. In addition, previous measurements of the influence of government-funded R&D projects faced the difficulty of transferring the research achievements of government-funded research to the commercial market.Design/methodology/approachPatents can provide a preliminary understanding of the collaboration, development focus and status of market technologies. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine the development directions of patented technologies engendered from government-funded research projects. Analyzing the network of government-funded patented technologies helped identify the current status and location of specific technologies in a patent network as well as the hotspot technologies in government-funded research projects that correspond to the market.FindingsThe results of this study indicated that the technologies obtaining government-funded patents mainly consist of advanced materials and semiconductors and that the technological focus has shifted over the years. Nanotechnology, pharmaceutical technology and sanitary technology have gradually become the technologies receiving most of government-funded patents. The trend of development of these technologies also corresponds to the emerging technologies advocated by countries worldwide in recent years.Originality/valueThis study provided a comprehensive verification of the government-funded patented technologies from a macro perspective by identifying key technologies using technology network analysis. The findings of this study can serve as a reference for the allocation of governmental R&D resources and the promotion of novel technologies in the private sector.

التخطیــــط اللغـــــــــوی فـــــی مصـــــــر بین الإصلاح والسیاسة اللغویة الجهود المعجمیة لمجمع اللغة العربیة المعجم الوسیط أنموذجا

التخطيط اللغوي في مصر بين الإصلاح والسياسة اللغوية الجهود المعجمية لمجمع اللغة المعجم الوسيط أنموذجا السيد عبيد قسم اللغة العربية , کلية الآداب والعلوم الإنسانية – جامعة قناة السويس , جمهورية مصر العربية . البريد الالکتروني : drsayed.ebeed@art.suez.edu.eg الملخص : تعيش اللغة ويتعايش أهلها معها، فبهم تحيا، ويحيون بها،تواصلا فيما بينهم، وتحقيقا لأغراضهم، فإذا کثر استخدامها حييت وتطورت وازدهرت وانتشرت، وإذا أهملت بليت واضمحلت وربما آل بها الحال إلى الموت والاندثار ، ولکن لابد لهذا الاستخدام أن يکون له هدف ويتبعه تخطيط لتحقيق هذا الهدف ، ومتابعة لاستمرار التطور، والتنمية للغة لتکون صالحة للاستخدام ومواکبة لتطور الحياة، تلبى حاجات مستخدميها على مر العصور. ولتحقيق هذا الهدف لابد من سياسة لغوية واضحة المعالم محکمة العناصر أو البنود ، تضعها النخبة السياسية واللغوية معا وتشرف الهيئات اللغوية والتعليمية على تنفيذها ومتابعة نتائجها وتقييم مخرجاتها وتقويم مساراتها. تتبدى إشکالية البحث فى ضعف مستوى اللغة العربية فى الاستخدام على مستوى التعليم، والإعلام ، وعدم مواکبة هذا الاستخدام لمتطلبات الحياة وتطورها التکنولوجى المتلاحق. ولما کان مجمع اللغة العربية هو المؤسسة اللغوية الأکبر والأکثر تأثيرا فى مجال اللغة العربية، والذى يوکل إليه الإصلاح اللغوى، والمحافظة على سلامة اللغة وتطورها لمواکبة العصر، فقد اختار الباحث جهود مجمع اللغة العربية ممثلة فى التخطيط اللغوى فى مجال المعاجم، واتخذ المعجم الوسيط أنموذجا على ما يقوم به المجمع من تخطيط وتطوير لهذا المستوى من اللغة، على اعتبار أن التخطيط والسياسة اللغوية تدخل ضمن إطار ومجالات علم اللغة الاجتماعى. يهدف البحث من خلال تتبع السياسة اللغوية والتخطيط اللغوي، اصطلاحا وممارسة فى الإصلاح اللغوي ، ممثلا فى جهود مجمع اللغة العربية بالقاهرة فى صناعة المعجم ، ودوره فى إصلاح المتن ، وتوحيد وتطوير الاستخدام اللغوى للعربية الفصحى المعاصرة فى مجالات الحياة، التعليم والإعلام والتواصل والتفکير تحقيقا للمطالب الفردية والجماعية فى التعامل مع مؤسسات الدولة وهيئتها. الکلمات المفتاحية: التخطيط اللغوى – السياسة اللغوية – الإصلاح اللغوى – مجمع اللغة العربية. Language Planning in Egypt between Reform and Language Policy: The Lexical Efforts of the Arabic Language Academy: El-Waseet Lexicon as a Model Elsayed Ebeed Department of Arabic Language, Literature Faculty of Arts and Humanities , Suez Canal University,Egypt. E-mail: drsayed.ebeed@art.suez.edu.eg Abstract: The language lives and its people live with it. They use language to communicate with each other and to achieve their purposes. If language is used frequently, it will live, develop, flourish, and spread. If it is neglected, it will decay and may have led to death and extinction. But this use must have a goal and follow planning to achieve this goal. The language also needs to be developed in order to be usable, updated, and meet the needs of its users throughout ages. To achieve this goal, a clear, well defined language policy is necessary to be developed by the political and linguistic elite, and the linguistic and educational institutions must oversee the implementation of this policy, following up its results, and evaluating its outputs. The problem of research is the weakness of the Arabic language when it is used in education, media and the failure to keep up with the requirements of life and its subsequent technological development. Since the Arabic language Academy is the largest and most influential language institution in the field of Arabic language, which is entrusted with linguistic reform, and maintaining the integrity and development of the language to keep pace with the times, the researcher chooses the efforts of the Arabic language Academy represented in the linguistic planning in the field of dictionaries, and El-Waseet dictionary as a model on the plan and development of the Academy for this level of language, considering that planning and linguistic policy falls within the framework and areas of sociolinguistics. The research aims to follow linguistic policy and linguistic planning in order to achieve a linguistic reform, represented in the efforts of the Arabic language Academy in Cairo in the dictionary industry, and its role in the reform of the content, and the unification and development of the linguistic use of contemporary Classical Arabic in the fields of life, education, media, communication and thinking in order to achieve individual and collective demands in dealing with state institutions and authorities. Keywords: Language Planning, Language Policy, Language Reform, Arabic Language Academy

Aries Lagna Impacts on Yoga for Foreign Visit

Abstract: The history of any art is the basic nail root. In ancient times humans were first seen as the basis of omens and then began to worship the planets as deities due to the effects of the rages of nature. They then began to observe the changes in nature caused by the planets and the consequences. As a result of such research, the planets Sun, Mars and Saturn were divided into evil planets and the planets Moon, Mercury, Guru and Venus were divided into virtuous planets. Based on this they have been doing continuous study of people for centuries. The effects of planetary influences on this planet were first seen only by nations and kings, and then gradually benefited an individual. The result was a gradual breakdown of the sky, galaxy, and zodiac. Historians believe that the oldest fortune-teller was written on April 29, 410 BC. Going abroad was considered a great achievement and an active activity in the 1970s - 80s. It was considered an act performed only by the affluent. They only went abroad for higher studies and work. Due to the subsequent scientific development and technological development, going abroad has become a very simple thing. Indians got job opportunities abroad through computer and software. The growth of India's current computer industry has made it easier for all people to go abroad. Keywords: Bhakyashtana, Bhakyathipathi, pada, Dasa, Buddhi

Problems of the loss of technical means of experimental scientific research and objects of such research in construction sector

This article is dedicated to the problem of the loss of technical means of conducting experimental research. The question of the loss of the objects of such research is viewed due to the absence of scientific task for their preservation and subsequent technological development of construction sector. The author outlines the concept of acquisition of new scientific knowledge on the basis of systemic approach with the possibility of full preservation of the technical means of production. The need is formulated for storing the data obtained in the experiments on physical carriers. Consolidation of such knowledge underlies the solution of the issues in construction of buildings and structures. Description is given to the reasons that explain the low demand for the patterns, technical means, and objects of experiments. The author claims that among the key prerequisites for the effective solution of the issues in construction sector is the possibility of application of the concept of interdisciplinary research, including material and virtual “archive” archive of such results. The use of systemic approach is required regardless of the nature of the problems (natural, social, technogenic, etc.). The organization and conduct of interdisciplinary research is the priority task. The conclusion is made on the need to transfer full results of the research to physical carrier, as well storage, archiving of all objects of research, mechanisms and installations for their subsequent use. The implementation of such ideas requires concentration of efforts of the experts in various branches of science. It is necessary to consolidate the knowledge of all experts in all stages of the development – from the past to the present.

Quantum Chemical Study on the Reaction Mechanism of NO Removal by Urea Combined with Hydrogen Peroxide

Using urea-H2O2 solution to remove NO by scrubbing is regarded as a relatively low-cost and promising denitrification method. For a good understanding and further improvement, the mechanism investigation on the NO removal by urea combined with H2O2 is essential. The denitrification mechanism is calculated and studied in detail by Quantum Chemistry in this paper. Results show that the most possible denitrification route is that oxidizing NO by H2O2 to produce HNO2 and then absorbing HNO2 by urea to produce N2, CO2 and H2O. The activation energy of NO oxidation by H2O2 (71.12 kJ/mol) is higher than that of HNO2 absorption by urea (60.17 kJ/mol). This indicates reaction H2O2 + 2NO → 2HNO2 is the rate-determining step and more difficult to carry out. The constraints of the NO removal are coming from NO oxidation rather than absorption in solution. Improving NO oxidation rate is the key to denitrification. The theoretical results in this paper provide theoretical basis and data reference for subsequent technological development.

Knowledge sources and impacts on subsequent inventions: Do green technologies differ from non-green ones?

The paper investigates the nature and impact of green technological change. We focus on the search and impact spaces of green inventions: we explore the knowledge recombination processes leading to the generation of inventions and their impact on subsequent technological developments. Using a large sample of patents, filed during the period 1980-2012, we employ established patent indicators to capture the complexity, novelty and impact of the invention process. Technological heterogeneity is controlled for by comparing green and non-green technologies within narrow technological domains. We find that green technologies are more complex and appear to be more novel than non-green technologies. In addition, they have a larger and more pervasive impact on subsequent inventions. The larger spillovers of green technologies are explained only partially by novelty and complexity.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF NETWORK TIE AND BREAKTHROUGH INNOVATION: IMPLICATIONS OF STRONG AND WEAK TIE POSITION

THE RELATIONSHIP OF NETWORK TIE AND BREAKTHROUGH INNOVATION: IMPLICATIONS OF STRONG AND WEAK TIE POSITION

Knowledge Sources and Impacts on Subsequent Inventions: Do Green Technologies Differ from Non-Green Ones?

The paper contributes to our understanding of the nature and impact of green technological change. We focus on the search and impact spaces of green inventions, scrutinising the knowledge recombination processes leading to the generation of the invention and the impact of the invention on subsequent technological developments. Using a large sample of patents filed during 1980-2012, we analyse a set of established patent indicators that capture different aspects of the invention process. Technological heterogeneity is controlled for by comparing green and non-green technologies within similar narrow technological domains. Green technologies are found to be more complex and radical than non-green ones and to have a larger and more pervasive impact on subsequent inventions. However, the results show a variety of distinctive patterns with respect to the knowledge dimension considered. We derive some important policy implications.

Inventor team size as a predictor of the future citation impact of patents

Forward citations are widely recognized as a useful measure of the impact of patents upon subsequent technological developments. However, an inherent characteristic of forward citations is that they take time to accumulate. This makes them valuable for retrospective impact evaluations, but less helpful for prospective forecasting exercises. To overcome this, it would be desirable to have indicators that forecast future citations at the time a patent is issued. In this paper, we outline one such indicator, based on the size of the inventor teams associated with patents. We demonstrate that, on average, patents with eight or more co-inventors are cited significantly more frequently in their first 5 years than peer patents with fewer inventors. This result holds true across technologies, assignee type, citation source (examiner versus applicant), and after self-citations are accounted for. We hypothesize that inventor team size may be a reflection of the amount of resources committed by an organization to a given innovation, with more researchers attached to innovations regarded as having particular promise or value.

The Emerging Clusters Model: A tool for identifying emerging technologies across multiple patent systems

Emerging technologies are of great interest to a wide range of stakeholders, but identifying such technologies is often problematic, especially given the overwhelming amount of information available to analysts and researchers on many subjects. This paper describes the Emerging Clusters Model, which uses advanced patent citation techniques to locate emerging technologies in close to real time, rather than retrospectively. The model covers multiple patent systems, and is designed to be extensible to additional systems. This paper also describes the first large scale test of the Emerging Clusters Model. This test reveals that patents in emerging clusters consistently have a significantly higher impact on subsequent technological developments than patents outside these clusters. Given that these emerging clusters are defined as soon as a given time period ends, without the aid of any forward-looking information, this suggests that the Emerging Clusters Model may be a useful tool for identifying interesting new technologies as they emerge.

Computed Tomography Virtual Intravascular Endoscopy in the Visualization of Cardiovascular Disease: Imaging Appearances and Clinical Value

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in advanced countries and its prevalence is increasing among developing countries. Early detection and diagnosis are essential for improvement of treatment outcomes and patient management. Medical imaging plays an important role in this respect, and currently computed tomography (CT) angiography has been considered the preferred imaging modality due to the emergence of multislice CT scanners and subsequent rapid technological developments over the past decades. Diagnostic performance of CT angiography has been significantly enhanced with use of a number of post-processing techniques, which allow for two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) visualizations of both normal vascular anatomy and abnormal changes. Of these visualization tools, virtual intravascular endoscopy (VIE) represents a unique tool providing intraluminal views of the blood vessel. This article presents an overview of VIE visualization tool with a focus on the image processing and generation of intravascular views, clincial applications of this technique in the diagnosis of common cardiovascular disease.

How Radical is a Radical Innovation? An Outline for a Computational Approach

Radical innovations prompt significant subsequent technological development and exhibit novelty and “architectural” innovation, i.e. rearranging the way design elements are put together in a system. Thus, radical innovations often serve as the foundation for new technological systems, industries or domains and are seen to involve significant conceptual breakthroughs, through either luck or genius. The much more common incremental innovations are perceived as mere improvements to existing technologies. Decreasing returns from incremental innovation are understood to motivate a search for a new radical innovation to provide a platform for more incremental innovation. However, deeper study shows that the conceptual “distance” a radical breakthrough travels is far shorter than would initially appear. On closer inspection, several innovations with undoubtedly radical effects comprise several small inventive steps that appear self-evident, even logical, to the developers. This conundrum appears to stem from conflating a radical effect with a radical development. What's more, this view of radical innovation views inventions as isolated from the broader currents of technological development. An alternative view sees innovations as embedded in a co-evolutionary socio-technical landscape, where inventions develop in a technological environment and become building blocks for further inventions. Although only inventions adopted for use can be called innovations, “inactive” inventions can also serve as building blocks. In this view, (almost) all steps to innovation are incremental, but the system's self-organized criticality (SOC) allows spontaneous radical effects. This work explores the importance of an evolutionary and SOC view of invention and innovation through agent based models. We develop a simple model capable of simulating the build-out of technologies in a series of simulation experiments. Although all inventions develop incrementally, the model behaviour is expected to exhibit SOC so that some inventions trigger much higher rates of subsequent development than others. Thus, the results are expected to support an evolutionary view of technological development where a radical effect is a consequence of the entire interdependent landscape rather than of the radical development of a specific innovation. The model should be of interest to several research streams concerned with simulating and studying R&D activities.

Remembering one of the great pioneers

Sadly, Professor John MacVicar, the pioneering obstetrician in ultrasound died in May this year. His contributions to obstetrics and gynaecology, and to ultrasound were immeasurable. John was one of the co-authors, along with Donald and Brown, of the seminal paper ‘Investigation of abdominal masses using pulsed ultrasound’ published in The Lancet in 1958, which helped to secure ultrasound’s future as a serious imaging modality – not that the sketchy line ‘images’ obtained back then would have meant much to any of us practising today. In view of John’s achievements and of the subsequent technological developments in ultrasound in the last 50 years, the title of his MD thesis in 1959 could be considered one of the great understatements of the 20th century; ‘Ultrasound as a diagnostic aid in obstetrics and gynaecology’. I am grateful to one of John MacVicar’s former colleagues, John Fleming, for writing a fine tribute to this great man (p 118). These are exciting times to be involved in ultrasound education. It is undergoing many changes as higher education institutions, professional organizations and private companies attempt to meet the ultrasound training needs of growing numbers of individuals working in and outside the National Health Service. In the UK various guidelines, standards and recommendations have been set. However, as more focused applications of ultrasound emerge it may be that these standards are not appropriate for all users. It may be timely to consider revisions or the development of new guidance while ensuring, of course, that clinical competence is still achieved and measured. An illustration of this idea is included in this issue of Ultrasound; an article by Bidwai and Casserley discusses the need for focused ultrasound training for orthopaedic surgeons. Arguably their proposal could be echoed by a number of practitioners from other specialties. I anticipate their paper will generate debate and I look forward to hearing your views on this important subject. Still on the theme of focused education, we also include the next two articles in the Point of Care Ultrasound (PoCUS) series aimed specifically at emergency physicians. There is a special feature by Pat Ward, Director of the Fetal Anomaly Screening Programme, who reviews the current situation regarding combined screening for Down’s syndrome. Staying with first trimester ultrasound imaging, Chudleigh et al. offer guidance on how to date pregnancies for combined screening where head circumference and crown rump length measurements do not correlate. They also provide advice on how to date a pregnancy when parents have declined combined screening. Practitioners who have previously been unsure as to whether to employ head circumference or crown rump length measurements towards the end of the first trimester may well find this information useful. A team from South Africa report on the value of abdominal ultrasound in children with tuberculosis. Hoskins reviews errors in blood velocity and flow measurements, and suggests that they may be minimized by the development of standard protocols. A collaboration from India presents a technical paper on digital scan converters and signal processing in relation to B-mode imaging. As well as the usual book reviews and Echoes, this edition also contains a thought-provoking letter by Tom Brown, the retired engineer and former colleague of John MacVicar, who suggests a method for reducing work-related musculoskeletal disorders in sonographers. Again, I welcome your response.

Seated by the Sea: The Maritime History of Portland, Maine, and its Irish Longshoremen by Michael C. Connolly, and: New York Longshoremen: Class and Power on the Docks by William J. Mello (review)

Reviewed by: Seated by the Sea: The Maritime History of Portland, Maine, and its Irish Longshoremen by Michael C. Connolly, and:New York Longshoremen: Class and Power on the Docks by William J. Mello Eric Arnesen Seated by the Sea: The Maritime History of Portland, Maine, and its Irish Longshoremen. By Michael C. Connolly. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 2010. New York Longshoremen: Class and Power on the Docks. By William J. Mello. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. 2010. Over the past generation, longshore labor has captured the attention of more than a few labor historians. The worlds of waterfront work—the organization of the labor process, ethnic and racial tensions, the impact of technology, political orientation, and the fortunes of trade unions—have been ably explored by scholars of the United States, as well as Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America. Case studies of numerous ports, here and abroad, reveal the heterogeneity of dockworkers’ experiences; the lives and labor of waterfront laborers can be reduced to no single formula. That conclusion is reinforced by two new books on maritime workers in Portland, Maine and New York. Michael C. Connolly’s Seated by the Sea reconstructs the history of a group of overwhelmingly Irish dockworkers over the course of more than a century and a half. After replacing a small number of black dock workers in the mid-19th century, Irish immigrants, and later their sons, dominated Portland’s waterfront. A smaller number of Italian immigrants joined them by the early 20th century, and over time ethnic rivalry gave way to interethnic interaction. Like their counterparts in other ports, Portland dockworkers organized in self-defense. The Longshoremen’s Benevolent Society tackled issues of wages, labor conditions, and work rules with mixed success. The failure of several strikes before World War One led the Portland trade unionists to affiliate with the International Longshoremen’s Association (ILA), bringing them into contact with dockers along the east coast and allowing for greater coordination and cooperation. The immediate postwar years represented the local union’s high point, with some 1,366 members in its ranks. Although their work remained “unpredictable, seasonal, and casual” (86), Portland longshoremen achieved a level of security that allowed them to provide their families with a needed “safety net” (184). [End Page 236] The health of Portland’s maritime economy deteriorated by the 1930s. Heavily dependent upon the transshipment of Canadian grain—Portland was known as Montreal’s winter port—the city was economically vulnerable to developments north of the border. Improvements to port infrastructure in St. John and Halifax and belated attention to waterfront modernization in Portland contributed to a precipitous decline. “All of Portland’s eggs had been placed in one basket,” Connolly concludes, “and between 1923 and 1934 the bottom literally fell out” (150). The size of the dock labor force dropped as well, with subsequent technological developments, such as containerization, reducing yet further the need for labor. “The handwriting was on the wall for the longshoremen of Portland” (154). They survived, but never again would they – or waterfront commerce – contribute substantially to the city’s economy. William J. Mello’s New York Longshoremen recounts a story far different than the one that unfolded on Portland’s docks. The size of the New York labor force dwarfed that of Portland; its labor force was ethnically and racially far more heterogeneous; and its trade unionists were considerably more militant than their northern counterparts. New York’s postwar waterfront laborers confronted corrupt union leaders, powerful and determined employers, and hostile city, state, and federal officials usually allied with business. The fundamental issue, Mello argues, was a straightforward one: Who controls the waterfront? Efforts by ILA officers, steamship agents, and government representatives to undermine or eliminate workers’ control generated a significant tradition of rank-and-file resistance that forms the book’s subject. Indeed, the ubiquity of labor discontent on the docks produced waves of wildcat strikes, slowdowns, and large-scale work stoppages that, time and again, brought to a halt the commerce of the nation’s largest port. Over time, employers’ strength and new technologies put workers on the defensive. Ultimately, the advent of automation and containerization...

The rules of engagement

The rules of engagement

Determinants of patent citations in biotechnology: An analysis of patent influence across the industrial and organizational boundaries

The present paper extends the literature investigating key drivers leading certain patents to exert a stronger influence on the subsequent technological developments (inventions) than other ones. We investigated six key determinants, as (i) the use of scientific knowledge, (ii) the breadth of the technological base, (iii) the existence of collaboration in patent development, (iv) the number of claims, (v) the scope, and (vi) the novelty, and how the effect of these determinants varies when patent influence—as measured by the number of forward citations the patent received—is distinguished as within and across the industrial and organizational boundaries. We conducted an empirical analysis on a sample of 5671 patents granted to 293 US biotechnology firms from 1976 to 2003. Results reveal that the contribution of the determinants to patent influence differs across the domains that are identified by the industrial and organizational boundaries. Findings, for example, show that the use of scientific knowledge negatively affects patent influence outside the biotechnology industry, while it positively contributes to make a patent more relevant for the assignee's subsequent technological developments. In addition, the broader the scope of a patent the higher the number of citations the patent receives from subsequent non-biotechnology patents. This relationship is inverted U-shaped when considering the influence of a patent on inventions granted to other organizations than the patent's assignee. Finally, the novelty of a patent is inverted-U related with the influence the patent exerts on the subsequent inventions granted across the industrial and organizational boundaries.

Measuring Patent Value: An Empirical Analysis of the Us Biotech Industry

The present paper extends the literature investigating key drivers leading certain patents to exert a stronger influence on the subsequent technological developments (inventions) than other ones. We investigated six key determinants, as (i) the use of scientific knowledge, (ii) the breadth of the technological base, (iii) the existence of collaboration in patent development, (iv) the number of claims, (v) the scope, and (vi) the novelty, and how the effect of these determinants varies when patent influence — as measured by the number of forward citations the patent received — is distinguished as within and across the industrial and organizational boundaries. We conducted an empirical analysis on a sample of 5,671 patents granted to 293 US biotechnology firms from 1976 to 2003. Results reveal that the contribution of the determinants to patent influence differs across the domains that are identified by the industrial and organizational boundaries. Findings, for example, show that the use of scientific knowledge negatively affects patent influence outside the biotechnology industry, while it positively contributes to make a patent more relevant for the assignee’s subsequent technological developments. In addition, the broader the scope of a patent the higher the number of citations the patent receives from subsequent non-biotechnology patents. This relationship is inverted U-shaped when considering the influence of a patent on inventions granted to other organizations than the patent’s assignee. Finally, the novelty of a patent is inverted-U related with the influence the patent exerts on the subsequent inventions granted across the industrial and organizational boundaries.