Subsequent Product Development Research Articles

Comparison of polysaccharides from ginkgo biloba leaves with extracellular polysaccharides from endophytic Lysinibacillus sphaericus Ya6

Ginkgo biloba leaf polysaccharide (GBLP) is a biomolecule with various activities such as anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory, but the natural production is low. Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) was isolated and purified from endophytic Lysinibacillus sphaericus Ya6 of ginkgo biloba. Similarities in chemical structure and biological activity of two polysaccharides were investigated. Results showed that both polysaccharides are acidic polysaccharides containing pyran rings with characteristic absorption peaks for polysaccharides and carboxylates. The molecular weights varied slightly, with 13.20 kDa and 12.08 kDa for EPSYa6 and GBLP, respectively. GCMS– showed that fucose was present only in EPSYa6, and rhamnose and arabinose were higher in GBLP than in EPSYa6. These gaps above may result in higher antioxidant activity of GBLP than EPSYa6, as verified in free radical scavenging capacity. EPSYa6 and GBLP also have antibacterial effects, and EPSYa6 has a wide antibacterial spectrum. Overall, EPSYa6 has similar chemical structure and same biological activity to GBLP, which provides a theoretical basis for subsequent product development. This study can alleviate the shortage of polysaccharide resources caused by the long growth cycle of ginkgo and the complex natural polysaccharide extraction process, which is conducive to the sustainable development of the ecological environment.

Immunomodulatory Effects of Sodium Hyaluronate Health Drink on Immunosuppressed Mice.

This study aimed to explore the immunomodulatory effects and mechanism of a sodium hyaluronate health drink in immunosuppressed mice. The results showed that the sodium hyaluronate health drink could improve thymus atrophy, repair spleen cell damage, promote the release of IL-2, IL-6 and TNF-α in serum, restore immune deficiency, and enhance immune function. In addition, 16s rRNA sequencing results of intestinal flora showed that different doses of health drink had different effects on the intestinal flora of mice. The low-dose group of mice showed a significant up-regulation of the abundance of Lactobacillus and promoted the formation of a new genus Akkermansia, while the medium- and high-dose group up-regulated the abundance of Lactobacillus and norank-f-Muribaculaceae, and stimulated the production of the new genus Alistipes. Sodium hyaluronate health drink may enhance the immune function of mice by changing the composition and abundance of intestinal flora, which provided a theoretical basis for the subsequent product development.

Towards co-design of rehabilitation technologies: a collaborative approach to prioritize usability issues.

Early stakeholder engagement is critical to the successful development and translation of rehabilitation technologies, a pivotal step of which is usability testing with intended end-users. To this end, several methods employ end-user feedback to identify usability and implementation issues. However, the process of prioritizing identified issues seldom leverages the knowledge and expertise of the range of stakeholders who will ultimately affect the demand and supply of a device. This paper describes a novel method to prioritize end-user feedback using transdisciplinary stakeholder consultation and address it in subsequent product development. The proposed approach was demonstrated using a case study relating to the development of a novel technology for neural recovery after spinal cord injury. Feedback from five individuals with chronic spinal cord injury was collected during two-hour usability evaluation sessions with a fully functional high-fidelity system prototype. A think-aloud and semi-structured interview protocol was used with each participant to identify usability and acceptability issues relating to the system in a 3-phase approach. Phase 1 involved extracting usability issues from think-aloud and semi-structured interview data. Phase 2 involved rating the usability issues based on their significance, technical feasibility, and implementation priority by relevant internal and external stakeholders. Finally, Phase 3 involved aggregating the usability issues according to design and implementation elements to facilitate solution generation, and these solutions were then raised as action tasks for future design iterations. Sixty usability issues representing nine facets of usability were rated. Eighty percent of issues were rated to be of moderate to high significance, 83% were rated as being feasible to address, and 75% were rated as addressable using existing project resources. Fifty percent of the issues were rated to be a high priority for implementation. Evaluation of the grouped issues identified 21 tasks which were mapped to the product roadmap for integration into future design iterations. This paper presents a method for meaningful transdisciplinary stakeholder engagement in rehabilitation technology development that can extended to other projects. Alongside a worked example, we offer practical considerations for others seeking to co-develop rehabilitation technologies.

Development, Research, Optimization and Experiment of Exoskeleton Robot for Hand Rehabilitation Training

As one of the most influential symptoms of daily life after stroke, hand dysfunction has seriously affected the quality of life of patients and families. At present, the commonly used rehabilitation method is to carry out continuous passive training on the patient’s fingers with the help of physical therapists, so as to promote the rehabilitation of the hands. However, this kind of therapist-assisted rehabilitation greatly increases the cost of rehabilitation treatment and is not conducive to the promotion of household use. Many exoskeleton hand rehabilitation robots still lack in overall weight and control, resulting in the application potential of exoskeleton hand rehabilitation robots not being fully developed, and the commercial and clinical success cases are limited. The research of this paper focuses on the structural design and electronic control design of the exoskeleton hand rehabilitation robot. Through the design of an exoskeleton hand rehabilitation robot suitable for human hands, the kinematics parameters are obtained by kinematics simulation, and the lightweight design of the hand rehabilitation robot is completed by using topology optimization. At the same time, this paper shows the development technology of the rehabilitation robot control system. We hope that through the subsequent product development, the exoskeleton hand rehabilitation robot studied in this paper can be applied in the future.

Impact of Hot-Carrier Degradation Due to Moisture Diffusion Based on 0.153um CMOS

The study aims to investigate enhanced hot-carrier-induced degradation of MOSFETs due to moisture diffusion from inter-metal oxides. By studying different split of back-end in details, it is confirmed the impact of hot-carrier-induced degradation due to moisture diffusion under different conditions. Analyzing how much current drops after 10K times of programming and erasing verifies the cause of device degradation. Experimental results indicate that HDP thickness reduction, alloy after HDP, deposition of SRO layer before HDP and material of TEOS can efficiently enhance hot-carrier-induced degradation. According to the experimental results, the influence of moisture diffusion has been clarified, providing directions for enhancing the hot-carrier-induced degradation of MOSFETs, and providing relevant experience for subsequent product development.

P‐16.4: Electrostatic Touch Mura of no‐CG MLOC Products and its Improvement Solution

In this article, the cause of electrostatic touch mura in on cell touch products without cover glass is analyzed, and the improvement effect of various design optimization schemes is verified through comparative experiments. Firstly, the improvement effect of different dummy designs in the sensor layer is verified, then the polarizer with different PSA resistivity is used to verify the improvement effect on mura. Based on the above two ideas, cross‐validation is designed. Finally, the improvement effect of sputtering film on the back of CF glass is verified. Through controlled experiments, the improvement solution that can eliminate electrostatic touch mura without affecting the touch performance is found, it can provide reference for subsequent product development to meet the growing market demand.

Properties of Low-Cost WPCs Made from Alien Invasive Trees and rLDPE for Interior Use in Social Housing.

Low-cost wood–plastic composites (WPCs) were developed from invasive trees and recycled low-density polyethylene. The aim was to produce affordable building materials for low-cost social housing in South Africa. Both raw materials are regarded as waste materials, and the subsequent product development adds value to the resources, while simultaneously reducing the waste stream. The production costs were minimised by utilising the entire biomass of Acacia saligna salvaged from clearing operations without any prior processing, and low-grade recycled low-density polyethylene to make WPCs without any additives. Different biomass/plastic ratios, particle sizes, and press settings were evaluated to determine the optimum processing parameters to obtain WPCs with adequate properties. The water absorption, dimensional stability, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, tensile strength, and tensile moduli were improved at longer press times and higher temperatures for all blending ratios. This has been attributed to the crystallisation of the lignocellulose and thermally induced cross-linking in the polyethylene. An increased biomass ratio and particle size were positively correlated with water absorption and thickness swelling and inversely related with MOR, tensile strength, and density due to an incomplete encapsulation of the biomass by the plastic matrix. This study demonstrates the feasibility of utilising low-grade recycled polyethylene and the whole-tree biomass of A. saligna, without the need for pre-processing and the addition of expensive modifiers, to produce WPCs with properties that satisfy the minimum requirements for interior cladding or ceiling material.

Textual and information research of classical prescription Mijiao Pills

Elaphurus davidianus( Milu),a rare animal unique to China,has been used as medicine for more than a thousand years,but the extinction of Milu in modern times resulted in the unavailability of related medical products. Today,the reintroduction of Milu population makes it possible to restore its medicinal usage. The resource reserves of Cervi Cornu,the natural shedding product from Milu,are increasing with the expansion of the population,allowing it to be fully utilized in the medical field. Mijiao Pills,first recorded in Important Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergency( Bei Ji Qian Jin Yao Fang) by Sun Simiao in the Tang Dynasty,is the first Chinese medicinal prescription with Cervi Cornu as the sovereign medicinal,which is effective in tonifying. Its composition,preparation,efficacy and indications,and administration are described in detail in the Important Prescriptions Worth a Thousand Gold for Emergency,which however,have changed significantly over the thousands of years,seriously affecting the clinical application of this classical prescription and related product development. Therefore,the key information of this prescription should be systematically collated and summarized. According to the principles of textual research on key information in ancient classical prescriptions promulgated by relevant authorities,this paper reviewed ancient Chinese medical books of the past dynasties,modern literature,as well as the Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China( 2020 Version) to figure out such key information as the source,historical evolution,original plants and animals and their processing,dosage,preparation,and usage of Mijiao Pills. This paper aimed to provide a basis for the clinical application of Mijiao Pills and subsequent product development,thus facilitating the development and utilization of this precious medicinal animal resource.

The Structural Design of the Threaded Part of the Premium Connection Tubing

The thread form of the premium connection tubing in unconventional gas well is usually API round thread, which has poor connection performance and make-up performance. In response to this problem, this research redesigned the structure of the threaded part of the premium connection tubing, and applied the improved buttress thread of the casing to the tubing to improve the connection performance and make-up performance. The relevant research ideas or results can be used as a reference for subsequent product development.

A Portable Fluorescent Microfluidic Detection Device Based on FPGA

Fluorescence analysis method has high sensitivity, but the difference between photoelectric converters will lead to inaccurate data. To solve the problem of the separation of effective and unwanted light in the process of fluorescence conversion and the noise of small-scale variable amplification. This paper designs a method of modulating the light source makes the fluorescent light be a kind of differential signal that is easily extracted by the photoelectric conversion circuit and amplified, and then uses digital devices FPGA and ADC to achieve signal acquisition and processing, and finally it is presented in the form of a dark room box. In this paper, a novel detection structure is used as a discussion point, and a low-power, high-precision, low-cost signal processing system has been introduced in detail, and mainly used in 500 The fluorescence in the wavelength range of -600 nm was tested. The mathematical relationship between different fluorescence intensities and the post-conversion variables was established. In the subsequent product development, the detection of different wavelengths of light can be achieved by replacing the excitation light source and the corresponding filter, providing a simple circuit processing method for designing photoelectric probes, biomedical detection, and chemical applications.

P‐16.6: Capacitance Simulation of OGM Touch Screen and its Influencing Factors

In this paper, the mutual capacitance of OGM capacitive touch screen is simulated, and the influence of various design parameters on the mutual capacitance of OGM touch screen is studied. First, the effect of the thickness of insulating layers on the capacitance is investigated. Then, the influence of the channel width and the cutting mode of metal mesh on the capacitance is discussed, and the relationship between the mutual capacitance and the equivalent cross area between Tx and Rx electrodes is further derived. Finally, the touch sensitivity of our OGM patterns is verified. Through the summary of the influencing factors on mutual capacitance, it can provide reference for subsequent product development to meet the growing market demand.

Automatic expert knowledge acquisition from text for closing the knowledge loop in PLM

Expert knowledge is important for any product's lifecycle, especially during the manufacturing part of the lifecycle. Most of such knowledge is obtained through experience and its reuse can help prevent potential issues in subsequent product development. Extracting the knowledge acquired for reuse in subsequent development closes the knowledge loop within a product's lifecycle. This work is aimed at acquiring expert knowledge from text documents, about problems faced in aircraft assembly. For doing so, a method is proposed, and is implemented using a pipeline of natural language processing tools. Though existing tools have been used, domain related studies and subsequent modifications have been shown to be necessary. An implementation of the proposed method is also developed and evaluated. Future directions for expanding the work have also been discussed.

Strategic considerations on the design and choice of animal models for non-clinical investigations of cell-based medicinal products

For the development of medicinal products animal models are still indispensable to demonstrate efficacy and safety prior to first use in humans. Advanced therapy medicinal products (ATMP), which include cell-based medicinal products (CBMP), differ in their pharmacology and toxicology compared to conventional pharmaceuticals, and thus, require an adapted regime for non-clinical development. Developers are, therefore, challenged to develop particular individual concepts and to reconcile these with regulatory agencies. Guidelines issued by the European Medicines Agency (EMA), the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and other sources can provide direction.The published approaches for non-clinical testing of efficacy document that homologous animal models where the therapeutic effect is investigated in a disease-relevant animal model utilizing cells derived from the same species are commonly used. The challenge is that the selected model should reflect the human disease in all critical features and that the cells should be comparable to the investigated human medicinal product in terms of quality and biological activity. This is not achievable in all cases. In these cases, alternative methods may provide supplemental information. To demonstrate the scientific proof-of-concept (PoC), small animal models such as mice or rats are preferred. During the subsequent product development phase, large animal models (i.e. sheep, minipigs, dogs) must be considered, as they may better reflect the anatomical or physiological situation in humans. In addition to efficacy, those models may also be suitable to prove some safety aspects of ATMP (e.g. regarding dose finding, local tolerance, or undesired interactions and effects of the administered cells in the target tissue). In contrast, for evaluation of the two prominent endpoints for characterizing the safety of ATMP (i.e. biodistribution, tumorigenicity) heterologous small animal models, especially immunodeficient mouse strains, are favourable due to their tolerance to the human cell therapy product. The execution of non-clinical studies under the principles of good laboratory practice (GLP) increases the acceptance of the results by authorities and the scientific community.

Development of Parts Family Manage System Based on PDM in Large-Scale Air Separation Equipment

Large-scale air separation equipment is used widely in chemical industry. It can provide oxygen, nitrogen and argon for the production process. Based on the deep analysis of the working principle and using equipment, the air separation unit product data management (PDM) system is developed by Visual Basic (VB) in this paper develops. The modularized design procedure and grouping technique (GT) are adopted in this system. The morphological matrix is used to establish their coordination relationship among parts. The system has many characters, such as perfect function, reasonable database structure, and concise software interface layout. Optimizing equipment parts management properly and effectively has important practical significance in designing the subsequent product development work and establishing concurrent design environment of the air separation unit.

A virtual prototyping system for rapid product development

This paper describes a virtual prototyping (VP) system that integrates virtual reality with rapid prototyping (RP) to create virtual or digital prototypes to facilitate product development. The proposed VP system incorporates two new simulation methodologies, namely the dexel-based and the layer-based fabrication approaches, to simulate the powder-based and the laminated sheet-based RP processes, respectively. The dexel-based approach deposits arrays of solid strips to form a layer, while the layer-based approach directly forms a complete layer by extruding the slice contours. The layer is subsequently stacked up to fabricate a virtual prototype. The simulation approaches resemble the physical fabrication processes of most RP systems, and are therefore capable of accurately representing the geometrical characteristics of prototypes. In addition to numerical quantification of the simulation results, the system also provides stereoscopic visualisation of the product design and its prototype for detailed analyses. Indeed, the original product design may be superimposed on its virtual prototype, so that areas with dimensional errors beyond design limits may be clearly highlighted to facilitate point-to-point analysis of the surface texture and the dimensional accuracy of the prototype. Hence, the key control parameters of an RP process, such as part orientation, layer thickness and hatch space, may be effectively tuned up for optimal fabrication of physical prototypes in subsequent product development. Furthermore, the virtual prototypes can be transmitted via the Internet to customers to facilitate global manufacturing. As a result, both the lead-time and the product development costs can be significantly reduced.

Effect of Physicochemical and Formulation Variables on the In Vivo Absorption of ABT-761

ABSTRACTABT-761 is a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor developed for the treatment of asthma. The present study was undertaken to evaluate different crystal forms of ABT-761 and their impact on in vitro and in vivo performance in capsule formulations. Two crystal forms of ABT-761, hemihydrate and non-solvate from different sources, were characterized by thermal analysis, x-ray powder diffraction, moisture sorption, and intrinsic dissolution studies. An in vitro test was performed to assess the effect of formulation and drug from different sources on drug release. Crossover design was also used to evaluate oral bioavailability of ABT-761 hemihydrate formulations in beagle dogs. Plasma concentrations of ABT-761 were analyzed using a reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay. It was found that in vivo oral absorption as well as in vitro dissolution of ABT-761 were influenced by different formulations. Capsule formulations of ABT-761 hemihydrate are bioequivalent to the solution formulation in terms of extent of absorption, but formulation and the method of granulation preparation can have a major impact on the absorption rate. In conclusion, a single crystal form of ABT-761, i.e., hemihydrate, is preferred for subsequent product development. However, exposure of the drug to conditions that may facilitate phase transformation should be avoided.

Scintigraphic Evaluation of a New Capsule-Type Colon Specific Drug Delivery System in Healthy Volunteers

□ Colonic drug delivery is intended for local or systemic therapies. The lack of predictive in vitro or animal model leads to considerable time delays in colonic product development. The objective of this scintigraphic study was to provide “proof of concept” for a novel capsule-type colonic delivery system (Colon-Targeted Delivery Capsule) in healthy volunteers. The human data validates the design concept behind the release mechanism, in that capsule disintegration, and hence drug release, did not start until 5h after gastric emptying, irrespective of whether the product was administered to fasted or fed subjects. However, the potential for prolonged gastric residence for large enteric coated products intended for intestinal targeting was also observed; overall, the study provides a focus for subsequent product development and highlights the role of scintigraphy in dynamically visualizing the drug delivery process.