Subsequent Hydrolysis Research Articles

1,2‐Diols are elemental building blocks in organic synthesis. The standard preparation methods involve the reductive coupling of ketones such as acetone, often using in situ reduced electropositive metal species. Uranium tetrachloride in combination with Na(Hg) as reductant was shown previously to allow for mechanistic studies of the pinacol coupling reaction, but not for direct isolation of intermediates. In this study, using three well‐defined uranium(III) complexes with different cyclopentadienyl ligands, pinacol coupling of acetone was observed resulting in a pinacolate moiety between two uranium(IV) compounds. The uranium pinacolate complexes were characterized by IR, NMR, mass spectrometry, and in one case by single crystal x‐ray diffraction. This first direct structural characterization of the reaction product confirms the previously suggested role of metallapinacolates in the pinacol coupling mechanism. Mass spectrometry additionally confirmed the proposed formation of uranium hydroxide complexes in the subsequent hydrolysis step releasing the pinacol.

Preparation, purification and cardiac protective effect of a pectin-like polysaccharide from red ginseng.

A series of novel functional polycarbonates, specifically poly(solketal glycidyl ether carbonate-co-propylene carbonate)s with varying compositions, were synthesized through the ring-opening copolymerization of solketal glycidyl ether, propylene oxide, and carbon dioxide. The reaction was catalyzed by rac-(salcy)CoIIIX complexes with bis(triphenylphosphine)iminium salts as co-catalysts, achieving high selectivity. The resulting terpolymers exhibited number-average molecular weights ranging from 2 × 104 to 1 × 105 and a narrow, bimodal molecular weight distribution, with dispersities of 1.02–1.07 for each mode. Interestingly, the addition of a small amount of water to the reaction mixture yielded a terpolymer with a unimodal molecular weight distribution and a dispersity of 1.11. Subsequent acidic hydrolysis of the solketal protective groups produced poly(glyceryl glycerol carbonate-co-propylene carbonate). All terpolymers were amorphous, with Tg near or below room temperature. The hydroxyl-functional polycarbonates underwent cyclodepolymerization under milder conditions compared to polycarbonates with protected hydroxyl groups.

Glutaminase I and glutamine transaminase-ω-amidase pathways in colorectal cancer: Metabolic reprogramming and emerging therapeutic strategies.

Mechanism of DNA entrapment by a loop-extruding Wadjet SMC motor.

In the energy sector, particularly, the transport sector, biomass of plant origin is associated with additives to motor fuels with biodiesel and bioethanol. The main purpose of the pretreatment of lignocellulosic raw materials for hydrolysis is to destroy the heterogeneous matrix, increase the surface area and porosity of the cellulose material, and free carbohydrates from lignin bonds. One of the key factors affecting the efficiency of pretreatment and subsequent hydrolysis is the size of the raw material particles obtained at the stage of mechanical grinding. During subsequent processing in rotary reactors based on centrifugal pumps, the raw material is subjected to additional influence of thermophysical factors, which contribute to a further increase in the degree of dispersion of the raw material, increasing the specific surface area of the cellulose material. The work aimed to determine the influence of the complex thermophysical phenomena of hydromechanical processing on the particle size of plant raw materials during their pretreatment for hydrolysis in the technology of obtaining fuel ethanol. The feedstock was wheat straw and corn stalks, chopped on a straw cutter, and once processed in a disintegrator. The determination of the plant raw material particle size distribution was carried out using sieve analysis. The processing of the suspension of plant raw materials was carried out on experimental setup with a reactor mixer, which is a rotor-pulsation apparatus. The particle size distribution in the range of 0.001-0.08 mm was determined using a laser particle size analyzer Microsizer 201 A. Further crushing of the straw was carried out on experimental setup. It was determined that with an increase in the solid : liquid ratio from 1 : 5 to 1 : 15, the size of the parts decreases by 35–40 %, and when increasing the solid : liquid ratio from 1 : 5 to 1 : 10 — by 3–5 %. Changing the solid : liquid ratio from 1 : 15 to 1 : 10 for 10 cycles of processing the dispersion in the reactor-mixer until the temperature drops from 47 to 42 °C, at which the productivity of the equipment increases in 1.5–2 times, energy consumption changes by 25–30 %. The temperature of an aqueous dispersion of wheat straw (corn stalk) at a ratio of 1 : 15, mixed in the reactor-mixer for 10 cycles, moves from 17 to 22 °C, at the same time at solid : liquid ratio 1 : 10 at 17 to 42 °С, at solid : liquid ratio 1 : 5 at 17 to 47 °С. When processing an aqueous dispersion with wheat straw in a reactor mixer with a pulsation frequency of 1 kHz, 42 cycles are required to achieve 100 % frequency in less than 80 µm. When the pulsation frequency increases from 1 to 3 kHz, the number of cycles changes to 30. When the pulsation frequency changes from 1 to 5 kHz, the number of cycles decreases to 27. Changing the shear rate of the flow has a more significant effect on particle dispersion than the pulsation frequency. The number of processing cycles is reduced by 5–7 %. Bibl. 15, Fig. 8.

Partial enhancement of soluble fiber through pyrodextrinization of the residual starch in cassava pulp: Developing a novel dietary fiber with modified functional and improved prebiotic properties.

Enzymatic hydrolysis and liquefaction of the residual almond hull solids (RAHS) after sugar extraction were studied. The hydrolysis performance of three different enzymes (Cellic CTec2, Viscozyme L and Pectinex Ultra SPL) were investigated. The ability of Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillus oryzae in utilizing the hydrolysate was evaluated. In 50 mL Falcon tubes, the combination of 200 :{upmu:}L/g RAHS of Cellic Ctec2 and 60 :{upmu:}L/g RAHS of Viscozyme L enzymes resulted in the optimal performance, with total sugar yield of 47.21%, total fiber conversion of 86.01%, and liquefaction efficiency of 51.61%. Applying these optimal conditions in 250 mL glass bottles resulted in higher liquefaction efficiency of 72.53%, while total fiber conversion was same as that in Falcon tubes. Through a combination of sugar extraction and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis, a total of 0.55 g of sugars could be released per gram of almond hulls (dry basis, d.b.). The cultivation of Aspergillus awamori and Aspergillus oryzae in hydrolysate for five days produced uniform fungal pellets, with biomass yields of 0.89 g total suspended solids (TSS)/g sugar and 0.43 g TSS/g sugar, respectively. Both fungal strains were able to utilize sugars in the hydrolysate, including galacturonic acid. This research demonstrates that enzymatic hydrolysis of RAHS enables the recovery of additional sugars from almond hulls, thereby increasing the yield of fungal biomass and improving the overall utilization of almond hulls.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s40643-025-00940-2.

This study details a biorefinery approach to valorize Dosidicus gigas squid pen waste. The process starts with the enzymatic deproteinization of squid pens, which prove effective with both Alcalase and Novozym, with the latter exhibiting a slightly higher efficiency to yield a material with 73% chitin content. Subsequent alkaline hydrolysis produces highly deacetylated chitosan (>90% degree of deacetylation), followed by controlled depolymerization to obtain polymers with molecular weights ranging from 50 to 251 kDa. Both native and depolymerized chitosan exhibit antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, with B. cereus demonstrating greater resistance to chitosan compared to E. coli. The research also explores the bioconversion of deproteinization and deacetylation effluents. Deproteinization effluents prove superior in sustaining microbial growth, supporting comparable growth and lactic acid production for human probiotic strains (Lactobacillus plantarum and Leuconostoc mesenteroides) when substituting commercial peptones. Marine bacteria (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Phaeobacter sp.) show lower productivity. Integrating these processes into a biorefinery framework enables the conversion of 1 kg of dry squid pens into 350 g of chitosan, and facilitates the production of 937–949 g of lactic acid using human lactic acid bacteria cultures in media formulated with squid pen-derived effluents, glucose, yeast extract, and mineral salts. This integrated approach highlights the potential for maximizing resource utilization from squid pen waste, reducing environmental impact and generating high-value bioproducts.

The regioselective functionalization of C─H bonds at positions with nearly identical chemical environments remains a pivotal challenge in synthetic chemistry. While conventional hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) strategies dominate current methodologies, their limitations in selectivity drive the pursuit of alternative mechanisms. Here, we report a photoelectrochemically cooperative catalytic system mediated by a polypyridyl cobalt catalyst, enabling highly regioselective α-heteroarylation of ethers, alcohols, and amides. Unlike previous cobalt-based systems in which bond formation occurs independently of the cobalt metal center, the catalyst functions as a photocatalyst to directly oxidize substrates via a single-electron transfer (SET) process. This strategy eschews traditional HAT pathways, achieving exclusive α-site selectivity for most substrates while exhibiting broad adaptability to diverse heteroarenes. Subsequent derivatization studies, including oxidation, hydrolysis, reduction, and chloromethylation, validate the synthetic utility for accessing pharmaceutical intermediates.

A series of biaryl piperidine derivatives 6-14 was synthesized and evaluated for antileishmanial efficacy against the Leishmania donovani strain Ag83. The Suzuki reaction of the bromo compound yielded biaryl compounds 6-8. Boc protection of 6-8 resulted in the formation of piperidine derivatives as hydrochloride salts (9-11), and subsequent ester hydrolysis gave pure biaryl amino acid derivatives (12-14). The target compounds 8-11 and 13 showed promising antileishmanial activity. The hydrochloride salts of biaryl piperidines, 9 and 10 exhibited the 60.2% and 57.2% inhibition respectively at 20 μM concentration and further inhibited the proliferation by 63.7%, 64.0%, 64.7%, 64.8%, 69.2%, and 64.6, 64.8%, 64.8%, 66.4%, 67.9%, respectively, at 40, 80, 100, 150, and 300 μM concentrations. The respective IC50 values for compounds 9 and 10 are 16 μM and 17 μM. The compounds chosen for this study were additionally analyzed through molecular docking, and the binding affinities correspond with the biological findings. The emergence of these new compounds will enable the development of new drugs for targeting Leishmaniasis.. KEYWORDS :Antileishmanial activity, Promastigotes, Biaryl Piperidines, Leishmanolysin, Neglected tropical diseases.

Soybean protein isolate hydrolysate addition during fermentation of soybean meal with Aspergillus oryzae enhances the release of umami components in subsequent hydrolysis process

This paper presents the results of a study on the development of a processing technology for pyrite–cobalt concentrates to obtain iron oxide pigments (Fe2O3 and Fe3O4) via high-temperature hydrolysis. It was found that, in a single operation, the concentrate can be effectively purified from lead, zinc, and copper, yielding an iron–nickel–cobalt product suitable for further processing by standard technologies, such as smelting into ferronickel. The scientific originality of research concludes in a mechanism of stepwise selective chloride volatilization, which was established as follows: stage I (500–650 °C)—removal of lead; stage II (700–750 °C)—chlorination of copper and iron; stage III (850–900 °C)—volatilization of nickel and cobalt. Microprobe analysis of the powders obtained from high-temperature hydrolysis of FeCl2·4H2O and FeCl3·6H2O revealed the resulting Fe3O4 and Fe2O3 powders with particle sizes 50 μm and 100 μm. A visual color palette was created, corresponding to different Fe3O4/Fe2O3 ratios in the pigment composition—ranging from black (magnetite) to red (hematite)—and potential application areas. For the first time, the new technological scheme was proposed of pigments Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 production from pyrite–cobalt concentrates via combination of oxidized roasting with subsequent chlorination and high-temperature hydrolysis of the products.

In situ directional enzymatic hydrolysis couple with two-stage fermentation process for enhancing microbial lipids production from food waste and waste activated sludge.

Antibacterial ADP-ribosyl cyclase toxins inhibit bacterial growth by rapidly depleting NAD(P)+

Producing bioavailable glucose from abundant cellulose presents a sustainable pathway to address global food security challenges. This study demonstrates an integrated biorefinery strategy combining molten salt hydrate (LiBr MSH)-mediated hydrolysis with carbon affinity separation to overcome cellulose recalcitrance and glucose separation issues. Through in situ glycosylation engineering with glucose during cellulose hydrolysis in MSH, we synthesized branched glucan oligomers with a substitution degree of 7.9% that effectively decoupled dissolution-separation-conversion processes. The optimized MSH system achieved a 77.6% oligomer yield with 14.4% glucose conversion. The engineered branching conferred a remarkable 816.69 mg g-1 adsorption capacity for oligomers on hydrophobic carbon CL-YP50F, demonstrating a 3.2-fold adsorption selectivity enhancement over direct glucose conversion. Thermodynamic analysis revealed spontaneous adsorption driven by an enhanced π-conjugation between aromatic carbon domains and oligomer hydrophobic motifs. Branched structural modification improved aqueous solubility by 48% relative to linear counterparts, enabling an 86.0% desorption efficiency. Subsequent mild acid hydrolysis (130 °C, 4 wt % H2SO4) achieved a near-quantitative glucose yield (98.4%) from the branched oligomers, attributed to their disrupted crystalline packing and reduced particle dimensions. This cascade process delivers a 7.3-fold glucose yield improvement versus conventional cellulose hydrolysis, establishing an efficient paradigm for lignocellulosic biomass valorization with minimized energy input and maximal carbon utilization.

Total syntheses of (±)-lepadiformine B and C are presented. The key theme in our approach is the stereodivergent synthesis of both cis- and trans- N-acetyl-2-alkyl-8a-cyanodecahydroquinoline, which are effectively prepared through deprotection-initiated alkylative/reductive cyclization of sterically well-defined α-aminonitriles bearing a masked carbonyl group. After the Dieckmann-type condensation to a tricyclic lactam, lepadiformine B and its analogues can be achieved through the Ir-catalyzed reductive cyanation and subsequent hydrolysis, reduction, and Bruylants reactions.

Efficient one-step synthesis of cellulose acetate in ionic liquid using sodium acetate as a homogeneous catalyst.

The comparison of cellulose regeneration behavior in different solvents after sulfuric acid treatment.

The radiosynthesis of the systemic fungicide for oomycete disease control Benalaxyl-M and its two most relevant soil metabolites was developed from the versatile common [phenyl-U-14C]N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-D-alanine methyl ester intermediate 4 by reaction with Meldrum's acid and subsequent hydrolysis of the ester group. The triflate of the methyl ester of (S)-lactic acid 6 employed in the synthesis of [phenyl-U-14C]N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-D-alanine methyl ester allows us an optimal use of the labelled [phenyl-U-14C]2,6-dimethylaniline. The greater reactivity of the triflate of the methyl ester of (S)-lactic acid compared to the analogous p-toluenesulfonate or methanesulfonate allows the reaction to occur at room temperature with higher enantiomeric purity and better yield.