Subsequent Cooperation Research Articles

Intestinal parasites of the endangered European ground squirrel (Spermophilus citellus) populations in Slovakia

The present pilot research was focused on the detection of intestinal parasites in the ground squirrel populations in various regions of Slovakia. Only a very little information is currently available on the parasitic species composition of the European ground squirrel in Slovakia and across Europe. In the Slovak Republic, there are 70 locations where the ground squirrel populations are present. A total of 600 faecal samples of the European ground squirrels, collected from 36 locations all over Slovakia, were examined by applying the coprological method. The presence of the protozoan coccidian parasite of the Eimeria genus was confirmed in all of the analysed locations. The presence of eggs of four helminths were confirmed: Capillaria spp. (66.6% of locations); the Trichostrongylidae family (42.8% of locations); Hymenolepis spp. (11.9% of locations); and Citellina spp. (7.14% of locations). Dead individuals that were found in the analysed localities were subjected to necropsy and the tissues scraped off their small intestines were stained in order to confirm the presence of parasites. The post-mortem examination of the intestines and the sedimentation of the intestinal contents in a saline solution did not result in the confirmation of the presence of the eggs, adults or the larval stages of parasites. Spermophilus citellus is one of the strictly protected animal species in Slovakia. In recent years, numerous projects aimed at supporting and protecting ground squirrels have been implemented. The present pilot study on intestinal parasites and the subsequent cooperation with environmental activists will contribute to the support and stabilisation of the presence of these animals in our country.

Can I Still Trust You? Late Trust Violations Hinder Subsequent Cooperation

Can I Still Trust You? Late Trust Violations Hinder Subsequent Cooperation

It’s my turn: empirical evidence of upstream indirect reciprocity in society through a quasi-experimental approach

This study estimated the effect of receiving help during a disaster on an individual’s subsequent cooperation for a common-pool resource. Such a chain of altruism is called generalized exchange and upstream indirect reciprocity in exchange and cooperation theories. Theoretical studies have pointed out its importance in understanding human cooperation in society. Some researchers on disaster have observed the phenomenon called “disaster area relay”, where disaster victims, having received help during the disaster they experienced, in turn, help victims of another subsequent disaster. However, there are few empirical and systematic analyses of this in actual societal events due to the causal problem. This paper attempted to overcome this problem through a quasi-experimental approach using big data. This paper focused on mutual cooperation through “Free Tank”, which is a common-pool resource in the online community called “mineo-KINGDOM”. The result of difference-in-differences estimation showed that receiving help during a disaster had a positive causal impact on subsequent cooperation for a common-pool resource and reciprocity norm. This result provides assurance that helping has a potential ripple effect on individuals’ cooperation.

Facial Regulation During Dyadic Interaction: Interpersonal Effects on Cooperation

This study investigated interpersonal effects of regulating naturalistic facial signals on cooperation during an iterative Prisoner’s Dilemma (IPD) game. Fifty pairs of participants played ten IPD rounds across a video link then reported on their own and their partner’s expressed emotion and facial regulation in a video-cued recall (VCR) procedure. iMotions software allowed us to auto-code actors’ and partners’ facial activity following the outcome of each round. We used two-level mixed effects logistic regression to assess over-time actor and partner effects of auto-coded facial activity, self-reported facial regulation, and perceptions of the partner’s facial regulation on the actor’s subsequent cooperation. Actors were significantly less likely to cooperate when their partners had defected on the previous round. None of the lagged scores based on auto-coded facial activity were significant predictors of cooperation. However, VCR variables representing partner’s positive regulation of expressions and actor’s perception of partner’s positive regulation both significantly increased the probability of subsequent actor cooperation after controlling for prior defection. These results offer preliminary evidence about interpersonal effects of facial regulation in interactive contexts and illustrate how dynamic dyadic emotional processes can be systematically investigated in controlled settings.

Grey relational analysis method for building material suppliers selection based on the 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number

The construction of real estate projects is a large and complex system project, and the completion of the construction goals on time and with quality is the key to the sustainable development of construction enterprises. In the process of real estate project construction, the management performance of building decoration material suppliers will directly affect the efficiency of real estate enterprises. How to correctly evaluate the building material suppliers (BMSs) of real estate enterprises and establish a good partnership affects the economic benefits of the enterprise and the possibility of subsequent cooperation between the two sides, which has become one of the issues of importance to real estate enterprises. The selection and application of BMSs is the MAGDM. In this defined paper, the defined 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic number (2TLNN) grey relational analysis (2TLNN-GRA) decision method is generated based on GRA and 2-tuple linguistic neutrosophic sets (2TLNSs). The 2TLNN-GRA method is generated for MAGDM. Finally, the decision example for BMSs selection is generated and some comparisons is generated.

Ni-Mn spinel aerogel catalysts with adsorption induced superior activity for Low-Temperature toluene oxidation

The development of a highly efficient oxide catalyst is crucial for thermal and environmental catalytic reactions. Herein, a facile and eco-friendly strategy is developed to synthesize a series of Au-modified hollow Ni–Mn spinel nanospheres decorated on graphene aerogels (GAs) (termed Auy-hNixMn3−x/GAz) composite catalysts for deep catalytic oxidation of Volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The introduction of hollow structure leads to a larger specific surface area and more accessible active sites. The subsequent cooperation of Au further strengthens the low-temperature reducibility along with more active surface oxygen species. After being embedded into the graphene network, the composite catalyst shows an improvement in electron transfer and accessibility to active metal sites. The adsorption capacity of the catalyst for toluene is greatly improved by the above steps, thus facilitating the catalytic performance. The resulting Au1-hNi1Mn2/GA0.5 composite catalyst exhibits optical activity for VOCs removal, reaching 100 % toluene and benzene (500 ppm) oxidation at 155 °C and 148 °C, respectively. Meanwhile, the catalyst shows extraordinary catalytic stability, selectivity, moisture tolerance and compressibility making it a promising catalyst for industrial thermal catalysis. Moreover, an in situ DRIFTS study is carried out for the exploration of the reaction pathway and a modified Mars van Krevelen (MVK) catalytic mechanism was proposed as well.

Procedural fairness facilitates cooperative behavior by enhancing cooperative expectations

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to explore whether and why procedural fairness may promote cooperation. In both experiments, participants first took part in a task in which they were connected to an allocator who then either selected a fair or an unfair procedure for allocating outcomes between them. After this manipulation of procedural fairness, participants performed a second task in which we studied their cooperation in a chicken game. In Experiment 1, participants were informed that their opponent in the chicken game was the same person who had previously selected the fair (vs. unfair) procedure. In Experiment 2, participants learned that their opponent in the chicken game had not been involved in the selection of the prior procedure. Both studies showed that having experienced a fair (vs. unfair) procedure facilitated subsequent cooperation in the chicken game. Mediation analyses suggest that this positive effect was explained by the finding that the prior experience of procedural fairness induced participants to expect higher levels of cooperation from their opponent, even when this opponent was not involved in the prior experience of procedural fairness.

The Effects of Openness of Internal Reporting and Shared Interest with an Employee on Managerial Collusion and Subsequent Cooperation*

ABSTRACTCollusion between managers who share private information represents a significant control concern for firms. Prior research suggests that mutual monitoring contracts that incentivize honest reporting do not prevent all collusion, making it important to understand how elements of the control environment may facilitate collusion, as well as how control choices—and collusion itself—affect subsequent behavior within the firm. Results of two experiments show that the frequency of collusion between managers in a repeated‐interaction setting is greatest when one can view the other's reports before making their own (“open internal reporting”) and slack obtained from misreporting is shared with a non‐reporting employee (“shared interest”). Moreover, although open (versus closed) internal reporting increases collusion in a single‐shot setting with or without a residual claimant to managers' budget reports being present, neither openness alone nor shared interest alone increases collusion in a repeated‐interaction setting. Results further suggest that collusion improves managers' perceptions of autonomy and group identification, resulting in greater cooperation on a subsequent task and potentially reducing the costs of some collusion to the extent such cooperation benefits the firm. Finally, open internal reporting worsens managers' perceptions of autonomy and group identification which, for managers who did not previously engage in collusion, leads to less cooperation on a subsequent task. In total, these results highlight to firms that the costs of collusion in repeated‐interaction settings frequently found in practice may be greatest when the common control choices of open internal reporting and shared interest are made in tandem, and that open internal reporting may carry another unintended cost in the form of lower cooperation on other tasks.

Tough Bargains: When Cooperation is More Competitive than Competition

Economic agents frequently take long-term actions, regarding for instance investments in cost reduction or R&D, before engaging in more short-term interactions, e.g. through price setting. Those short-term interactions may be noncooperative as for example competition on a consumer market, or cooperative and based on negotiations. This raises the question of how long-term actions that prepare for subsequent cooperation differ from those that precede noncooperative interaction. Can it happen that agents prepare more aggressively for cooperation than for competition, and thus destroy some of the value they create through cooperation by preparing for it? If so, under what conditions? To address these questions, I analyze two-stage duopoly games in which agents move noncooperatively in Stage 1, followed by either noncooperative or cooperative moves in Stage 2. In the latter case, a biform game, agents bargain in Stage 2 over how to divide the joint payoff. I show that Stage-1 actions can be more competitive in preparation for cooperation than in preparation for noncooperative interaction, in the sense of deviating more from the benchmark of collusion in both stages, and derive conditions for this to be the case. For instance, in preparation for a merger competing firms invest more in cost reduction than when preparing for price competition. Such increased investments can be wasteful for the duopolists and for society. My results also suggest that economic actors should pay attention to the pre-negotiation phase when arranging cooperation talks.

French Translations and Lifetime Publications of Nikolai Goumilev: А Dialogue with the French reader. Part One

This article examines in detail the circumstances of the creation of all Gumilev’s French texts known today. The research focuses on Russian-French literary relations at the beginning of the 20th century, the chronological order of Gumilev’s Russian poems and their French versions, the textual features and particularities of the translations attributed to Gumilev and the history of their publication. Particular attention is paid to Gumilev’s desire to enter the circle of French writers, thanks to his acquaintance with René Ghil, and then to determine the perception of his work in France through his acquaintance, correspondence and subsequent cooperation with Jean Chuzeville. The article presents an analysis of the selection principle of poems, both those translated for the “Anthology” and those featured in Gumilev’s notebooks, as well as the approach to the translation of poems in verse or prose. In conclusion, possible explanations of why Nikolai Gumilev combined his (alleged) self-translations in a notebook just before his return from France to Russia are given.

Molecular mechanism of mulberry response to drought stress revealed by complementary transcriptomic and iTRAQ analyses

BackgroundThe use of mulberry leaves has long been limited to raising silkworms, but with the continuous improvement of mulberry (Morus alba) resource development and utilization, various mulberry leaf extension products have emerged. However, the fresh leaves of mulberry trees have a specific window of time for picking and are susceptible to adverse factors, such as drought stress. Therefore, exploring the molecular mechanism by which mulberry trees resist drought stress and clarifying the regulatory network of the mulberry drought response is the focus of the current work.ResultsIn this study, natural and drought-treated mulberry grafted seedlings were used for transcriptomic and proteomic analyses (CK vs. DS9), aiming to clarify the molecular mechanism of the mulberry drought stress response. Through transcriptome and proteome sequencing, we identified 9889 DEGs and 1893 DEPs enriched in stress-responsive GO functional categories, such as signal transducer activity, antioxidant activity, and transcription regulator activity. KEGG enrichment analysis showed that a large number of codifferentially expressed genes were enriched in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, hormone signalling pathways, lignin metabolism and other pathways. Through subsequent cooperation analysis, we identified 818 codifferentially expressed genes in the CK vs. DS9 comparison group, including peroxidase (POD), superoxide dismutase (SOD), aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDHs), glutathione s-transferase (GST) and other genes closely related to the stress response. In addition, we determined that the mulberry gene MaWRKYIII8 (XP_010104968.1) underwent drought- and abscisic acid (ABA)-induced expression, indicating that it may play an important role in the mulberry response to drought stress.ConclusionsOur research shows that mulberry can activate proline and ABA biosynthesis pathways and produce a large amount of proline and ABA, which improves the drought resistance of mulberry. MaWRKYIII8 was up-regulated and induced by drought and exogenous ABA, indicating that MaWRKYIII8 may be involved in the mulberry response to drought stress. These studies will help us to analyse the molecular mechanism underlying mulberry drought tolerance and provide important gene information and a theoretical basis for improving mulberry drought tolerance through molecular breeding in the future.

Setting an example: The effect of unequal endowments on cooperation in sequential public goods games

Combating global crises like climate change requires large-scale cooperation among actors with different amounts of resources. The present investigation examines how signals of cooperativeness from a first-mover influence subsequent cooperation depending on the resources of the first-mover and the followers. In two studies, participants (total N = 1325) took part in a sequential public goods game with one first-mover and four followers. First-movers and followers were either privileged (i.e., endowed with high resources) or underprivileged (i.e., endowed with low resources). Participants decided how much to contribute to the public good given the first-mover cooperated fully, cooperated partially, or defected. Overall, higher first-mover cooperation fostered higher follower cooperation. More importantly, follower cooperation depended on first-movers’ and followers’ resources: Follower cooperation was higher when privileged first-movers cooperated fully compared to when underprivileged first-movers cooperated fully, pointing to an effect of absolute contribution. However, follower cooperation was also higher when underprivileged first-movers cooperated fully compared to when privileged first-movers contributed the same amount as part of their endowment, pointing to an effect of relative contribution. In Study 1, we found an interaction between first-movers’ and followers’ endowments when first-movers cooperated fully: When the first-mover was underprivileged, privileged followers contributed a significantly smaller share of their resources than underprivileged followers. This effect was smaller when first-movers were privileged. Given the first-mover defected, follower contributions did not significantly depend on first-movers’ or followers’ resources. Overall, the findings imply that cooperative signals from privileged actors are particularly effective but cooperative first-movers may foster subsequent cooperation no matter their resources.

Influence of Control Precision and Prior Collaboration Experience on Trust and Cooperation in Inter-Organizational Relationships

ABSTRACTWe investigate whether prior collaboration experience affects a focal partner's response to the precision of monitoring controls adopted by a new partner, with consequences for their goodwill trust in, and subsequent cooperation with, the new partner. We expect the partner to interpret their new partner's adoption of precise monitoring controls as either an effort to limit their autonomy or to reduce information asymmetry. The partner's experience with past partners is posited to determine which interpretation is salient, with negative (positive) experiences favoring the former (latter). We find that partners with an uncooperative (cooperative) experience exhibit lower (higher) goodwill trust in the new partner when controls are more precise. Further, prior experience moderates the indirect relation between the precision of monitoring controls and partner cooperation acting through goodwill trust. The results demonstrate the importance of prior experiences in the design of interfirm controls for current partner relationships.Data Availability: Contact the authors.JEL Classifications: M41.

Electrophysiological Correlates of Social Decision-making: An EEG Investigation of a Modified Ultimatum Game.

Cooperation behaviors during social decision-making have been shown to be sensitive to manipulations of context. However, it remains unclear how aspects of context in dynamic social interactions, such as observed nonverbal behaviors, may modulate cooperation decisions and the associated neural mechanisms. In this study, participants responded to offers from proposers to split $10 in an Ultimatum Game following observation of proposer approach (friendly) or avoidance (nonfriendly) behaviors, displayed by dynamic whole-body animated avatars, or following a nonsocial interaction control condition. As expected, behavioral results showed that participants tended to have greater acceptance rates for unfair offers following observed nonverbal social interactions with proposers compared with control, suggesting an enhancing effect of social interactions on cooperative decisions. ERP results showed greater N1 and N2 responses at the beginning of social interaction conditions compared with control, and greater sustained and late positivity responses for observed approach and avoidance proposer behaviors compared with control. Event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) results showed differential sensitivity within theta, alpha, and beta bands during observation of social interactions and offers that was associated with subsequent decision behaviors. Together, these results point to the impact of proposers' nonverbal behaviors on subsequent cooperation decisions at both behavioral and neural levels. The ERP and ERSP findings suggest modulated attention, monitoring, and processing of biological motion during the observed nonverbal social interactions, influencing the participants' responses to offers. These findings shed light on electrophysiological correlates of response to observed social interactions that predict subsequent social decisions.

Analysis on Game Evolution of Latecomer Prefabricated Building Firm from the Perspective of Population Ecology

Based on the research and development (R&D) state of prefabricated buildings, this paper establishes an evolutionary game model involving such three parties as latecomer prefabricated building firm (LPBF), related firm, and university-research institute, and simulates the evolutionary results of the game to determine the evolutionarily stable strategy (ESS) of the game. The results show that: In the tripartite system evolution, the evolution and trend of each party are closely related with the strategies chosen by the other two parties; eventually, the LPBF strategy always converges to R&D, while the strategies of related firm, and university-research institute always converge to cooperation in R&D. Whether the game system converges to the desired equilibrium state hinges on the R&D profit and cost of, and opportunistic profit from subsequent cooperation with the LPBF. During the development of prefabricated buildings, the game parties should promote the high-quality development of the industry by stepping up technological R&D, forging a complete industrial chain, and implementing industry-university-research cooperation.

Vaccine alliance building blocks: a conjoint experiment on popular support for international COVID-19 cooperation formats

The design principles of institutions that visibly and significantly affect citizens’ lives are likely to be politically salient. Popular support for these principles is in turn crucial for institutional viability and effectiveness. Transboundary pandemics are a case in point. Understanding citizens’ preferences regarding the design of international alliances set up to mass-produce and distribute vaccines is likely to determine citizens’ subsequent cooperation with vaccination campaigns. This study explores Germans’ preferences for international COVID-19 vaccine alliance design principles. We conducted a conjoint experiment at a recurring cognitive moment in many pandemics’ cycles, between the initial outbreak and a more devastating but still-unknown second wave, when infection rates were very low, yet no policy solutions had been developed. We analyzed preferences regarding four building blocks: (1) alliance composition (size; EU-centrism), (2) alliance distribution rules (joining cost; vaccine allocation), (3) vaccine nationalism (cost per German household; coverage in Germany) and (4) vaccine producer confidence (origin; type). Distribution rules, political ideology and personal perceptions of pandemic threat matter little. But a larger alliance size and dominant EU-country composition increase alliance support. And vaccine nationalism is key: support increases with both lower costs and larger coverage for own-nation citizens. Moreover, support goes down for Chinese and American producers and increases for Swiss and especially own-nation producers. In sum, a realist and technocratic outlook is warranted at the cognitive stage in pandemic cycles when no solutions have been found, yet the worst already seems to be over, as national self-interest reigns supreme in popular attitudes.

Counter-terrorism measures and perceptions of police legitimacy: The importance Muslims place on procedural justice, representative bureaucracy, and bounded-authority concerns

Engaging Muslims in counter-terrorism (CT) has proved challenging for police worldwide. Some research has focussed on the utility of police being procedurally just in their CT strategies to enhance their legitimacy and subsequent cooperation from Muslims. Despite the efficacy of procedural justice, however, some have argued that procedural justice scholarship is too narrowly focussed on how police treat citizens. Citizens’ concerns about police acting within the limits of appropriate power (i.e., “bounded-authority” concerns), as well as representativeness in policing (i.e., “representative bureaucracy”), can also influence citizens’ judgments of police legitimacy. This study explores how, when, and why procedural justice, bounded authority, and representation concerns shape Muslims’ perceptions of police CT measures and police legitimacy. Using focus group data from 104 Australian-Muslims, results revealed that CT measures that include Muslims as partners in terrorism prevention and those that draw on principles of procedural justice were perceived most favourably, and were seen to promote police legitimacy. Measures that were condemned were perceived as bounded-authority violations and damaged police legitimacy. Implications for theory and police practice are discussed.

Identity of Applicants for Priority Rights and the EPO’s CRISPR-Cas/Broad Institute Decision T 0844/18 ‒ Scope of the EPO’s ‘Formal Review’ to Establish Identity of the Holder of the Priority Right

Abstract The Technical Board of Appeal 3.3.08 (hereinafter ‘the Board’) has handed down the much-awaited written decision regarding the denial of the CRISPR/Cas9 patent EP2771468. The Board did not acknowledge the patentee’s claim to priority from a provisional US application naming more applicants than the subsequent Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT) application from which the European patent was derived. The Board considered the priority claim invalid because there was no identity between the applicants of the prior and subsequent application. This article does not second-guess the ‘all applicants’ approach as confirmed by the Board, but considers the consequences of the decision for the claiming of priority by the ‘same applicants’.

Will you still love me tomorrow? Partisan electoral interventions, foreign policy compliance, and voting in the UN

ABSTRACT What are the effects of partisan electoral interventions on the target’s subsequent cooperation with the intervener? Attempts by the great powers to affect the election results in other countries have been quite common with electoral interventions occurring in one of every nine elections between 1946 and 2000 as well as in the 2016 US presidential election. One important reason for such interventions has been the interveners desire to change or maintain the target’s foreign policies in a manner favorable to its interests. Nevertheless, there has been little research on whether electoral interventions usually have such effects in practice. This study begins to investigate this question utilizing a common measure of foreign policy preferences and a new dataset of electoral interventions. I find that while successful American electoral interventions do temporarily increase the target’s voting similarity with the US while the assisted leader is in power, and overt American interventions are more effective in this regard. I also find preliminary evidence that Russian/Soviet electoral interventions have no significant effects. These results indicate that such meddling can be for some great powers an effective tool for gaining increased foreign policy compliance out of targets with relatively competitive elections.

Who Gets Stitches? The Effects of Rewarding Whistleblowers and Protecting Their Identity on Subsequent Cooperation

Companies are strongly encouraged to implement whistleblowing programs to help detect and deter misconduct in organizations. Rewarding the whistleblower and protecting the whistleblower’s identity are two highly recommended features of whistleblowing programs. Across two experiments, I examine the spillover effects of these whistleblowing program features on how willing employees are to cooperate with their co-workers. I find that employees prefer to cooperate less with a whistleblower than with a neutral co-worker (the “whistleblower effect”) and that providing a reward to the whistleblower results in employees choosing to cooperate even less with the whistleblower (the “reward effect”). I also find that protecting the whistleblower’s identity removes the reward effect but does not remove the whistleblower effect. As a result, when employees do not know the identity of the whistleblower, they act as though all of their co-workers are whistleblowers and, thus, are less willing to cooperate with all of their co-workers.