Subscription Price Research Articles

Subscription price discounts of stock warrants and cost of potential ownership dilution

We examine two important views in the literature of warrants: the undervaluation signal of firm value associated with out-of-the-money warrants and the usage of warrants as multistage financing instruments. Based on our sample of Hong Kong standalone warrants from 1999 to 2022, our results show that stock prices of the issuers fall following warrant issuances and, without persuasive warrant attributes, the likelihood of warrant exercises is low. The two views are not supported. We argue that subscription price discounts reflect the cost of potential ownership dilution to existing shareholders, and we find that firms with greater financing needs set higher price discounts as a persuasive warrant attribute to increase the likelihood of warrant exercises.

The effect of gambling culture on initial public offering underpricing

We examine the effect of gambling culture where an IPO firm is located on its IPO underpricing. Our findings suggest that an IPO firm in a strong gambling culture region, on average, operates more aggressively than one in a weak gambling culture region. Then, we show that such IPOs exhibit lower underpricing than their counterparts. The findings remain qualitatively the same after an array of robustness checks. We interpret the results as indicating that IPO investors consider aggressively operated IPO firms to have good upside potential and are willing to pay higher subscription prices for these IPOs.

Whether to Add a Digital Product into Subscription Service?

Digital products companies are increasingly adopting subscription pricing, but consumers who pay the subscription service may not be able to access all digital products sold on the sales platform. This paper explores the question of why some digital products are not in the subscription service of the sales platform. To address this problem, we develop an analytical model to examine two strategies of the firm. One is that the firm does not add the new product into the subscription service, the other is that the firm adds the new product into the subscription service. By comparing the profits under two sets, we find the condition under which the firm should add the new digital product into the subscription service. The results show that if the percentage of existing subscribers is below a certain threshold, and the subscription price is over a certain threshold, it is better for the firm to add the new product into the subscription service. We also analyze how the main variables affect the firm’s profit and the piracy rate. Our research provides useful insights for firms in choosing pricing schemes for the newly released product and offers advice for policymakers on controlling the piracy rate of digital products industry.

Education Source Ultimate

Education Source Ultimate is one of many databases offered by EBSCO. It offers access to hundreds of videos and thousands of journals and magazines on education studies, many of them full text, peer reviewed, and/or open access. These different print and media resources address numerous educational topics, including research methodology, training, assessment, literacy, technology, and ethics, among many others. This database can be viewed in any of 31 different Asian and European languages. It offers both documents and videos, often on point for the query submitted, using a standard Advanced Search mechanism that is both usable and understandable. Pricing for this resource is determined by various factors, including full-time enrollment (FTE), consortium agreements, other EBSCO databases subscribed to, royalty requirements, and buying groups—all of which imply considerable variability in subscription price. The licensing agreement for this database, the standard one for all EBSCO resources, is 16 pages long and can be very detailed and technical. As such, it may not be easily understood by subscribers without the assistance of legal and/or information technology specialists. The quality and quantity of the content in this database are impressive and will certainly prove valuable to many researchers in education studies. Consequently, its primary audience will be colleges and universities, specifically those with education programs. It will be of only marginal use to others.

Optimal decisions in power battery swapping closed-loop supply chain under different innovation investment modes

This paper researches the impact of different innovation investment modes on the closed-loop supply chain (CLSC) profit and pricing decisions under an uncertain recycling quality background. Furthermore, we construct a battery swapping CLSC under three innovation investment modes. The research results show that: (1) Under the cooperative innovation investment mode, the decision variables and CLSC system profit all reach the optimal level. (2) Increasing the subscription duration can promote the reduction of subscription price, which is beneficial to the improvement of innovation investment level. (3) When the innovation cooperation coefficient is within a certain range, it will promote the increase of profits for the CLSC. (4) The balanced battery ratio is an important factor affecting enterprise decision-making, and it has a more significant impact on the battery swapping operator. (5) The power battery manufacturer can dynamically adjust the echelon utilization quality threshold according to the echelon utilization value to achieve optimal profit.

STRATEGI PEMASARAN INDIBIZ TELKOM SURABAYA UTARA

The number of Indibiz provider users has a greater number than other providers even though the subscription price that must be paid is more expensive than other providers. In this study, researchers used qualitative methods, while the type of research method used in this study was descriptive method. PT. Telkom Indonesia Tbk has a great opportunity to target its target. But in this case the company must really understand the needs of consumers regarding the smoothness of their communication. The continuity and fluency of their digital communication to get fast information must be realized with the support of new products offered by PT. Telkom Indonesia. Indibiz Marketing Strategy has an effective and efficient strategy. Based on the indicators in the 4P theory (product, price, place, promotion) that PT Telkom has fulfilled all the existing indicators. On Product Indicators, Indihome has an attractive design. The lack of information provided by agencies regarding their products is a factor for consumer misunderstanding regarding the products they offer, both in terms of price, function, and how to use them. In Indibiz Marketing, PT. Telkom Indonesia, Tbk Surabaya uses several methods, namely door to door selling and personal selling which is done by reaching public housing to provide indibiz products. Customers who want to become Indibiz users can visit the Plasa Indihome office owned by PT. Telkom Indonesia Human resources play a decisive role in the development and number of Indihome subscribers, especially in Surabaya

Analysis of Online Platforms’ Free Trial Strategies for Digital Content Subscription

Adopting subscription models has become a popular trend in e-commerce. Digital content platforms often use free trials to attract potential subscribers. However, rigorous research on platforms’ free trial strategies is lacking. Our paper aims to fill this gap using a horizontal duopoly framework. We investigate both the scenario of market symmetry and of market asymmetry. We study the benchmark case with no free trial for each scenario and derive equilibrium results with free trial promotion. We find that the platform will not benefit from free trials unless consumers’ learning rate exceeds a threshold. When a free trial is introduced in market symmetry, a higher rate of consumers’ learning leads to a higher price of subscription and a shorter free trial length. In addition, when the network effect is incorporated, the platform will introduce a lower subscription price and a shorter free trial length. Under market asymmetry, our results show that the platform faces a higher threshold of consumers’ learning rate. Additionally, it will offer a higher price and a longer period of free trial compared with those under the market symmetry scenario. Overall, our study provides useful managerial insights for online content platforms when considering their subscription strategies.

Tencents Success in Video Streaming: An Economic Theory-based Analysis

With the rise of internet technology and the popularity of mobile devices, the video industry has become an increasingly important part of the global entertainment landscape. This paper discusses the pricing strategy of Tencent in the video streaming industry. The paper states that Tencent has used the Bertrand Model to set prices equal to marginal costs to attract customers and expand its market share. However, in the case of Tencent Videos subscription price hike, the Cournot Model may be more applicable as the firm assumes that customers will continue to subscribe during the pandemic period. Despite the subscription price increase, the change in the price would be larger than the change in demand, leading to higher profits. The article also discusses the increase in demand for Tencent Video memberships and the factors contributing to it. From a game theory perspective, Tencent and its members can be modeled as playing a classic prisoners dilemma game. Finally, the article discusses the opportunity cost for consumers and the concerns regarding the fairness of the increase in membership fees. This paper also utilizes the SWOT analysis.

The Work that Work does: How intrinsic and instrumental values are transformed into relational values through active work participation in Swiss community supported agriculture

Abstract Community supported agriculture (CSA) is an alternative food network that aims to enable sustainable and just food production by bringing consumers and producers together. One version of CSA (Solidarische Landwirtschaft in German or Solidarity Agriculture) requires active labour participation of members as part of the subscription price. This paper uses a relational values approach to explore what motivates members to join and participate in solidarity agriculture cooperatives and how the experience of participation changes their values and behaviour. Qualitative interviews were conducted with 21 members of three co‐operatives and analysed using a grounded theory approach. Specifically, we applied the Syntax of Environmental Values Framework, developed by Deplazes‐Zemp and Chapman. Results show that members typically hold strong intrinsic values regarding fair compensation for farmer's work and local environmental sustainability and instrumental values regarding food quality and healthy eating. We found that participation and work practices at the cooperative added to and changed values and behaviour through new relational connections to food, farmers and to nature via the agricultural landscape. These findings provide new insight into the ways that relational values can be adopted and more broadly on the relationship between values and behaviour. This paper concludes that values, especially relational values, can form and change through lived experiences. Our results can help guide programs aiming to foster pro‐environmental values in a local population by highlighting one possible mechanism to do so. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Decision Support System for Determining the Best Online Learning Application Using the Weighted Product Method (WPM)

This article discusses the use of the Weighted Product (WP) Method in a Decision Support System to determine the best online learning application. The goal is to help users choose a learning app that suits their needs and preferences. Relevant criteria, such as user interface, learning content, interactive features, difficulty level, and subscription price, are identified and assigned relative weights. This study uses data from various online learning apps to train the WP model and rank the apps based on the highest scores. The experimental results show that the WP method successfully identifies the best online learning apps with high accuracy, allowing users to have an effective and efficient learning experience according to their individual goals. Thus, this SDM can be an effective guide for users in making informed decisions to meet their education and learning needs

Control Expropriation Via Rights Offers

Rights offers are a relatively common capital‐raising method. In a rights offer, the company's existing shareholders are given the opportunity to purchase newly‐issued shares in proportion to the amount of shares they already own for a specific subscription price per share. Because all shareholders can participate in the issuance under the same terms, rights offers are often regarded as fair to all shareholders. However, this article demonstrates that rights offers do not always place shareholders on equal footing. In particular, this article shows that dominant, non‐controlling shareholders (“insiders”) can utilize a rights offer to expropriate control. By setting a deliberately high subscription price, insiders can deter other shareholders from buying into the offer. Insiders can then purchase a disproportionate amount of shares via the rights offer, thereby securing absolute control. Once in control, insiders will be in a position to extract value from the firm, and will be immune to future control challenges. These expected benefits of control make the high subscription price worth paying from insiders' perspective, so that the rights offer is effectively underpriced for insiders but overpriced for other shareholders. When a rights offer acts as a change‐of‐control tool, it should be governed by Delaware takeover law. Courts should closely scrutinize such issuances, and require boards to maximize the premium insiders pay for control. This article further suggests that stock exchanges adopt a mandatory price‐adjusting mechanism for rights offers, which will guarantee that the subscription price is lower than or equal to the underlying share's trading price.

Examining the Effect of Weather Conditions on On-Street Parking Variables

In this study, the effect of weather conditions on on-street parking variables is examined. In this context, data sets consist of 17 variables such as parking capacity, employee personnel, off-duty personnel, turn-over rate, first-hour parking price, daily parking price, number of transactions, number of cash transactions, average cash parking duration, 0-15 min parking duration, average parking duration, number of subscription, parking subscription price, daily transactions of subscription, subscription parking duration and income on the on-street parking spaces in the Anatolian Side of Istanbul for two years (2017-2018). In this study, turnover rate, parking duration, cash parking duration, and parking income variables are investigated by multiple regression analysis with dummy variables. Daily general weather data during this period are classified into 11 categories as sunny, cloudy, partly cloudy, light rain, rain, short-term heavy rainfall, heavy rainfall, light snow, light snowfall, snow, and a heavy snowstorm- as dummy variables. Based on the estimation results, it is found that both sunny and light snow + light snowfall + snow + heavy snowstorm weather variables decrease parking duration by 0.528 and 1.293 min, respectively. Moreover, results also indicated that the same variables increase cash parking duration by 1.21 and 3.29 min, respectively. Both sunny and cloudy + partly cloudy weather variables increase parking income by 719 TL and 580 TL, respectively. Light snow + light snowfall + snow + heavy snowstorm weather variable decreases parking income by 1143 TL.

Fairness of Price and Satisfaction On Loyalty Of Digital Streaming Services Users

The digital streaming industry faces increasing competition, particularly in price competition. The subscription prices of digital streaming platforms vary, making it difficult for companies to maintain price fairness. The fairness of price is a psychological factor that impacts consumer reactions to prices, and it significantly impacts satisfaction and loyalty. This study examines the relationship between price fairness, consumer satisfaction, and loyalty among digital streaming subscribers in Medan City. The sample consisted of 180 respondents, with the data collected using a questionnaire. The results showed that the fairness of price has a positive and significant impact on the satisfaction of customers and loyalty, the satisfaction of consumers positively and significantly affects loyalty, and price fairness influence consumer loyalty through the satisfaction of customers positively and significantly. The study suggests that digital streaming companies should adjust prices to meet consumer satisfaction and loyalty. Future research should explore engagement and expand the types of streaming platforms to gain further understanding. The findings can help digital streaming companies adjust prices to meet customer needs and preferences, ultimately increasing consumer satisfaction and loyalty.

Free Press, Regulated Competition

This paper examines newspaper cartels, a largely unoccupied field in media history, from the perspective of longevity. We analyse Finnish newspaper industry from the 1910s to 1970s and show that newspapers sought to regulate various aspects of competition, such as subscription prices, advertisement tariffs, and newsprint prices. Data indicates that political rivalry shaped the newspaper cartel collaboration until late 1950s: the cartel was set up by right-wing and centrist papers and, unlike in other Nordic countries, the Social Democratic press remained outside of the association until 1958. Political shocks of the Finnish Civil War in 1918 and the Second World War also changed the composition of the cartel. The era of private cartels in the newspaper industry gradually started to fade away as a result of anti-cartel laws in the 1960s and governmental anti-inflation measures in the 1970s. We conclude that the economics of newspaper industry and the cartelisation of the wider business environment, newsprint suppliers in particular, encouraged newspapers to co-operate with each other. The results of this article increase the understanding on the collaborative and competitive environment of newspaper companies, but also contributes to broader questions on cartels and their inner dynamics.

Open(ing) Access: Top Health Publication Availability to Researchers in Low- and Middle-Income Countries.

Improving access to information for health professionals and researchers in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) is under-prioritized. This study examines publication policies that affect authors and readers from LMICs. We used the SHERPA RoMEO database and publicly available publishing protocols to evaluate open access (OA) policies, article processing charges (APCs), subscription costs, and availability of health literature relevant to authors and readers in LMICs. Categorical variables were summarized using frequencies with percentages. Continuous variables were reported with median and interquartile range (IQR). Hypothesis testing procedures were performed using Wilcoxon rank sum tests, Wilcoxon rank sum exact tests, and Kruskal-Wallis test. A total of 55 journals were included; 6 (11%) were Gold OA (access to readers and large charge for authors), 2 (3.6%) were subscription (charge for readers and small/no charge for authors), 4 (7.3%) were delayed OA (reader access with no charge after embargo), and 43 (78%) were hybrid (author's choice). There was no significant difference between median APC for life sciences, medical, and surgical journals ($4,850 [$3,500-$8,900] vs. $4,592 [$3,500-$5,000] vs. $3,550 [$3,200-$3,860]; p = 0.054). The median US individual subscription costs (USD/Year) were significantly different for life sciences, medical, and surgical journals ($259 [$209-$282] vs. $365 [$212-$744] vs. $455 [$365-$573]; p = 0.038), and similar for international readers. A total of seventeen journals (42%) had a subscription price that was higher for international readers than for US readers. Most journals offer hybrid access services. Authors may be forced to choose between high cost with greater reach through OA and low cost with less reach publishing under the subscription model under current policies. International readers face higher costs. Such hindrances may be mitigated by a greater awareness and liberal utilization of OA policies.

DETERMINING THE OPTIMAL PRICING STRATEGY FOR ONLINE CINEMAS USING AN AGENT-BASED MODEL ON THE EXAMPLE OF IVI AND KINOPOISK

The relevance of the study is justified by the phenomenon of the ever-increasing demand for online cinema services in the presence of free «pirate» resources, the heterogeneity of consumers of online cinemas that form the demand for their services, hence the low predictability of demand. The purpose of the study is to determine the optimal pricing policy in the conditions of competition of online cinemas. The constructed model predicts the demand for the services of the two leaders of the online cinema market with a reliability of more than 99%. Results: in a static game with full information, the price of a Kinopoisk subscription roughly corresponds to the best answer to the Ivi strategy to set the price at the current level; the Ivi subscription price corresponds to one of the Pareto optimal outcomes of the game, characterized by the symmetry of the strategy profile, the Nash equilibrium has not been achieved in reality.

Analysis of Netflix's Strategy and Innovation in a Global Context Based on BCG Matrix

In the digital age, streaming is an emerging form of media expression that plays an integral role in mass entertainment due to its accessibility, convenience, and rich content catalog. Netflix, a leader in the streaming industry, has been innovative in its short 20+ year history of catering to market development and is typical in analyzing the streaming market. While there is no shortage of literature on Netflix, the content is often limited to case studies in specific geographical areas. This paper aims to analyze Netflix's strategy in a global context based on BCG Matrix and provide suggestions for Netflix's development in the post-epidemic era. The study finds that big data and the precise identification of "problem markets" have been key to Netflix's past success. The paper notes that Netflix needs to stabilize its global position by expanding quality content and feature innovation to achieve high levels of existing subscriber loyalty and expand its global subscriber base. The study finds that the economic instability caused by the epidemic triggered Netflix's first subscriber loss after raising subscription prices. This paper suggests that Netflix extends the retention of existing subscribers and attracts subscriptions from potential subscribers worldwide through the perspective of price positioning, localization, and a new field- gaming.

What drives demand for paid access to a sharing box with underused items? A choice experiment with Swedish consumers

Determinants of consumer demand for subscription to a sharing platform for underused tools and hobby items were investigated in a series of choice experiments. The stated-preference study with a census-representative sample of 702 Swedish adults, tested four types of offers (sharing boxes) containing: gardening and power tools, photo and video equipment, kitchen and household tools and outdoor/sport equipment. Respondents faced hypothetical buying scenarios: they were asked to choose a subscription to a maintained and insured sharing box located in a public space and containing premium-segment items from one of the above categories. Results show that a possible location for a sharing box depends on its content - for instance, the sharing box with garden tools was preferred by small garden owners. It was also tested, in a demand simulation scenario, how measures aimed at managing utilisation of shared items, such as booking in advance, booking limits or location of the sharing box would affect the preference for the offer. Findings suggest that respondents would be willing to accept these inconveniences of sharing, provided the subscription price was set accordingly (25% lower than the average used across all experiments). Moreover, respondents seem to be using familiar digital subscriptions as a benchmark to determine a fair price for the offers used in the study.

The Internet Costs’ Role in Indonesia's Creative Industry Competitiveness

The purpose of this study is to analyze the role of the Internet as a soft infrastructure medium in the framework of international trade facilitation. as part of international trade facilitation which is expected to be able to reduce barriers in Indonesia's trade with 18 trading partners in the export of creative industry goods by HS codes: 49, 91, 92, 95 and 97. The analysis method used is a quantitative approach with panel data regression using a gravity model based on time series data with cross sections of 18 trading partners from 2008 to 2017. The results of the analysis show that the internet subscription price variable has a significant effect on increasing international trade. Other variables such as GDP, population, and distance have a significant positive or negative effect on international trade, while FTA does not have any effect on exports of creative industry goods.

On the Economics Effects of CDN-Mediated Delivery on Content Providers

Content delivery networks (CDNs) have been providing the key engineering and economic mediation between content providers (CPs) and Internet service providers (ISPs) in content delivery over the Internet. They significantly improve the quality of service experience for today’s Internet traffic. We model the CDN as a business-to-business platform that provides caching and other services in the Internet content delivery chain between the CPs and the ISPs. The CPs and ISPs that subscribe to the CDN receive a traffic boost relative to their base traffic and in return the CDN prescribes a subscription charge to the CPs, and to the ISPs. We assume that the CDN provides its service without price or quality differentiation between the CPs (or between the ISPs). In this setting we analyze the revenue maximizing prices of the CDN on the two sides of the platform, and its effect on the connection structure on the two sides. We first consider the oligopoly model, where we formulate a full information, leader-follower game. The CDN is the leader and sets the subscription prices for the CPs and the ISPs. The ISPs and CPs are the followers and they make the binary decision of subscribing to the CDN or not. We extend this model to a retail CP market, where the CDN determines the revenue maximizing price using a heuristic and the CPs make the subscription decision. Using extensive numerical analyses, we show that the CDN will always provide sufficient resources to the CPs and that the revenue maximizing price will essentially price out the CPs and ISPs that have a low monetization capability.