Subordinate Conjunctions Research Articles

Функционирование сложноподчинённых предложений с изъяснительными придаточными в современном удмуртском языке (на материале публицистических текстов)

the article is devoted to the study of the peculiarities of the functioning of complex sentences with explanatory subordinate clausesin Udmurt newspaper texts of the second half of the XX– the beginning of the XXI centuries. Objective: to identify the functioning of complex sentences expressing explanatory relations in Udmurt journalism. Research materials: journalistic texts of the newspapers “Sovetskoy Udmurtia” (1950–1959s) and “Udmurt Dunne” (2000–2017s). Results and novelty of the research: the scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that for the first time on the material of a journalistic text, the peculiarities of the functioning of explanatory sentences of the Udmurt language were studied: their frequency of use, synonymous constructions, the role of extralinguistic factors in the use of the studied types of a complex sentence in a newspaper article. As a result of the research, it was revealed that there are following types of complex sentences with explanatory subordinate clausesin the journalistic text of the Udmurt language: with subordinate conjunctions (shuysa ‘what, that’, budto (budto ke) ‘as if, as though’, with particles -a, meda, -a meda ‘whether’); with connectives (kin ‘who’; ma (mar) ‘what’; maly (marly) ‘why, with what purpose’; kyzy ‘how’, etc.); with connectives and correlatives (mae... soe ‘ that... what’; mar... soe ‘that... what’; sycheze... kudze ‘is like that... what’). Among them, complex explanatory sentences with connectives dominate (53,7%), in second place are complex sentences with explanatory subordinate clauses, the predicative parts of which are combined by subordinate conjunctions (46%). The phenomenon of syntactic synonymy is represented by transformation of complex explanatory sentences into conjunctionless complex sentences, into simple sentences with phrases with or without postpositions. The absence of the shuysa conjunction in the postposition of the subordinate clause and the replacement of this conjunction with the modal word pe were also revealed. The research revealed the prevalence of such synonymous phenomena as the replacement of subordinate clauses by verbal phrase without postpositions (34,6%), the loss of the conjunction shuysa (27,7%) and the replacement by postposition verbal phrase (26,2%). Unlike oral speech, written speech is characterized by the possibility of making changes by other participants of communication

Differences in syntactic and semantic analysis based on machine learning algorithms in prodromal psychosis and normal adolescents

Schizophrenia has the main symptom of psychosis which is characterized by speech incoherence due to thought process disturbance. Before schizophrenia, there is a prodromal phase of psychosis in adolescence. Early recognition of this phase is important to prevent the development of symptoms into a severe mental disorder. Machine learning technology can be used to predict thought process disturbance through syntactic and semantic analysis of speech. This study aims to describe the differences in syntactic and semantic analysis in prodromal psychosis and normal adolescents. The research subjects consisted of 70 adolescents aged 14-19 years which were divided into 2 groups. Based on the results of the Prodromal Questionnaire-Brief (PQ-B) Indonesian version, the subjects were split into two groups: prodromal and normal. All participants were voice-recorded during interviews using an open-ended qualitative questionnaire. Syntactic and semantic analysis was carried out on all data which amounted to 1017 phrase segments and classified by machine learning. This is the first study in Indonesia to compare the analysis of syntactic and semantic aspects in prodromal psychosis and normal adolescent populations. There were significant differences in syntactic and semantic analysis between groups of adolescents with prodromal psychosis and normal adolescents at the minimum value of coherence and frequency of use of nouns, personal pronouns, subordinate conjunctions, adjectives, prepositions, and proper nouns.

A Corpus-Based Study of Korean EFL Learners’ Use of Subordinate Conjunctions in Argumentative Writing: With Focus on if, when, and because

The use of subordinating conjunctions in L2 writing has been widely studied with regard to frequency of occurrence, grammatical accuracy, and relative ordering of subordinate and main clauses. However, relatively few studies investigated the diverse aspects of the L2 use of subordinating conjunctions within a single study. The present study analyzed three representative subordinating conjunctions, if, when, and because as used in a proficiency-stratified Korean EFL written corpus in terms of their frequency of occurrence, grammatical accuracy, and linear ordering relative to the main clause. The results revealed that the proficiency effect on frequency and grammatical accuracy varied among the three subordinating conjunctions, whereas that on linear ordering of subordinate clauses was uniform across conjunctions. The findings provide implications for a better understanding of L2 adverbial subordinate clauses and its application to teaching practice.

A Systemic Functional Linguistic Analysis of Clauses Relationship in Luke Gospel Text, Janji Baru Using Kupang Malay

This paper reports on a functional linguistics study of clauses relationship in which it is included as textual meta function of meaning. This textual metafunction is on the level of lexicogrammar. Semantic sequence of figures is realized by a clause complexes series. This paper focused on relationship types between clauses, interdependency and logico-semantic relationship. Data were taken from A Bible, New Testament using Kupang Malay called Janji Baru, especially in Luke of Gospel text. The analysis revealed that parataxis used in text covered coordinate conjunctions such as, deng ’and’, ma, ‘but’, jadi/ko ‘so, for’, ais ju ‘then’. The hypotaxis used subordinate conjunctions, such as, kalo ‘if’’ tagal ‘because/since’, te ‘cause’. The use of parataxis and hypotaxis indicates that semantic sequence is coherence in which conjunctions used in text are usually repeated. It is the same as the use of logico-semantic, such as expansion and projection. The expansion consisted of elaboration, extension, and enhancement. The projection consisted of locution and idea that related to phenomena of a higher order of experience. The idea used verbal process, such as, kastau bilang ‘tell/say’, manyao bilang, ’answer’, tanya bilang ‘ask’, etc. This fact indicates that the idea stated was stressed by using serial verbs or usually a verb was ended by other verb’ This fact indicates to attract listeners’ attention. The locution used mental process, such as, rasa ‘feel’ ‘inga’ ‘remember’. Thus, it can be stated that the use of interdependency and logico-semantic relation was aimed to keep the semantic sequence and text coherence.

한국 대학생 영어작문 학습자 코퍼스에 나타나는 어휘결합과 오류분석

This study aims to investigate the lexical combination and errors in Korean university students’ English composition corpus. The result shows that Korean university students frequently use nouns, lexical verbs, articles, prepositions, adjectives, adverbs, to infinitive, be verbs, personal pronoun, coordinating conjunctions, subordinate conjunctions, have verbs, and do verbs in their English writings. Moreover, in the use of lexical combinations of the four different genres of English writings, the noun and verb combinations show most frequent, yet the adjective and adverb or adverb and preposition combinations are less frequent. As a result of an analysis of word combination errors, word selection errors are relatively frequent compared to the word omitting errors. Based upon such findings, this study will provide effective ways to make collocational lists based on the learner-made collocational errors and help raise awareness of English collocation teaching in Korean EFL classrooms.

Quia, quoniam, and information management in Plautus

Abstract This paper analyzes the Latin subordinate conjunctions quia and quoniam in Plautus’ comedies. Previous studies have shown that quia and quoniam play an important role in managing the information flow of a discourse. Clauses introduced by quia typically contain information that is new to the addressee, while quoniam-clauses tend to present information that belongs to the speech participants’ common ground. Our analysis shows that in Plautus, quia and quoniam each appear in specific communicative contexts that reflect their information management properties. We also demonstrate how Plautus exploits these characteristics of quia and quoniam to manipulate the information flow on stage for the purpose of audience entertainment.

ANALYSIS OF PATTERNED SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS (V-RU)TO (V-TA) IN JAPANESE NOVEL

The aim of this study is to determine the type of verbs that can be placed before and after subordinate conjunctions ~to, relationship between both clauses, and grammatical meaning which is contained in the (V-ru)To (V-Ta) sentence pattern. This study uses a classification based on the theory of Tomomasu, et al and theory of Sunakawa, et al about ~to~ta pattern’s meaning which is divided into four types, there are Kikkake (trigger), Hakken (discovery), Guuzen (coincidence), and Renzoku (continuation). This study uses the Simak method for collecting the data, and using Padan Referensial method for analysis the data. Based on the analysis result, it is found that the type of verbs that can be placed before and after subordinate conjunctions ~to are same. The difference is that sonzai wo arawasu doushi (existence verbs) and joutai wo arawasu doushi (verbs that express situation) can be placed after the subordinate conjunctions ~to. Both syntactically and semantically, it is found that the subordinate conjunctions ~to in Kikkake's meaning is to show a mutual influencing relationship and the existence of a presuppositional modality also explain the causal relationship between clauses. The Hakken’s meaning is to shows an explanatory relationship also shows the discovery in the second clause. The Guuzen’s meaning connects two unrelated events and shows the movement of the third person. The Renzoku’s meaning is to relate several activities carried out on the basis of the speaker’s wishes.

СЪЮЗИТЕ ДА И ЧЕ В РАМКИТЕ НА ПРЕДИКАТА (СЪСТАВЕН ИЛИ СЛОЖЕН СЪСТАВЕН) СЛЕД МОГА И ВЗЕМА / THE SUBORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS ДА AND ЧЕ AFTER МОГА AND ВЗЕМА

The article analyses cases in which the modal verb мога is a component of a verbal predicate or forms a predicate on its own. In addition, I consider verbal predicates formed by взема and a lexical verb introduced by да or че (да не вземе да се откаже; взе че се смили). In these latter cases, the desemantised component preceding a lexical perfective aspect verb shifts from a phase verb to a modal verb expressing suddenness, unexpectedness, surprise with the situation denoted by the lexical verb. The aorist form of взема allows only the subordinate conjunction че followed by a lexical perfective aspect verb (взе че дойде), while the conjunction да is used after the present or future forms of взема (да взема да отида, ще вземе да дойде). There are also morphological restrictions with the modal verb мога – after the aorist form only a perfective aspect verb is possible (не можах да отида). Keywords: subordinate conjunctions да and че, verbs мога and взема, modal verbal predicates.

VARIASI PENGGUNAAN KONJUNGSI SUBORDINATIF PADA RUBRIK SOSOK HARIAN KOMPAS

Conjunction is a conjunction that functions to connect or string words with words, clauses with clauses, sentences with sentences, paragraphs with paragraphs, and so on. Judging from the position of the constituents connected, conjunctions are divided into two, namely coordinating conjunctions and subordinating conjunctions. Subordinating conjunctions are conjunctions that connect two language units unequally. Kompas Daily is the name of an Indonesian newspaper headquartered in Jakarta. In the daily Kompas, there is one rubric, namely the Figure rubric. The Figure Rubric contains a person's life story both in Indonesia and abroad that can inspire and be imitated by readers. The objectives of this study is to describe the form of subordinating conjunctions in the Kompas daily figure rubric. The results in this study are based on Identification obtained 139 data containing subordinating conjunctions. Based on the classification of data, there are 7 types of subordinate conjunctions including: (a) because 43 data were found, (b) conditions were found 5 data, (c) purpose was found 21 data, (d) timing, 29 data was found, (e) presentation was found 15 data, (f) comparison found 7 data, and (g) the final limit found 19 data.Â

Analisis Tipe Teks Rekon pada Teks Berita Media Center Kota Bengkulu

The purpose of this study is to find out the structure and linguistic aspects of recon text type in the online news text of Media Center Bengkulu issued in December 2019. This research uses descriptive method with qualitative approach. The data in this study is 60 news texts. The data source is media centre online site of Bengkulu https://mediacenter.bengkulukota.go.id. issue of December 2019. Based on the analysis of the structure and linguistic aspects of the type of recon text found the recon structure used by the author of online news Media Centre Bengkulu, namely the recon structure used by the author of online news Media Centre Bengkulu city did not meet the criteria of factual recon text, due to the description of the event that is the core of the text, the tendency of the author to only relay back the ujuran from the source of the event description, but to answer "how" is almost unanswered, thus giving a less interesting impression. In the language characteristics section is found; (1) Past storytelling, (2) The use of words that indicate the sequence of events / chronologically that is marked by the existence of temporal conjunctions and subordinate conjunctions, (3) The use of words that indicate who (participants: me, us, them, him, and so on) what, when, where, but barely seen in the "how and why".Keywords: news,text, recount

The Role and Place of Archaic Conjunctions in Modern Journalism

The article analyses the use of Russian archaic subordinate conjunctions «кабы», «коли», «дабы», «бо», «ибо» in modern journalistic texts concerning the relevance of their use. The research is carried out as a part of the study devoted to the expression of conditionality relationships through complex sentences in the bookish style, a journalistic one, in particular. The sources used in the study consist of printed and online books, as well as periodicals and magazines publishing ana-lytical articles, essays, reports, and interviews on issues of public interest. The author assumes that the choice of atypical linguistic means should be considered as an indicator of the language flexibility, its settings for the most accurate expression of meaning and a specific communication situation. By the analysis of concrete examples, it is shown that the use of archaic conjunctions correlates with the basic functions of a journalistic style (informational, educa-tional, evaluative, incentive, influencing ones), thereby its use is stylistically jus-tified. Journalists resort to these means of conjunction to convey someone’s speech with the aim of marking a high style, adding a historical, dialectic con-notation, a playful or ironic tone.It is noted that unproductive archaic conjunctions are primarily used in their main etymological meaning, while the field of their meanings in dialects and colloquial speech is expanding. In this way, an organic combination of the elements of bookishness and colloquiality is historically inherent in the Russian literary language, which is most clearly manifested in journalism.Attention is drawn to the fact that the study of archaic vocabulary and the appropriateness of its use is of interest with regard to developing and pre-serving the richness and variability of the language, especially in modern condi-tions of standardization, simplification, and unification of languages in general and the Russian language in particular.

Linguistic Analysis of the Simultaneity Conjunctions of the Russian and Persian Languages

This article examines the problem of comparing the simultaneity conjunctions of the Russian and Persian languages within the framework of practical stylistics, which has not been previously analyzed by other researchers in separate works. Despite the difference in the quantitative indicators of the apparatus of the simultaneity conjunctions of the Russian and Persian languages, on both sides the target language has an adequate stylistic equivalent of the union of the simultaneity of the original language. The main content of the study is the analysis of texts of different styles in Russian and Persian languages, as well as works on the syntax of the languages under consideration, in order to compile an adequate description of the apparatus of simultaneity conjunctions and further linguistic analysis. As a result, specific equivalent conjunctions are identified that are most relevant for a particular style of speech. In the Persian language, the difficulty of making subordinate conjunctions with the که [ke] part mainly lies in the existence of different spellings of the same conjunction word. In Russian, "when" is a high-frequency temporal conjunction. This lexeme can play the role of a conjunction, particle and temporary adverb.

On Changes in Complex Sentences Syntax in the Russian Language of the 17th Century (on Material of Siberian Petitions)

The article deals with the problem of forming grammatical (syntactic) norms of the Russian national language based on the material of Siberian monuments of business writing of the 17th century. Relevance of the work is determined by the fact that Russian syntax and the history of the Russian language in Siberia are insufficiently studied, as well as by the need to expand the source base of such research. Scientific novelty of the work consists in the study of historical syntax of the complex sentences in the texts of Siberian petitions, most of which are not published and has not previously been brought to the historical-grammatical research. The high source value and linguistic informativeness of the Siberian petitions of the 17th century are proved. These texts analyze complex sentences with paratactic and hypotactic connections. The article traces the peculiarities of their use in monuments of local business writing in the aspect of developing syntactic norms of the Russian national language. The arsenal of compositional and subordinate conjunctions used in such sentences is defined. The changes in the structure of complex sentences are found out. They reflect live folk speech, language consciousness of the Russian people in Siberia and at the same time they are typical for the syntactic system of the Russian national language in the initial period of its formation.

UNSUR KOHESI PADA NASKAH DRAMA SENJA DENGAN DUA KELELAWAR DAN PEMANFAATANNYA DALAM PEMBELAJARAN SASTRA DI SEKOLAH MENENGAH ATAS

<em>This study aims to describe: (1) cohesive devices in drama script Senja dengan Dua Kelelawar by Kirdjomuljo, and (2) the relevance of cohesive devices on drama script Senja dengan Dua Kelelawar with Indonesian language learning in high school. This research is linguistic qualitative research with content analysis method. The data sources used are documents and informants. The sampling technique uses purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques use scrutinize method and interview method. Data validity is done by theory triangulation and data source triangulation. Data analysis using interactive analysis techniques. The results of the study show: (1) cohesive devices found in drama script Senja dengan Dua Kelelawar covering grammatical cohesion with sub-types (a) pronouns, (b) recovery, and (c) lapse, lexical cohesion with subtitles (a) repetition, (b ) synonym, (c) hyponym, (d) meronym, and (e) collocation, and conjunction with sub-types (a) coordinative conjunctions, and (b) subordinate conjunctions. The most dominant elements are pronouns and conjunctions; (2) cohesion devices in drama scripts Senja dengan Dua Kelelawar have relevance to Indonesian language learning, especially material about the linguistic elements of text in 10<sup>th</sup> grade, 11<sup>th</sup> grade, and 12<sup>th</sup> grade high school.</em>

In which Clause do Subordinate Conjunctions Prosodically Belong?

Abstract This paper deals with the position of three Czech subordinating conjunctions že ’that’, když ‘when’, and až ‘when’ within the prosodic word, using the phonetic annotation in the ORTOFON corpus. The position of subordinating conjunctions is traditionally described as initial within the subordinate clause, but the situation in spontaneous speech is not so clear. This paper shows the functional differences between the various positions within the prosodic word and presents the words which are most frequently combined with the selected conjunctions.

Kohesi Gramatikal dan Kohesi Leksikal dalam Cerita Anak Berjudul "Buku Mini Dea" Karya Watiek Ideo dan Yuli Rahmawati

This study uses descriptive research methods. The data in this study are qualitative data in the form of words, phrases, clauses, or sentences in the form of lexical and grammatical cohesion in the short stories of Mini Books Dea Karya Watiek Ideo and Yuli Rahmawati. The source of the data in this study is the discourse of the short stories Mini Book of Watiek Ideo and Yuli Rahmawati. The technique used to collect data in this research is documentation technique. Data processing techniques in this study use qualitative analysis. The results and discussion show that the short story entitled Mini Dea Books by Watiek Ideo and Yuli Rahmawati found grammatical cohesion and lexical cohesion. The grammatical cohesion found is substitution (replacement), subordinate conjunctions of ways, subordinate conjunctions of causes, personal references, anaphorical references, demonstrative references, coordinative conjunctions, subordinate conjunctions, conjunctions between sentences. The lexical cohesion found was epistrofa repetition and antonyms. Keywords: children's story; cohesion; grammatical cohesion; lexical cohesion.

Les conjonctions de subordinations des causes dans la langue française

<p class="Keyword"><span lang="FR">The
 French conjunction is an invariable French word that serves to link words or
 propositions. This conjunction consists of seven types, that is: conjunction of
 time, conjunction of concession, conjunction of goal, conjunction of
 consequence, conjunction of cause, conjunction of condition, conjunction of
 comparison. This research speaks only of the conjunctions of the subordinations
 of the causes.  The purpose of this
 research is to know and describe the form, meaning, and use of conjunctions of
 subordinations of causes in the French language. According to Grevisse (2008),
 the form of subordinate conjunctions of causes consists of two, that is: The
 simple form and conjunctive locution. The meaning of the conjunctions of
 subordinations of the causes according to Delatour (1991) consists of two, that
 is: certainty and uncertainty. Grevisse (2008) also says that the use of
 conjunctions of subordinations of the causes differentiated by the position of
 conjunctions. The data sources used in this research consist of three parts:
 French manuals, French literary works, and also the newspaper and online
 magazines. From the search result, there are 42 data using the form of
 conjunctive locutions, 36 data using the indicative mode and have a sense of
 certainty, 33 data can be used either at the beginning of the sentence or in
 the middle of the sentence. Therefore, we can conclude that conjunctions which
 are conjunctive locutions, have a sense of certainty and can be used either at
 the beginning or in the middle of the sentence are the conjunctions most often
 found in this research.</span></p>

The difficulties of translation of subordinate conjunctions in machine translation

The difficulties of translation of subordinate conjunctions in machine translation

Identifying Linguistic Markers of Collaboration in Second Language Peer Interaction: A Lexico‐grammatical Approach

Although there is consensus that collaboration refers to two or more learners working together to accomplish a task (Davin & Donato, 2013; Ohta, 2001), debate remains about how to assess collaboration. Researchers have pursued two approaches to evaluate collaboration during peer interaction: rater judgments (e.g., Ahmadi & Sedeghi, 2016; Winke, 2013) and qualitative coding of interactional patterns (e.g., Galaczi, 2008; Storch, 2002a). Largely absent, however, has been any attempt to describe the linguistic features of collaboration. Therefore, the present study uses corpus linguistic techniques to identify the linguistic markers of collaborative and noncollaborative peer interactions. Students of English as a second language (N = 80) enrolled in an intensive English program carried out a paired oral test as part of the program's formative assessment procedures. Their interactions were audio‐recorded and rated using an analytic rubric with three categories (collaboration, task completion, and style), and transcripts were analyzed for 146 linguistic features using the Biber Tagger (Biber, 1988). Linguistic features associated with high collaboration included first‐ and second‐person pronouns, wh‐questions, that deletion, and subordinate conjunctions, whereas low‐collaboration interactions were characterized by nominal forms. The collaborative and noncollaborative functions served by these linguistic features are discussed.

JENIS DAN MAKNA KONJUNGSI PADA TERJEMAHAN ALQURAN SURAH AL-MA’IDAH

This study aims to describe: (1) types of conjunction contained alquran surah Al-Ma’idah, (2) expose conjunction meaning contained in the translation of alquran surah Al-Ma’idah. This types of research is qualitative by using descriptive method. The data of this research is a sentence in the translation of alquran surah Al-Ma’idah containing are surah Al-Ma’idah and Al-Ma’idah alquran translation.Based on the research data, two types of conjunctions an ten conjunctions are found. These types of conjunctions are coordinated conjunctions and subordinate conjunctions. Coordinate conjunctuons are found that is: and, or, and but. The subordinate conjunction found is: when, after, before, until, during, when, if, because, that, with, in order, though. The meaning of conjunction is found: meaning the addition, choice, resistance, temporal/time, cause, condition, not condition, expectation, objek, and manner. Keywords: conjunction, Alquran, translation of surah Al-Ma’idah