Submicron Particulate Matter Research Articles

Atmospheric black carbon in the metropolitan area of La Paz and El Alto, Bolivia: concentration levels and emission sources

Abstract. Black carbon (BC) is a major component of submicron particulate matter (PM), with significant health and climate impacts. Many cities in emerging countries lack comprehensive knowledge about BC emissions and exposure levels. This study investigates BC concentration levels, identifies its emission sources, and characterizes the optical properties of BC at urban background sites of the two largest high-altitude Bolivian cities: La Paz (LP) (3600 m above sea level) and El Alto (EA) (4050 m a.s.l.), where atmospheric oxygen levels and intense radiation may affect BC production. The study relies on concurrent measurements of equivalent black carbon (eBC), elemental carbon (EC), and refractory black carbon (rBC) and their comparison with analogous data collected at the nearby Chacaltaya Global Atmosphere Watch Station (5240 m a.s.l). The performance of two independent source apportionment techniques was compared: a bilinear model and a least-squares multilinear regression (MLR). Maximum eBC concentrations were observed during the local dry season (LP: eBC = 1.5 ± 1.6 µg m−3; EA: 1.9±2.0 µg m−3). While eBC concentrations are lower at the mountain station, daily transport from urban areas is evident. Average mass absorption cross sections of 6.6–8.2 m2 g−1 were found in the urban area at 637 nm. Both source apportionment methods exhibited a reasonable level of agreement in the contribution of biomass burning (BB) to absorption. The MLR method allowed the estimation of the contribution and the source-specific optical properties for multiple sources, including open waste burning.

Chemical composition, mutagenicity, and cytotoxicity of urban submicron particulate matter (PM1) in Agra, India

This study, conducted in Agra, India, examined the mass concentrations, chemical compositions, and seasonal variations of submicron particles (PM1). The concentrations of metals, water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIs) including anions (F−, Cl−, NO₃−, SO₄2−) and cations (Ca2+, K+, Mg2+, NH₄+, Na+), organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM1 extract were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES), Ion Chromatography, Thermogravimetric Analysis and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS) respectively. For morphological observation of PM1 particles, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive X-ray spectrometry (FESEM-EDS) was used. The annual average concentration of PM1 was 82.9 ± 33.4 μg/m3, which exceeds the World Health Organisation's (WHO) safe limit for PM2.5 of 5 μg/m3 by a factor of 17. The PM1 mass composition included metals (31 %), WSIs (28 %), OC and EC (9.8 %), and PAHs (0.4 %). Winter recorded the highest PM1 concentration (96.1 ± 25.8 μg/m3), followed by post-monsoon, summer, and monsoon seasons. The average concentration of PAHs was 364.6 ± 226.6 ng/m3. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) identified traffic, emissions from biomass/coal and wood combustion, industrial/stationary sources, and secondary aerosols as potential contributors. The Ames test revealed the presence of frameshift mutations and base pair substitutions, especially in winter and post-monsoon. Additionally, PM1 exhibited cytotoxic effects on V-79 cells, with heightened toxicity during winter and prolonged exposure in other seasons. This study underscores the urgent need to address local emission sources and establish regulatory standards for PM1 in urban areas.

New Insights Into the Sources of Atmospheric Organic Aerosols in East China: A Comparison of Online Molecule‐Level and Bulk Measurements

AbstractOrganic aerosols (OA) significantly contribute to haze pollution, threaten human health, and affect the radiation balance. However, real‐time tracking of OA evolution at the molecular level is limited, hindering a comprehensive understanding of their origins and behaviors. In this study, we investigated wintertime OA in a megacity in East China by combining simultaneous measurements from an extractive electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometer (EESI‐TOF) and a high‐resolution time‐of‐flight aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) (HR‐TOF‐AMS). AMS results indicate that OA accounts for about 27% of non‐refractory submicron particulate matter (NR‐PM1) on average. EESI‐TOF data reveal that CxHyOz and CxHyN1–2Oz are the predominant OA components, contributing over 70% and 20%, respectively. Factorization analysis shows that while traffic, cooking, and biomass burning are major primary sources, most OA (>70% for EESI‐TOF, >55% for AMS) originate from secondary production. EESI‐TOF, although missing hydrocarbon‐like OA, excels in providing molecular information on oxygenated OA, identifying aromatics and aliphatics as possible key precursors. It further differentiates less oxidized secondary organic aerosols (SOA) into two factors with distinct molecular compositions, likely due to diverse source regions. Importantly, EESI‐TOF identifies two additional factors: one possibly related to plasticizers and another representing SOA formation from monoterpene oxidation by NO3 radicals. In conclusion, EESI‐TOF complements AMS by offering valuable molecular insights into the chemical processes underlying OA formation, especially in complex urban environments.

Pollution Characteristics of Heavy Metals in PM1 and Source-Specific Health Risks in the Tianjin Airport Community, China.

The airport and its surrounding areas are home to a variety of pollution sources, and air pollution is a recognized health concern for local populated regions. Submicron particulate matter (PM1 with an aerodynamic diameter of <1 mm) is a typical pollutant at airports, and the enrichment of heavy metals (HMs) in PM1 poses a great threat to human health. To comprehensively assess the source-specific health effects of PM1-bound HMs in an airport community, PM1 filter samples were collected around the Tianjin Binhai International Airport for 12 h during the daytime and nighttime, both in the spring and summer, and 10 selected HMs (V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, and Pb) were analyzed. The indicatory elements of aircraft emissions were certified as Zn and Pb, which accounted for more than 60% of the sum concentration of detected HMs. The health risks assessment showed that the total non-cancer risks (TNCRs) of PM1-bound HMs were 0.28 in the spring and 0.23 in the summer, which are lower than the safety level determined by the USEPA, and the total cancer risk (TCR) was 2.37 × 10-5 in the spring and 2.42 × 10-5 in the summer, implying that there were non-negligible cancer risks in the Tianjin Airport Community. After source apportionment with EF values and PMF model, four factors have been determined in both seasons. Consequently, the source-specific health risks were also evaluated by combining the PMF model with the health risk assessment model. For non-cancer risk, industrial sources containing high concentrations of Mn were the top contributors in both spring (50.4%) and summer (44.2%), while coal combustion with high loads of As and Cd posed the highest cancer risk in both seasons. From the perspective of health risk management, targeted management and control strategies should be adopted for industrial emissions and coal combustion in the Tianjin Airport Community.

Evaluating The Impact of Increased Heavy Oil Consumption on Urban Pollution Levels through Isotope (δ13C, δ34S, 14C) Composition

The impact of heavy fuel oil (HFO) on the chemical and isotopic composition of submicron particulate matter (PM1) was investigated. For this purpose, we conducted an analysis of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and multiple isotopes (δ34S, δ13C, 14C) of PM1 and SO2 collected during two heating periods: before (2021–2022) and during the use of HFO (2022–2023) in Vilnius, Lithuania. The results showed that the combustion of HFO increased the concentrations of SO₂ (by 94%) and PM1-related sulfate (by 30%). It also altered the chemical composition of PM1, with sulfate becoming the predominant component (~40%) of WSIIs. The stable sulfur isotope ratios of SO2 (δ34SSO2) and sulfate (δ34SPM1) shifted significantly to more negative values (δ34SSO2 = 0.4‰, δ34SPM1 = −0.3‰) compared to the previous heating period. Anticorrelation between δ¹³C and δ³⁴S values indicated increased contributions of ¹³C-enriched fossil fuel sources (coal and HFO) in EC, although the share of fossil fuels in elemental carbon (EC) slightly decreased during the HFO period. The combustion of HFO affected the concentrations of PM1 chemical components and substantially impacted the isotopic composition and source contributions of sulfate and EC.

Chemical characterization of submicron particulate matter (PM1) and its source apportionment using positive matrix factorization

AbstractThe present study was conducted to address four key questions: (i) What are the levels of submicron particulate matter at the study area?, (ii) which are the major contributing sources of these particles?, and (iii) is there any seasonal changes in the levels of pollutants at the study site? Thus, the study was conducted at an urban residential site of Jaipur City, India, to determine the elemental and ionic composition of toxic elements associated with PM1 using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy and ion chromatography to reveal specific sources. Monitoring was done for a period of 8 months between October 2020 and May 2021 considering three seasons: winter (December–February), pre‐monsoon (March–May), and post‐monsoon (October–November). PM1 samples were found to be highly enriched with Ag, Cd, B, Ni, and Zn. PM1 mass concentrations were observed to be greater in winter (104.13 ± 30.16 µg m−3) and lower in the pre‐monsoon season (83.62 ± 19.40 µg m−3). Ion concentrations (Cl−, NO32−, and SO42−) followed a similar pattern to PM1 concentrations. Source apportionment by positive matrix factorization at the study site revealed six major sources of pollutants (soil dust, agro‐based industry, automobile industry, salt aerosols, industrial activities, and biomass burning).

Understanding secondary particles in a regional site of Yangtze River Delta: Insights from mass spectrometric measurement

Submicron particulate matter (PM1) poses significant risks to health risks and global climate. In this study, secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and inorganic compositions were examined for their physicochemical characteristics and evolution using high-resolution aerosol instruments in Changzhou over one-month period. The results showed that transport accompanied by regional static conditions leaded to the occurrence of heavy pollution. In addition, regional generation and local emissions also leaded to the occurrence of light and moderate pollution during the observation period in Changzhou. Organic aerosols (OA) and nitrate (NO3−) accounted for 45 % and 23 % of PM1, respectively. The increase in PM1 was dominated by the contribution of NO3− and OA. SOA was dominance in OA (63 % with 40 % MO-OOA), which was higher than primary organic aerosols (POA). Besides, photochemical reactions and the high oxidizing nature of the urban atmosphere promoted the production of OA, especially MO-OOA in Changzhou. Our results highlight that secondary particles contribute significantly to PM pollution in Changzhou, underlining the importance of controlling emissions of gaseous precursors, especially under high oxidation conditions.

Differences in aerosol chemistry at a regional background site in Hong Kong before and during the COVID-19 pandemic

Restrictions on human-related activities implemented in Hong Kong to curb the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic provided an opportunity to investigate the anthropogenic impact on organic aerosols (OA) composition. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of online measurements of non-refractory submicron particulate matters (NR-PM1) at a regional background site in Hong Kong, covering the periods before the COVID-19 control (November 2018) and during the COVID-19 control (October to November 2020), to investigate changes in OA sources and formation mechanisms. Among the measured NR-PM1 components, organics were the most dominant species with an average percentage of 51.0 ± 0.5 %, exceeding pre-control levels of 44.0 ± 0.7 %. Moreover, 88 % of the organics were attributed to oxygenated OA (OOA). Diurnal variations of all bulk components in NR-PM1 consistently showed afternoon peaks, indicating photochemical processes during COVID-19 control. Similar to the pre-restriction period, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) model showed that OOA was composed of three factors, including two less-oxidized oxygenated factors (LO-OOA1 and LO-OOA2) and one more-oxidized oxygenated factor (MO-OOA). The contribution of the LO-OOA2 factor remained small and stable during both sampling campaigns, which might imply background levels of OOA at this site. The formation of the two predominant components of organics (e.g., LO-OOA1 and MO-OOA) was further discussed. Compared with before control, observational evidence showed that the levels of MO-OOA exceeded LO-OOA1 during the control period, and the average concentration of odd oxygen (Ox = ozone + nitrogen dioxide) increased by 53 % during the COVID-19 control. Besides, the results showed that both LO-OOA1 and MO-OOA exhibited similar diurnal variations to Ox, and their concentrations generally enhanced with increasing Ox levels. This suggested that the formation of OOA was closely related to the photochemical oxidation processes when anthropogenic emissions were reduced. By correlating LO-OOA1 and MO-OOA with speciated OA markers, we found that the formation of LO-OOA1 remained associated with anthropogenic sources, while biogenic emissions contributed to the formation of MO-OOA during the COVID-19 control. Our findings highlight the interplay between emissions, atmospheric conditions, and aerosol composition, providing valuable insights to guide strategic decisions for future air quality improvement.

Airmass history, night-time particulate organonitrates, and meteorology impact urban SOA formation rate

With respect to air quality, the San Antonio metropolitan area, with a population of 1.45 million and the second largest city in Texas, has been designated as non-attainment by the United States Environmental Protection Agency in recent years. Despite the operation of multiple stationary air quality monitoring sites by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, the in-situ measurements of submicron aerosol and its precursors in the region is limited. To better understand the formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in the San Antonio urban core, we conducted observations of a range of trace gases, volatile organic compounds, submicron aerosol, and meteorological parameters in May 2017. Data from a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) show that organic aerosol (OA) was the dominant component of non-refractory submicron particulate matter (average±1σ, 55 ± 32 %, 5.86 ± 3.40 μg m−3), followed by sulfate (33 ± 23 %, 3.52 ± 2.47 μg m−3). Aerosol liquid water contents predicted by ISORROPIA-II greatly increase from Continental to Oceanic airmass history scenarios, while inorganic aerosol pH remains very acidic. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the OA mass spectra indicates that two classes of oxygenated OA (less and more-oxidized OOA, LO and MO) together constituted the bulk of OA mass during the study period (MO-OOA: 44 ± 39 %, 2.35 ± 2.07 μg m−3; LO-OOA: 42 ± 34 %, 2.22 ± 1.77 μg m−3), while the fraction of hydrocarbon-like OA was limited (13 ± 21 %, 0.71 ± 1.11 μg m−3). Using in-situ meteorological data and location-specific empirical coefficients, a zero-dimensional model that utilized PMF factors as proxies to calculate the net rate of formation of types of SOA has been developed; similar calculations were used to estimate the formation rate of particulate organonitrates (pON). The results from the model reveal the importance of pON formation in LO-OOA formation overnight and the influence of temperature and photochemistry during the day. The relationships between local atmospheric factors and the net rate of formation of MO-OOA are not statistically significant. These results emphasize how HR-ToF-AMS-PMF factors could be incorporated into chemistry modeling to evaluate quantitatively the rates of formation of SOA and reveal diurnal differences in SOA formation pathways in a major urban area in southern United States.

Intrauterine and early postnatal exposures to submicron particulate matter and childhood allergic rhinitis: A multicity cross-sectional study in China

BackgroundAirborne particulate matter pollution has been linked to occurrence of childhood allergic rhinitis (AR). However, the relationships between exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤1 μm (PM1) during early life (in utero and first year of life) and the onset of childhood AR remain largely unknown. This study aims to investigate potential associations of in utero and first-year exposures to size-segregated PMs, including PM1, PM1–2.5, PM2.5, PM2.5–10, and PM10, with childhood AR. MethodsWe investigated 29286 preschool children aged 3–6 years in 7 Chinese major cities during 2019–2020 as the Phase II of the China Children, Families, Health Study. Machine learning-based space-time models were utilized to estimate early-life residential exposure to PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 at 1 × 1-km resolutions. The concentrations of PM1–2.5 and PM2.5–10 were calculated by subtracting PM1 from PM2.5 and PM2.5 from PM10, respectively. Multiple mixed-effects logistic models were used to assess the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of childhood AR associated with per 10-μg/m3 increase in exposure to particulate air pollution during in utero period and the first year of life. ResultsAmong the 29286 children surveyed (mean ± standard deviation, 4.9 ± 0.9 years), 3652 (12.5%) were reported to be diagnosed with AR. Average PM1 concentrations during in utero period and the first year since birth were 36.3 ± 8.6 μg/m3 and 33.1 ± 6.9 μg/m3, respectively. Exposure to PM1 and PM2.5 during pregnancy and the first year of life was associated with an increased risk of AR in children, and the OR estimates were higher for each 10-μg/m3 increase in PM1 than for PM2.5 (e.g., 1.132 [95% CI: 1.022–1.254] vs. 1.079 [95% CI: 1.014–1.149] in pregnancy; 1.151 [95% CI: 1.014–1.306] vs. 1.095 [95% CI: 1.008–1.189] in the first year of life). No associations were observed between AR and both pre- and post-natal exposure to PM1–2.5, indicating that PM1 rather than PM1–2.5 contributed to the association between PM2.5 and childhood AR. In trimester-stratified analysis, childhood AR was only found to be associated with exposure to PM1 (OR = 1.077, 95% CI: 1.027–1.128), PM2.5 (OR = 1.048, 95% CI: 1.018–1.078), and PM10 (OR = 1.032, 95% CI: 1.007–1.058) during the third trimester of pregnancy. Subgroup analysis suggested stronger PM-AR associations among younger (<5 years old) and winter-born children. ConclusionsPrenatal and postnatal exposures to ambient PM1 and PM2.5 were associated with an increased risk of childhood AR, and PM2.5-related hazards could be predominantly attributed to PM1. These findings highlighted public health significance of formulating air quality guideline for ambient PM1 in mitigating children's AR burden caused by particulate air pollution.

Emission characteristics and removal of heavy metals in flue gas: a case study in waste incineration and coal-fired power plants.

Heavy metal pollutants such as Hg, As, Pb, Cr, and Cd emitted from coal and waste combustion have received widespread attention. In this study, we systematically investigated the emission characteristics of heavy metals in waste incineration and coal-fired flue gases, focused on testing the removal effect of self-made cold electrode electrostatic precipitator (CE-ESP) on heavy metals in flue gas, and made a comparative analysis with the existing air pollution control devices (APCDs). Test results from waste incineration power plant showed that each APCD showed a certain effect on the removal of heavy metals in condensable particulate matter (CPM), with an average removal efficiency of bag filter was 86%, but its effect on Hg removal was slightly worse. Under the coupled field with electrified cold electrode plate operation mode, the average removal efficiency of CE-ESP on heavy metals in CPM was as high as 93%, including 76% for Hg. The removal efficiency of heavy metals (especially Hg) in CPM increased with the increase of flue gas temperature difference between inlet and outlet of CE-ESP. Test results from this coal-fired power plant showed that heavy metals were enriched in fly ash to a higher degree than in slag, the synergistic control of heavy metals in submicron particulate matter by the dust remover was not obvious, and there was a significant correlation between each heavy metal emission factor and its content in coal. Under the temperature field with non-electric cold electrode plate operation mode, the overall effect of CE-ESP on the removal of gaseous heavy metals was better than that of particulate heavy metals. Under the conventional electric field operation mode, CE-ESP was less effective in removing particulate Cr and gaseous Hg0. Under the coupled field with electrified cold electrode plate operation mode, the average removal efficiencies of CE-ESP for particulate and gaseous heavy metals were 82.37% and 76.16%, respectively.

Photochemical ageing of aerosols contributes significantly to the production of atmospheric formic acid

Abstract. Formic acid (HCOOH) is one of the most abundant organic acids in the atmosphere and affects atmospheric acidity and aqueous chemistry. However, the HCOOH sources are not well understood. In a recent field study, we measured atmospheric HCOOH concentrations at a coastal site in southern China. The average concentrations of HCOOH were 191 ± 167 ppt in marine air masses and 996 ± 433 ppt in coastal air masses. A strong linear correlation between HCOOH concentrations and the surface area densities of submicron particulate matter was observed in coastal air masses. Post-campaign laboratory experiments confirmed that the photochemical ageing of ambient aerosols promoted by heterogeneous reactions with ozone produced a high concentration of HCOOH at a rate of 0.185 ppb h−1 under typical ambient conditions at noon. HCOOH production was strongly affected by nitrate photolysis, as this efficiently produces OH radicals that oxidise organics to form HCOOH. We incorporated this particle-phase source into a photochemical model, and the net HCOOH production rate increased by about 3 times compared with the default Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM). These findings demonstrate that the photochemical ageing of aerosols is an important source of HCOOH that should be included in atmospheric chemistry–transport models.

Effect of ammonia and coal co-firing on the formation mechanism and composition characteristics of particulate matter

Ammonia-coal co-firing is considered to be an effective method to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and the existing researches mainly focus on the combustion characteristics and NOx emission characteristics. In this study, co-firing of coal and ammonia was carried out in the high temperature drop tube furnace system with a large co-firing ratio of 0–50%. Firstly, the unburned fuels and the main composition of flue gas were measured as a baseline result. The results showed that ammonia co-firing will lead to the increase of NO and NOx concentration. Further, the particulate matters generated under different conditions were collected and tested. It was found that ammonia co-firing will affect the formation characteristics of particulate matter, especially sub-micron particulate matter. With the increase of co-firing ratio, the concentration of PM1 showed an overall increasing trend, but decreased at 20%. And ammonia co-firing will have an effect on the content of Si, Al, S and trace elements (As, Pb) in submicron particles. The content of water vapor, NOx in flue gas and combustion temperature have changed and affected the formation of SO3 and the gasification of silica and trace elements.

Characterization, Sources, and Chemical Processes of Submicron Aerosols at a Mountain Site in Central China

AbstractA field campaign (29 May to 14 June 2018) was conducted at a mountain site in central China. The chemical composition of non‐refractory submicron particulate matter (NR‐PM1) and the particle number size distribution (PNSD) were measured, respectively. The mean NR‐PM1 mass concentration was 20.94 ± 10.14 μg m−3, among which organics (47%) was the most abundant component, followed by sulfate (37%), ammonium (11%), nitrate (4%), and chloride (1%). Notably, sulfate accounted for more than 70% of the secondary inorganic aerosols. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the composition data resulted in three organic aerosol (OA) factors: hydrocarbon‐like OA (HOA), oxygenated OA I (OOA‐I), and oxygenated OA II (OOA‐II). The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) composed of the latter two factors (SOA: OOA‐I + OOA‐II) was dominant in OA (80.7%). The PMF analysis of the PNSD data yielded three factors: new particle formation related mode, growth mode, and accumulation mode, among which the last factor dominated both number and volume ratios. The sulfate formation was characterized by the sulfur oxidation ratio (SOR), heterogeneous sulfate production rate (Phet), and gaseous sulfuric acid concentration, representing secondary sulfate transformation, heterogeneous reactions, and gas phase reactions, respectively. The results showed that Phet was well correlated with both sulfate concentrations and SOR, especially during the polluted periods. Our study demonstrates that photochemically‐driven heterogeneous reactions contribute dominantly to the sulfate formation and SOA is formed predominantly by photochemical oxidation of volatile organic compounds under high temperatures and ultraviolet (UV) intensities, and NOX concentrations on Mt. Wudang during the campaign period.

Air quality—climate forcing double whammy from domestic firelighters

Renewable biomass plays a crucial role in transitioning toward climate-friendly heating sources; however, not without its collateral damage in terms of the disproportionately high effects on local air quality. The associated proliferation of residential heating appliances around the world, including developed regions like Europe, where an estimated 70 million are housed, does not appear to be abating. Here, we identify super self-concentrating ambient pollution events whereby solid-fuel residential heating haze is infused with a hitherto unaccounted for firelighter smoke that contributes additional adsorbing black carbon. This black carbon-organic aerosol combination results in a strong positive radiative forcing (up to 149 W m−2) and alters the boundary layer thermodynamics sufficiently so as to further suppress pollutant dilution and dispersion leading to extraordinary high submicron particulate matter (PM1: 166 µg m−3). Unfortunately, there is no silver lining in this cloud until the promotion of solid biomass fires with firelighters for ignition is replaced by a co-benefit policy.

Seasonal Variations, Size Distributions, and Sources of Chemical Components of Submicron Particulate Matter in Nanjing

Size-segregated particulate matter (PM) samples were collected in different seasons from 2016 to 2017 at the Xianlin Campus of Nanjing University. Mass concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions, carbonaceous components, and elements were analyzed for PM with an aerodynamic diameter ≤ 1.1 μm (PM1.1; <0.4 μm, 0.4-0.7 μm, and 0.7-1.1 μm). The results showed that PM1.1, OC, NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+ exhibited higher ambient levels in fall-winter than those in spring-summer, which was attributed to the changes in local diffusion conditions, evaporation, and decomposition of non-refractory components. Elemental carbon (EC) reached its maximum concentration[(1.87±0.98) μg·m-3]in spring due to the increase in industrial and road dust resuspension. According to the characteristic ratio between bulk components, the anions in PM1.1 were dominated by NO3-, SO42-, and Cl- in Nanjing, and the carbonaceous components were mainly from fossil fuel combustions and associated aging processes. As the ambient temperature increased, the size distributions of thermo-unstable components including NH4+, NO3-, and OC shifted towards finer particles, whereas EC became more enriched in coarse particles, possibly due to the increase in emission intensity of motor vehicles and fugitive dust contributions. Since high relative humidity (>70%) is often accompanied by high temperature (>20℃) and improved diffusion conditions, a relative humidity of 60%-70% was more conducive to the formation of secondary inorganic ions in PM1.1. Source apportionment results based on the speciation data of PM1.1 showed that secondary formation processes[(66.6±18.3)%]and dust resuspension[(16.8±14.8)%]were the main contributors to PM1.1 in Nanjing, and further control of the emissions of gaseous precursors and dust is necessary.

Novel low pressure drop and easy regeneration ceramic whisker membrane for submicron particulate matter filtration

Aiming to efficiently remove submicron particulate matter (PM), a low pressure drop ceramic whisker membrane was prepared via precursor solution dip coating followed by high temperature firing. Aluminum nitrate 9-Hydrate and boric acid were used as the precursors for the formation of aluminum borate. A highly porous film comprising interconnected single phase 9Al2O3·2B2O3 whiskers of high aspect ratio, was successfully formed on an alumina support. Flue gas filtration tests indicated that as-fabricated ceramic whisker membrane exhibited outstanding filtration performance. More than 95 % PM in 0.3–1 µm was removed by using the as-prepared ceramic whisker membrane, and the pressure drop after three rounds of back blow regeneration remained stably at approximate only 1.3 times of the air pressure drop. This work provided a feasible approach to the preparation of a novel ceramic membrane with low pressure drop, and a novel strategy for high efficiency removal of submicron PM.

A Closure Study of Secondary Organic Aerosol Estimation at an Urban Site of Yangtze River Delta, China

Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are crucial components of ambient particulate matters. However, their composition and formation mechanisms remain uncertain. To investigate the SOA formation and evaluate various SOA estimation approaches, a comprehensive measurement was conducted at an urban site, Changzhou, in Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. 98 kinds of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured by an online gas chromatography-mass spectrometer/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID). Non-refractory submicron particulate matters (NR-PM1) were measured by an Aerodyne Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM). Both bottom-up approaches, i.e., VOCs oxidation yield method, and top-down approaches, i.e., elemental carbon (EC) tracer method and ACSM, combined with positive matrix factorization (PMF) method, were utilized to estimate SOA. ACSM-PMF method estimated the highest SOA concentration, followed by EC tracer method. SOA from VOCs oxidation yield method accounted for 43.2 ± 41.9% of that from EC tracer method, suggesting the existence of missing SOA precursors, e.g., semivolatile organic compounds. The influencing factors of SOA formation were investigated and a good correlation of SOA with odd oxygen rather than aerosol liquid water content was found, suggesting the importance of photochemical formation of SOA.

Associations of Early-Life Exposure to Submicron Particulate Matter With Childhood Asthma and Wheeze in China

Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with childhood asthma and wheeze. However, the specific associations between asthma and PM with an aerodynamic equivalent diameter of 1 μm or less (ie, PM1), which is a contributor to PM2.5 and potentially more toxic than PM2.5, remain unclear. To investigate the association of early-life (prenatal and first year) exposure to size-segregated PM, including PM1, PM1-2.5, PM2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM10, with childhood asthma and wheeze. This cross-sectional study was based on a questionnaire administered between June 2019 and June 2020 to caregivers of children aged 3 to 6 years in 7 Chinese cities (Wuhan, Changsha, Taiyuan, Nanjing, Shanghai, Chongqing, and Urumqi) as the second phase of the China, Children, Homes, Health study. Exposure to PM1, PM1-2.5, PM2.5, PM2.5-10, and PM10 during the prenatal period and first year of life. The main outcomes were caregiver-reported childhood asthma and wheeze. A machine learning-based space-time model was applied to estimate early-life PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 exposure at 1 × 1-km resolution. Concentrations of PM1-2.5 and PM2.5-10 were calculated by subtracting PM1 from PM2.5 and PM2.5 from PM10, respectively. Multilevel (city and child) logistic regression models were applied to assess associations. Of 29 418 children whose caregivers completed the survey (15 320 boys [52.1%]; mean [SD] age, 4.9 [0.9] years), 2524 (8.6%) ever had wheeze and 1161 (3.9%) were diagnosed with asthma. Among all children, 18 514 (62.9%) were breastfed for more than 6 months and 787 (2.7%) had parental history of atopy. A total of 22 250 children (75.6%) had a mother with an educational level of university or above. Of the 25 422 children for whom information about cigarette smoking exposure was collected, 576 (2.3%) had a mother who was a current or former smoker during pregnancy and 7525 (29.7%) had passive household cigarette smoke exposure in early life. Early-life PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 exposure were significantly associated with increased risk of childhood asthma, with higher estimates per 10-μg/m3 increase in PM1 (OR, 1.55; 95% CI, 1.27-1.89) than in PM2.5 (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.03-1.26) and PM10 (OR, 1.11; 95% CI, 1.02-1.20). No association was observed between asthma and PM1-2.5 exposure, suggesting that PM1 rather than PM1-2.5 contributed to the association between PM2.5 and childhood asthma. There were significant associations between childhood wheeze and early-life PM1 exposure (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.07-1.41) and PM2.5 exposure (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.01-1.16) per 10-μg/m3 increase in PM1 and PM2.5, respectively. In this cross-sectional study, higher estimates were observed for the association between PM with smaller particles, such as PM1, vs PM with larger particles and childhood asthma. The results suggest that the association between PM2.5 and childhood asthma was mainly attributable to PM1.

Particulate matter pollution and asthma mortality in China: A nationwide time-stratified case-crossover study from 2015 to 2020

BackgroundA national and comprehensive evaluation is lacking on the relationship between short-term exposure to submicron particulate matter (PM1) pollution and asthma mortality. MethodsData was obtained from 29,553 asthma deaths from the China National Mortality Surveillance System from 2015 to 2020. We used a bilinear interpolation approach to estimate each participant's daily ambient particulate matter pollution and meteorological variables exposure based on their geocoded residential address and a 10 km × 10 km grid from China High Air Pollutants and the fifth generation of European ReAnalysis-Land reanalysis data set. The associations were estimated using a time-stratified case-crossover design and conditional logistic regressions. ResultsOur results revealed significant associations between short-term exposure to various particulate matter and asthma mortality. The 5-day moving average of particulate matter exposure produced the most pronounced effect. Compared to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and inhalable particulate matter (PM10), significantly stronger effects on asthma mortality related to PM1 pollution were noted. The ERs% for asthma mortality associated with each interquartile range (IQR) increase of exposures to PM1 (IQR: 19.2 μg/m3) was 5.59% (95% CI: 2.11–9.19), which is 14% and 22% higher than that for PM2.5 (IQR: 32.0 μg/m3, 4.82% (95% CI: 1.84–7.90)) and PM10 (IQR: 52.2 μg/m3, 4.37% (95% CI: 1.16–7.69)), respectively. The estimates remained consistent in various sensitivity analyses. ConclusionsOur study provided national evidence that acute exposures to various ambient particulate matter pollution can increase mortality due to asthma in China, highlighting stronger associations with ambient PM1 than PM2.5 and PM10. China needs to adjust the current ambient air quality standards urgently and pay greater attention to the adverse health effects of PM1.