Subjective Units Of Disturbance Scale Research Articles

The effect of cognitive behavioural therapy and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing techniques on infertile women: a randomized controlled trial

Research questionWhat is the effect of training programs based on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) and eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) techniques applied to infertile women on infertility, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychological development? DesignThis randomized controlled study was conducted between May 2021 and August 2022 using a total of 90 infertile women (30 CBT, 30 EMDR, 30 Control) who referred to the in vitro fertilization unit of a hospital in a province in eastern Turkey. Data were collected using a personal information form, the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), the Validity of Cognition (VoC), the Infertility Distress Scale (IDS), the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R), and the Posttraumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI). Women in the experimental groups (CBT and EMDR) received the intervention in 6 sessions over 3 weeks. Pre-tests were administered to both experimental and control groups, and post-tests were conducted 3 weeks after the intervention. ResultsThe SUDS, IDS and IES-R mean scores of women in the experimental groups decreased significantly compared to that of those in the control group after the CBT and EMDR interventions (p<0.05). The VoC and PTGI mean scores of women in the experimental groups significantly increased compared to that of those in the control group after the interventions (p<0.05). ConclusionIt was determined that CBT and EMDR technique applied to infertile women reduced the levels of infertility effects.

The effect of emotional freedom technique and music applied to pregnant women who experienced prenatal loss on psychological growth, well-being, and cortisol level: A randomized controlled trial

IntroductionResearch has shown that application of emotional freedom technique and music ensures psychological growth, increases well-being, and decreases cortisol level. PurposeIn the study, it was aimed to determine the effect of EFT and music applied to pregnant women who had experienced prenatal loss on their psychological growth, well-being, and cortisol level. MethodsThe study was conducted as a randomized controlled trial in a city hospital in eastern Türkiye with 159 pregnant women, 53 of whom were in the EFT, 53 in the music group, and 53 in the control group. The study data were collected through Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), Subjective Units of Experience (SUE) Scale, Post Traumatic Growth Inventory (PTGI), and WHO-5 Well-Being Index, and saliva samples were taken for cortisol evaluation. EFT was applied to the women two times every other week; the women in the music group listened to music two times every other week. Throughout the week following the first intervention, the women continued the interventions at home. ResultsIt was determined that EFT and music significantly decreased the participants' subjective anxiety and salivary cortisol median scores, the lowest anxiety was in the EFT group, and PTGI and WHO-5 Well-Being Index mean scores increased (p < 0.005). Further analyses showed that EFT was more effective in terms of increasing well-being than music (p < 0.001; a > b > c). It was determined that the anxiety levels and salivary cortisol median values of the control group were statistically significantly higher compared to the EFT and music groups (p < 0.001). ConclusionIt was found that EFT and music applied to the women who had experienced prenatal loss decreased anxiety, ensured psychological growth, improved well-being, and decreased salivary cortisol level.

Efficacy of EMDR Therapy on the Pain Intensity and Subjective Distress of Cancer Patients

The present study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) therapy in treating pain and subjective distress of patients with cancer. A randomized controlled trial was performed on patients with cancer suffering from moderate to severe cancer pain in Yasuj, Iran, in 2019 and 2020. Sixty patients aged 30–60 years who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected using a consensus sampling technique. Patients were randomly assigned to EMDR therapy or control groups based on random block allocation. EMDR therapy was administered in six to eight daily 1-hour sessions. The control group received the standard treatment provided by the hospital. A Numeric Pain-Rating Scale (NRS) and the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS) were used to assess pain and subjective distress before and after the intervention in each session. The collected data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and independentttest using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24. The mean pain intensity and subjective distress score in the experimental group before and after the EMDR intervention were significantly reduced (p&lt; .001). In the control group, no decreases in NRS and SUDS scores occurred at any time (p&gt; .05). Differences in pain scores between the groups were statistically significant (p&lt; .001). EMDR can effectively and sustainably reduce the pain and subjective distress experienced by patients with cancer. Thus, EMDR is a recommended therapeutic option to mitigate pain and subjective distress among patients with cancer.

Breathing therapy and emotional freedom techniques on public speaking anxiety in Turkish nursing students: A randomized controlled study

Background and objectivePublic speaking is a common challenge that university students have to face. This study aims to determine the effects of Breathing Therapy and Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT) on public speaking anxiety in Turkish nursing students. MethodsThis randomized controlled study included 76 nursing students. Data were collected using the Descriptive Characteristics Form, Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Speech Anxiety Scale. ResultsBefore the administration of Breathing Therapy and EFT, the students’ median scores from the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Speech Anxiety Scale were similar. However, the median scores of the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale, the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and the Speech Anxiety Scale scores significantly decreased in both of the experimental groups after the interventions (p <0.001). EFT (d = 3.18) was more effective than Breathing Therapy (d = 1.46) in reducing Speech anxiety. ConclusionIt was found that Breathing Therapy and EFT are effective methods to reduce stress, anxiety, and speaking anxiety.

Effects of yoga on patients in an adolescent mental health hospital and the relationship between those effects and the patients' sensory-processing patterns.

This study investigated the effects of yoga as a sensory regulation tool in reducing adolescent distress in an acute care psychiatric hospital. This was a descriptive, correlational pre-intervention/post-intervention design conducted in a mental health hospital over 5 months from mid-January to mid-June 2012. The population consisted of a convenience sample of 75 adolescent mental health unit inpatients and partial-hospitalization patients 12-18 years of age who participated in two or more yoga sessions. Patient charts provided Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV Axes I-V diagnosis, gender, and age. Dependent variables were pulse and Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale scores, which were recorded before and after each yoga class. The Adult/Adolescent Sensory Profile provided a measure of patient sensory-processing preference levels that were related to the pulse and Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale results. Yoga sessions significantly improved patient pulse and self-reported distress ratings regardless of gender or sensory profile levels. This article contributes to research on the therapeutic effects of yoga as a sensory regulation intervention in the treatment of psychiatrically hospitalized adolescents. Yoga has the potential to help adolescents in an acute care psychiatric hospital learn to soothe themselves, to regulate their emotions, and to find relief from emotional distress while hospitalized.

Benefits of “eye movement desensitization and reprocessing” psychotherapy in the treatment of female victims of intimate partner rape

Summary This study sought to evaluate the effects of eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) psychotherapy, particularly with regard to the reduction of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), anxiety, and depressive symptoms, based on the treatment of 6 female participants who had been victims of intimate partner rape. All of the participants completed quantitative measures pretreatment and following each session. The measures used were the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the Impact of Events Scale, as well as the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale used in EMDR. Participants were also administered qualitative interviews before and after the treatment in order to assess the presence of PTSD symptoms according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders American Psychiatric Association (APA), 2004 . Outcomes were consistent with our expectations and showed a significant and gradual decrease in scores on the various scales during treatment. As the literature has repeatedly shown, individuals who receive EMDR treatment tend to assess themselves as feeling less and less disturbance as the therapy progresses. We also observed a significant decrease of scores on the various scales following the first two sessions. Finally, the psychological treatment based on EMDR therapy led to an important decrease in the number of PTSD symptoms. This reduction was consistent for the American Psychiatric Association (APA), 2004 criteria under consideration (B, C, & D).

The Recent-Traumatic Episode Protocol: Outcome Evaluation and Analysis of Three Case Studies

This article evaluates and illustrates the application of the recent-traumatic episode protocol (R-TEP) with three diverse clients: a child with chronic illness, a woman with a significant loss, and an adolescent who self-harmed. The R-TEP is an adaptation of the Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) protocol for early EMDR intervention. Sessions are presented in detail to highlight the shifts in information processing that occur during treatment. Observed markers used to analyze the flow of processing are identified, which include distancing from the trauma; reduction in negative affect or change in reported emotions; accessing more adaptive information; changes in the Subjective Units of Disturbance scale; and the Validity of Cognition scale and Impact of Event Scale—Revised indicating shifts in perception of the traumatic memory. Pre-post R-TEP treatment gains were noted for all clients, with changes in behavior and functioning. Theoretical underpinnings of the R-TEP are discussed with respect to the reported observations. The specific contribution of the protocol is highlighted, considering its procedural components and related plausible mechanisms of change.

Medicação antipânico e função pulmonar em pacientes com transtorno de pânico

CONTEXTO: Estudos sugerem uma associação entre transtorno de pânico (TP) e prejuízos na função pulmonar. OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a função pulmonar em 11 pacientes com TP assintomáticos e investigar efeitos da medicação antipânico na função respiratória. MÉTODO: A função pulmonar foi avaliada em duas ocasiões diferentes (com medicação antipânico e após "washout"). Consistiu de uma avaliação espirométrica e do teste de broncodilatação (inalação de salbutamol). Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS) foi aplicada antes e após cada teste espirométrico. RESULTADOS: Um paciente apresentou obstrução leve de vias aéreas. Antes do teste de broncodilatação, o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) e o fluxo expiratório forçado entre 25% e 75% da capacidade vital forçada (FEF25-75) foram significativamente maiores em pacientes com medicação antipânico do que no período de "washout". Após a inalação de salbutamol, apenas o VEF1 foi significativamente maior em pacientes com medicação antipânico em comparação ao outro grupo, embora tenha sido detectado aumento significativo em VEF1 e FEF25-75 em pacientes sem medicação antipânico depois da inalação de salbutamol. O nível de ansiedade subjetiva não foi diferente entre os pacientes em ambos os dias de testes. CONCLUSÃO: Os resultados sugerem uma possível ação benéfica da medicação antipânico na função pulmonar em pacientes com TP.

Antipanic drugs and pulmonary function in panic disorder patients

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest an association between panic disorder (PD) and impairment of lung function. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate lung function in 11 asymptomatic PD patients and to investigate antipanic drug effects on respiratory function. METHOD: Lung function was evaluated on two different occasions (with antipanic drugs and after drug washout). It was comprised of a spirometric evaluation and a bronchodilation test (salbutamol inhalation). Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS) was applied before and after each spirometric assessment. RESULTS: One patient showed mild obstructive airway impairment. Before bronchodilation test forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and forced expiratory flow between 25% and 75% of the forced vital capacity (FEF25-75) were significantly higher in patients on antipanic drugs than in those in the washout period. After salbutamol inhalation, only FEV1 was significantly higher in patients with antipanic drugs in comparison to the other group, whereas a significant increase in FEV1 and FEF25-75 after salbutamol inhalation was detected in patients without antipanic drugs. The subjective anxiety level was not different among PD patients in both test days. DISCUSSION: These results suggest a possible beneficial effect of the antipanic drug on lung function in PD patients.

Validity of the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale in EMDR

To test the psychometric properties of the Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDS), this study analyzed the data from 61 patients treated with EMDR. The pretreatment self-reported questionnaires, the in-session records of EMDR, and the Clinical Global Impression–Change (CGI-C) scale at the termination of EMDR were reviewed. The initial score of the SUDS at the first session was significantly correlated with the patient’s level of depression, the state anxiety, and distress from the impact of events. The final score of the SUDS at the first session was significantly correlated with the CGI-C score at termination. Consequently, this study confirmed that the SUDS in EMDR sessions has good psychometric properties.

Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing in the treatment of test anxiety: A study of the effects of expectancy and eye movement

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a recently invented technique acclaimed as a major breakthrough for a range of anxiety-related symptoms. To determine the importance of the eye movement and expectancy variables, we conducted a one-hour session with 41 undergraduate subjects (11 males and 30 females) with test anxiety. A 2 (eye movement vs no eye movement) × 2 (high expectancy vs low expectancy) analysis of variance was performed on three dependent measures: (1) Subjective Units of Disturbance Scale (SUDs) (Wolpe, The Practice of Behavior Therapy, 1982); (2) Validity of Cognition Scale (VOC) (Shapiro, 1992); and (3) the Test Anxiety Inventory (TAI) (Spielberger, TestAnxiety Inventory Preliminary Professional Manual, 1977). The data indicate that all subjects, regardless of treatment condition, showed a significant decrease in anxiety on the TAI. Subjects in the eye-movement condition reported feeling less anxious (SUDs) than those in the no-eye-movement condition. We found no significant main effect or interactions for any of the dependent measures for expectancy.

Procedure for identifying depression-inhibitors.

A multiplicity of anxiety-inhibitors (e.g., relaxation, assertive responses) exist for the counterconditioning of anxiety. Unfortunately, no such class of depression-inhibitors has been identified. The present case history concerned modification of a procedure for identification of anxiety-inhibitors to select possible depression-inhibitors. The subject, an outcare patient, was a 38-yr.-old divorcee, mother of three children, w~rh four prior psychiatric hospitalizations over the previous 4 yr. due to suicidal attempts or jicstures and complaints of depression. Her previous diagnoses were depressive neurosls or passive-aggressive personality. She was then referred by a staff member for behav~oral therapy because of complaints of depression. In the initial interview, she complained of loneliness, helplessness, lack of self-confidence, self-pity, and worry about the future. Essentially following Wolpe's (1969) procedure, a seven-item hierarchy was established concerning her feeling lonely when by herself at night, not enjoying herself when in the company of married couples, and feeling insecure about her adequacy as a mother. Depression was evaluated by modifying the subjective units of disturbance scale which was anchored at the two e x t r e m e 4 representing the absence of depression and 100 representing the most depressive feeling. To identify depression-inhibitors, a procedure was used similar to that of Kass, Rogers, and Feldman (1973) for anxiety-inhibitors. The subject was asked if she could recall any response which had been associated with the diminution or termination of depression in any situation. Since the subject reported having no such response in her repertoire, she was then asked to describe a scene, feeling, or activity which she believed to be the opposite of the feeling of depression. She described a scene in which she was lying in bed looking at drapes which she had just made and feeling the warmth of the sun streaming into the room. Next, the potential depression-inhibitor was tested in a trial run during the initial session An Item from the middle of the hierarchy was presented followed by instructions to engage ~n the selected inhibitor when she signalled depression. Since the subject reported that rhe identified scene terminated her depressive feeling, it was used as the depression-inhlblror in the subsequent trials. The first six hierarchical items were completed in eight sessions. After the last session, she reported that she was no longer depressed. She could stay home in the evening without becoming depressed and was again enjoying social activities. For 5 mo. following the last treatment session, she continued to meet once a week with her outcare worker who reported that she experienced no significant depression. Further follow-up was not possible because she moved to a distant state; however, pteviouly her worry about her psychological problems had prevented such a move. These results suggest that the identification procedure may be useful in selecting depression-inhibitors.