Subjective State Of Mind Research Articles

PROFESSIONAL SATISFACTION OF PHYSIOTHERAPISTS IN PORTUGAL

Job satisfaction is a complex phenomenon because it is a subjective state of mind. This study evaluates the job satisfaction of physiotherapists working in Portugal for more than 6 months. In a sample of 780 physiotherapists, through the application of an online questionnaire that included questions of individual and professional characterization and related to job satisfaction, it was found that they were moderately satisfied with the profession (67.4%), with a positive correlation relationship between the dimensions of job content satisfaction (r=0.134; p<0.01) and work compensation (r=0.180; p<0.001) with years of service. Lower pay and general practice are associated with lower levels of satisfaction (p<0.001). Physiotherapists who saw three or more clients per hour had lower levels of satisfaction (p<0.001). With this study we can conclude that satisfaction is positively impacted by the relationship with patients and negatively influenced by the perspectives of career progression, remuneration received and the recognition of work by institutions.

The Phenomenon of the Atmosphere as an Object of Interdisciplinary Research

The article examines the features of human interaction with the atmosphere as a phenomenon, acquiring an independent ontological status in modern concepts of the atmosphere. The author explores the existing philosophical concepts of atmosphere which actualize the adoption of a new category, that is, a “quasi-thing”, to define phenomena similar to the atmosphere that do not fit into the “thing” concept. Atmospheres as quasi-things are perceived through the felt-body (Leib) in which they excite sensory-bodily resonance, which in turn is linked to a mind-body problem which is now of an interdisciplinary nature. In this regard, an attempt is made to comprehensively review the perspective philosophical, sociological, psychological, and physiological aspects of the relationship between the subjective state of mind and the objective atmosphere. The atmosphere creation problem, which has long been studied in arts and currently requires a conceptualization through aesthetic theory, has a special value.

Antitrust intent in an age of algorithmic nudging

Abstract This article revisits the role of intent for the purposes of establishing an abuse of dominance under EU competition law. It does so by reviewing cases where the outcome hinged on the existence of anticompetitive intent, and eliciting from that a set of guiding principles. The consistency with those principles of the recent decision in Google Shopping is then discussed. After a critical examination of the definition of abusive conduct used by the Commission and the extent to which it satisfies the intent requirement in antitrust, the broader implications for providers of algorithmic intermediation services are explored. Two recommendations are offered to ameliorate the status quo. First, courts and competition authorities should only take into account a defendant’s subjective state of mind under a ‘qualified intent’ test: a test requiring proof of immediate, substantial and foreseeable anticompetitive effects arising from a purported conduct. Secondly, to constrain the scope of application of the actionable duty of algorithmic self-scrutiny, regulators should introduce a negligence-based ‘safe harbor’. This safe harbour, mimicking the specialized regime of intermediary liability for information society service providers, would enable continued investment and innovation in algorithmic services while also promoting adherence to cross-industry best practices in algorithmic design.

Thinking of oneself as an object of observation reduces reliance on metacognitive information.

This research explores the consequences of two states of mind on judgment: a subjective state, looking at the world from one's own eyes, and an objective state, in which one thinks of oneself from the imagined perspective of an external observer. In six experiments, we show that judgments people make while they are in a subjective state of mind are more influenced by metacognitive experience compared with judgments people make when they are in an objective state of mind. This is demonstrated in Experiments 1-3, using two different manipulations for the two states of mind and two different fluency tasks. Experiment 4 explores the underlying mechanism and demonstrates that an objective state does not lessen the metacognitive experience itself; rather, it affects the reliance on this experience as a relevant source of information. Finally, in Experiments 5 and 6 we investigate implications of our hypothesis for doing experimental research in psychology. We find that taking part in a laboratory experiment resembles the experimental condition of an objective state of mind, as participants rely less on their metacognition compared with conditions aimed to restore the subjective state of mind within the lab setting. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of our findings regarding social influences on judgments and decisions in psychology labs and in the real world. (PsycINFO Database Record

Pure Spirits: Imperial Japanese Justice and Right-Wing Terrorists, 1878–1936

Why was the legal system in 1930s Japan so friendly to right-wing offenders, even when they tried to assassinate leading statesmen and generals? The answer is intertwined with a cultural narrative defined here as “subjectivism”, that assigned vital importance to a criminal’s subjective state of mind when evaluating his or her transgressions. Though influenced by Western thought, this narrative was indigenous to Japan. It originated in the late Edo period, shortly prior to the establishment of the Meiji State in 1868, under specific historical circumstances and was later reinforced by the policy of the early Meiji State. Consequently, it pervaded education, politics and popular discourse alike, in the civilian sphere and even more so in the army. Until the early 1920s, this trend had a relatively modest influence on the Japanese justice system. It then began to gain traction in military courts dealing with political crimes of army personnel. From 1932 it influenced civilian courts as well, though civilian judges were relatively more reluctant to accept it than their military peers. After a peak in the mid-1930s, it again receded into the background, following the abortive coup d’état of February 26, 1936.

Antitrust Intent in an Age of Algorithmic Nudging

This paper revisits the role of intent for the purposes of establishing an abuse of dominance under EU competition law. It does so reviewing cases where the outcome hinged on the existence of anticompetitive intent, and eliciting from that line of decisions a set of guiding principles. The consistency with those principles of the recent European Commission’s Decision in Google Shopping is then discussed. After a critical examination of the definition of abusive conduct identified by the Commission (self- favoring) and the extent to which it satisfies the intent requirement in antitrust, the broader implications for providers of algorithmic intermediation services are explored. Given the absence of a materiality threshold and other limiting principles in the theory of harm used by the Commission, the risks of overreach and unpredictability are substantial. Two recommendations are offered to ameliorate the status quo. First, courts and competition authorities should only take into account a defendant’s subjective state of mind under a “qualified intent” test: a test requiring proof of immediate, substantial and foreseeable anticompetitive effects arising from a purported conduct. Second, to constrain the scope of application of the actionable duty of algorithmic self-scrutiny, regulators should introduce a negligence-based “safe harbor”. This safe harbor, mimicking the specialized regime of intermediary liability for information society service providers, would enable continued investment and innovation in algorithmic services while also promoting adherence to cross-industry best practices in algorithmic design.

The Naïve and the Distrustful: state dependency of hippocampal computations in manipulative memory distortion.

Flexible mnemonic mechanisms that adjust to different internal mental states can provide a major adaptive advantage. However, little is known regarding how this flexibility is achieved in the human brain. We examined brain activity during retrieval of false memories of a movie, generated by exposing participants to misleading information. Half of the participants suspected the memory manipulation (Distrustful), whereas the other half did not (Naïve). Distrustful displayed more accurate memory performance and a brain signature different than that of Naïve. In Distrustful, the ability to differentiate true from false information was driven by a qualitatively distinct hippocampal activity for endorsed items, consistent with the view that hippocampal encoding allows recollection of a specific source. Conversely, in Naïve, BOLD differences between true and false memories were linearly correlated with accuracy across participants, suggesting that Naïve subjects needed to reinstate and evaluate stored information to discern true from false. We propose that our results lend support to models suggesting that hippocampal activity can exhibit different computational schemes, depending on memorandum attributes. Furthermore, we show that trust, considered as a subjective state of mind, may alter basic hippocampal strategies, influencing the ability to separate real from false memory.

A Situational Approach to Incapacity and Mental Disability in Sexual Assault Law

Prosecutions for sexual assault most often focus on whether the Crown has proven that the complainant did not consent to the sexual activity in issue, based on her subjective state of mind at the time of the offence. However, Canadian criminal law also provides that no consent is obtained where the complainant is incapable of consenting. In cases where the complainant has a mental disability affecting cognition or decisionmaking, prosecutors in Canada have been reluctant to argue that the complainant was incapable of consenting. In this article, the authors agree that claims of incapacity should be used sparingly, but contend that the doctrine of incapacity may be applicable and useful in some cases where the accused has exploited the complainant’s disability. They argue that capacity to consent to sexual activity should be defined situationally, rather than as an all-or-nothing measure. Since consent is given to a specific person in a specific circumstance, incapacity should be also assessed by reference to the particular context of the case. This approach to incapacity has been adopted in English and American cases, which provide examples of how it might be applied and understood in Canada. A situational definition of incapacity offers some legal recognition of the particular challenges faced by women with mental disabilities with respect to sexual abuse, without disqualifying them from any lawful sexual activity in other contexts.

Treason, Technology, and Freedom of Expression

The power to punish treason against the U.S. conflicts with the First Amendment freedoms of speech and of the press. Far from a question of mere theory, that conflict threatens to chill public dissent to the War on Terrorism. The government has already demonstrated its willingness to punish treasonous expression. After World War II, the United States won several prosecutions against citizens who had engaged in propaganda on behalf of the Axis powers. Today, critics of the War on Terrorism likewise face accusations of treason. Under the law of treasonous expression developed following World War II, those accusations could credibly support prosecutions. Any such prosecutions could win convictions, moreover, unless courts narrow the law of treasonous expression to satisfy the First Amendment. That potential clash between the power to punish treason and our freedoms of expression has, thanks to advances in communications technologies, become a matter of everyday concern. In terms of abstract doctrine, the law of treason condemns anyone who owes allegiance to the U.S., who adheres to U.S. enemies, and who gives them aid and comfort by an overt act to which two witnesses testify. As courts have applied that doctrine, however, it threatens any citizen or resident of the U.S. who publicly expresses disloyal sentiments. The Internet has made it cheap, easy, and dangerous to publish such sentiments. It hosts many an expression that an eager prosecutor could cite both as proof of adherence to U.S. enemies - a subjective state of mind - and as proof of an overt act giving them aid and comfort - an objective fact to which any two of the expression's readers could testify. Even if no prosecutions for treason arise, the alarmingly broad yet ill-defined reach of the law of treason threatens to unconstitutionally chill innocent dissent. This paper details the scope of the law of treasonous expression, explains why technology threatens to bring that law into conflict with the First Amendment, and suggests a way to safely separate the power to punish treason from our freedoms of expression.

Shanghai

VHO CAN say that he really the Shanghai, particularly if he saw it-as I did-only in the last frenetic 18 months before the Communists took over? We used to say: is not a place but a state of If it was true then, it is infinitely more true today, when the city no longer exists as an objective referrent, but only as a subjective state of mind. You should have been there in the Shanghai was great. Every China hand knew that things had gone down hill since the good days. It made no difference when one had lived there. It was always the good that he lamented with a nostalgia that was all the more exquisite because it expressed a sense of fraternity with a favored elite who could share it, while excluding the benighted millions who could not. Like the flu, that interbellum malady isolated by Arthur Koestler, the Sino-syndrome had definite physiological symptoms-an asymmetrical twist in the corners of the mouth, a salacious squint in the eyes, followed by a distant ocular vacuity and even an incipient lachrymose weakness-when touched by specific stimuli such as mention of the Bund, the Glen Line Building, the Soochow Creek Bridge, Bubbling Well Road, the Race Course, the legendary Metropole, Sassoons, the lion's paw at the Hong Kong-Shanghai Bank, the cantilevered dance-floor at the French Club, Hungjao, Monk's Brass Bar, or Blood Alley. In 1947, the old China hand remembered the 1941 Japanese takeover. In 1940, he recalled the sinking of the Panay; in 1935, he looked back fondly to the days before the Marco Polo Bridge incident and Henry Pu-yi; then back to the Kuomintang in 1927; and there are still a few who remember the really, truly before the