Subjective Experiences Of Participants Research Articles

The Implementation of Regulations on Human Rights Violations in Legislation in Indonesia

Objective: The enactment of Law Number 39 of 1999 in Indonesia regarding Human Rights was followed by Law Number 26 of 2000 concerning the Human Rights Court, aiming to address various issues of serious human rights violations. However, these regulations have not been effectively implemented. Method: This study utilizes a qualitative methodology with an analytical descriptive specification, aiming to acquire a profound understanding of a specific phenomenon based on the interpretation and subjective experiences of participants. The data is collected from secondary sources, including primary legal sources such as regulations, laws, and court decisions, as well as secondary legal sources encompassing books, articles, and other relevant literature. The data collection techniques encompass literature review to comprehend the theoretical framework, observation for data authenticity, and interviews with relevant institutions to obtain additional information. Results: The Law Number 26 of 2000 concerning the Human Rights Court is insufficient to address human rights violations in Indonesia, including legal weaknesses and ambiguities in implementing legislation, such as the incomplete "element of crimes" of regulated offenses. The resolution of serious human rights violations in the Indonesian criminal justice system based on Law Number 26 of 2000 has not been able to create legal certainty and justice for victims of serious human rights violations. The Law Number 13 of 2006 on Witness and Victim Protection has to some extent provided a normative foundation for the protection of witnesses and victims. Conclusions: The Indonesian Law with number 26 of 2000 regarding the Human Rights Court is deemed inadequate in addressing serious human rights violations in Indonesia, due to weaknesses in legal certainty and justice. Meanwhile, the Indonesian Law with number 13 of 2006 provides a normative foundation for the protection of witnesses and victims.

The Display of Medical Information: Content, Format, and Subjective Experience.

To address a gap in the literature by investigating the subjective experience of participants to the form and content of medical information displayed in a healthcare setting. Artwork can enhance the experience of patients, but much less is known about how individuals react to displays of medical information in the form of posters or pamphlets, especially those about unsettling conditions (e.g., skin cancer). In a 2 × 2 × 2 between-subjects design, researchers investigated the content of medical information (skin cancer vs. skin care) that was on display in a simulated exam room, whether the form was a pamphlet or a poster, and reason for the visit (routine annual skin check or evaluating a mole) on measures of subjective experience, including anxiety. Viewing material about skin cancer produced greater anxiety and greater arousal than did viewing material about sunscreen, and given the choice of four images (pamphlet and poster for sunscreen, pamphlet and poster for skin cancer), the sunscreen poster was recommended to improve the patient's experience and lower stress. In terms of display format, posters are judged to provide more visual engagement than are pamphlets. Exam rooms should offer multiple opportunities for visual engagement without images that produce anxiety. More research is needed to understand the subjective experience of the patient's interaction with the content and format of medical information.

Physical Activity Together for People With Multiple Sclerosis and Their Care Partners: Protocol for a Feasibility Randomized Controlled Trial of a Dyadic Intervention.

BackgroundPhysical activity (PA) is beneficial for all people; however, people affected by multiple sclerosis (MS) find regular PA challenging. These people may include individuals with advanced disabilities and their care partners.ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to determine the feasibility of a dyadic PA intervention for people with advanced MS and their care partners.MethodsThis study is a randomized controlled feasibility trial of a 12-week intervention, with 1:1 allocation into an immediate intervention condition or delayed control condition. A target of 20 people with MS–care partner dyads will be included. The outcomes will be indicators of process, resources, management, and scientific feasibility. Participant satisfaction with the intervention components will be evaluated using a satisfaction survey. The subjective experience of participation in the study will be explored using semistructured interviews.ResultsThe project is funded by the Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers. This protocol was approved by the Ottawa Hospital Research Ethics Board (20190329-01H) and the University of Ottawa Research Ethics Board (H-09-19-4886). The study protocol was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov in February 2020. The findings of this feasibility trial will be disseminated through presentations at community events to engage the MS population in the interpretation of our results and in the next steps. The results will also be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented to the scientific community at national and international MS conferences.ConclusionsThe data collected from this feasibility trial will be used to refine the intervention and materials in preparation for a pilot randomized controlled trial.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04267185; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04267185.International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)PRR1-10.2196/18410

Home-based Upper Extremity Stroke Therapy Using a Multiuser Virtual Reality Environment: A Randomized Trial

ObjectiveTo compare participation and subjective experience of participants in both home-based multiuser virtual reality (VR) therapy and home-based single-user (SU) VR therapy. DesignCrossover, randomized trial. SettingInitial training and evaluations occurred in a rehabilitation hospital; the interventions took place in participants’ homes. ParticipantsSurvivors of stroke with chronic upper extremity impairment (N=20). InterventionsFour weeks of in-home treatment using a custom, multiuser virtual reality system (VERGE): 2 weeks of both multiuser (MU) and SU versions of VERGE. The order of presentation of SU and MU versions was randomized such that participants were divided into 2 groups, First MU and First SU. Main Outcome MeasuresWe measured arm displacement during each session (m) as the primary outcome measure. Secondary outcome measures include time participants spent using each MU and SU VERGE and Intrinsic Motivation Inventory scores. Fugl-Meyer Assessment of Motor Recovery After Stroke Upper Extremity (FMA-UE) score and compliance with prescribed training were also evaluated. Measures were recorded before, midway, and after the treatment. Activity and movement were measured during each training session. ResultsArm displacement during a session was significantly affected the mode of therapy (MU: 414.6m, SU: 327.0m, P=.019). Compliance was very high (99% compliance for MU mode and 89% for SU mode). Within a given session, participants spent significantly more time training in the MU mode than in the SU mode (P=.04). FMA-UE score improved significantly across all participants (Δ3.2, P=.001). ConclusionsMultiuser VR exercises may provide an effective means of extending clinical therapy into the home.

Female football players: encountering physical capital in mixed-sex football

ABSTRACT In this paper, I examine the contribution that mixed-sex football can make to the development of female football players. Girls’ choices about participating in physical exercise may be influenced by a number of factors, but I want to address specifically the traditionally ‘masculine’ sport of football to consider the extent to which binary gender is a limited construct. Using a method of narrative interviews for data collection, I draw on the experiences of eight women ranged from aged 23 to 58. There was an emergent tension between the objective construction of gender both materially and symbolically and the subjective experiences of participants. This was evident in underlying anxieties apparent in fieldwork, in terms of the physical learning environment and acquisition of football capital, but mixed-sex football showed to be a positive environment for developing female football players.

Neurocognition and Subjective Experience Following Acute Doses of the Synthetic Cannabinoid JWH-018: Responders Versus Nonresponders.

Introduction: Synthetic cannabinoid mixtures have been easily accessible for years, leading to the belief that these products were natural and harmless, which contributed to their popularity. Nevertheless, there are many reports of users ending up in hospital due to severe side effects such as tachycardia, aggression, and psychosis. Controlled studies on the effects of synthetic cannabinoids on human performance are lacking. In the present study, we assessed the safety pharmacology of the synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 after acute administration.Methods: Seventeen healthy cannabis-experienced participants took part in this placebo-controlled, crossover study. Participants inhaled the vapor of JWH-018 (doses ranged between 2 and 6.2 mg) and were subsequently monitored for 12 h, during which vital signs, cognitive performance, and subjective experience were measured. Subjective high scores showed that there is a large variability in the subjective experience of participants. Therefore, a mixed analysis of variance, with “Responder” (i.e., subjective high score >2) as a between-subjects factor and “Drug” as a within-subjects factor (placebo and JWH-018), was used.Results: Serum concentrations of JWH-018 were significantly higher in the responders. Overall, JWH-018 increased heart rate within the first hour and significantly impaired critical tracking and memory performance. Responders to JWH-018 performed more poorly in tests measuring reaction time and showed increased levels of confusion, amnesia, dissociation, derealization, and depersonalization and increased drug liking after JWH-018.Conclusion: JWH-018 administration produced large variability in drug concentrations and subjective experience. Fluctuations in drug delivery probably contributed to the variation in response. JWH-018's impairing effects on cognition and subjective measures were mainly demonstrated in participants who experienced a subjective intoxication of the drug. Lack of control over drug delivery may increase the risk of overdosing in synthetic cannabinoid users.

Evaluating a gender-specific intensive intervention programme: Young women’s voices and experiences

Background: Disadvantaged young women in England have been documented as having unmet needs. This has resulted in the growth of gender-specific intensive intervention programmes in which a more holistic women-centred service approach is implemented. Gender matters because structural inequalities (bias and disadvantaging societal conditions) that girls are born with influence health, their outcomes and associated inequalities. Aims and objectives: Policy-makers frequently call for the outcomes of intervention programmes to be quantified, and while this is important, it can miss opportunities for critical insights into the subjective experiences of participants as well as the context and circumstances within which change occurs. Methods: This paper reports on evaluation findings from a prototype project (The Way Forward) with a focus on holistic improvement using gender-specific methods and approaches to promote health for disadvantaged young women in a community setting. Findings: This paper documents the voices of young women within the project, illustrated through their creation of storyboards within focus group discussions and interview data from their support workers. Findings highlight the importance of the relational dimension of one-to-one support in achieving positive change in the lives of young women, as well as the complexity associated with efforts to improve their health.

Linking youths’ mental, psychosocial, and emotional functioning to ICF-CY: lessons learned

Purpose: Linking ready-made questionnaires to codes within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, Children and Youth Version with the intention of using the information statistically for studying mental health problems can pose several challenges. Many of the constructs measured are latent, and therefore, difficult to describe in single codes. The aim of this study was to describe and discuss challenges encountered in this coding process.Materials and methods: A questionnaire from a Swedish research programme was linked to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, Children and Youth Version and the agreement was assessed.Results: Including the original aim of the questionnaire into the coding process was found to be very important for managing the coding of the latent constructs of the items. Items from the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, Children and Youth Version chapters with narrow definitions for example mental functions, were more easily translated to meaningful concepts to code, while broadly defined chapters, such as interactions and relationships, were more difficult.Conclusion: This study stresses the importance of a clear, predefined coding scheme as well as the importance of not relying too heavily on common linking rules, especially in cases when it is not possible to use multiple codes for a single item.Implications for rehabilitationThe International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, Children and Youth Version, is a useful tool for merging assessment data from several sources when documenting adolescents’ mental functioning in different life domains.Measures of mental health are often based on latent constructs, often revealed in the description of the rationale/aim of a measure. The latent construct should be the primary focus in linking information.By mapping latent constructs to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, Children and Youth Version, users of the classification can capture a broad range of areas relevant to everyday functioning in adolescents with mental health problems.The subjective experience of participation, i.e., the level of subjective involvement, is not possible to code into the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, Children and Youth Version. However, when linking mental health constructs to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health, Children and Youth Version codes, the two dimensions of participation (the being there, and the level of involvement) need to be separated in the linking process. This can be performed by assigning codes focusing on being there as separate from items focusing on the subjective experience of involvement while being there.

A Review of Beliefs, Agency and Identity in Foreign Language Learning and Teaching

This publication is comprised of seven empirical studies on beliefs, agency and identity as a response to the need for contextual, longitudinal and interconnected studies in foreign language learning and teaching. The underpinning argument of the book is that our beliefs about foreign language learning inform our actions, while both beliefs and actions affect our sense of self, our identity. This holds true for students and their learning as much as for teachers and their teaching. Building on former studies within contextual approaches, beliefs, agency and identity are presented as interconnected phenomena. As such, they are addressed by various theoretical starting points and data of longitudinal nature, ranging from 3 to 15 years. The emic (insider) perspective taken to examine the subjective experiences of participants is complemented by the qualitative and interpretative approach to data collection and analysis. The book primarily aims at a deeper understanding of the role of beliefs in foreign language learning. Secondly, it aims at learning about the beliefs held by specific groups of Finnish and Brazilian individuals involved in teaching and learning foreign languages. After two introductory chapters, the book is structured in storyline fashion, transitioning from young learners (Part I, two studies) to student teachers (Part II, three studies) to in-service teachers (Part III, two studies). A critical evaluation of the reported studies and the overall contributions of the book are discussed in the concluding chapter.

Written testimony, oral history and retail environments

Purpose – This paper aims to join a growing movement in marketing history to include the voices of consumers in historical research on retail environments. It aims to show that consumer perspectives offer new insights to the emergence and reception of large-scale, pre-planned shopping centers in Australia during the 1960s, and allow one to write a history of this retail form from below, in contrast to the top-down approach that is characteristic of the broader literature on shopping mall development. Design/methodology/approach – Written testimonies by consumers were gathered using a qualitative online questionnaire. The methodology is related to oral history, in that it seeks to capture the subjective experiences of participants, has the capacity to create new archives, to fill or explain gaps in existing repositories and provide a voice to those frequently lost to the historical record. Findings – The written testimonies gathered for this project provide an important contribution to the understanding of shopping centers in Australia and, particularly Sydney, during the 1960s, the ways that they were envisaged and used and insights into their reception and success. Research limitations/implications – As with oral history, written testimony has limitations as a methodology due to its reliance on memory, requiring both sophisticated and cautious readings of the data. Originality/value – The methodology used in this paper is unique in this context and provides new understandings of Australian retail property development. For current marketers, the historically constituted relationship between people and place offers potential for community targeted promotional campaigns.

Self-Transcendence Facilitates Meaning-Making and Flow Experience: Evidence from a Pilot Experimental Study

We review the psychological theory of flow and focus on the notion of autotelic personality, arguing that self-transcendence understood within the existential tradition of Frankl and Langle can be seen as a personality disposition that is conducive to flow experience. We present a pilot quasi-experimental study conducted in a student sample (N=84) to investigate the effect of situational meaning and self-transcendence on productivity and flow experience. Students were asked to work on a creative task (which consisted in finding solutions to a social problem) in small groups. Each group was randomly assigned with an instruction presenting the problem as happening either in a distant country (low-meaning) or home country (high-meaning). The outcome variables were measures of flow, perceived meaning, and satisfaction with time. The solutions generated by students were rated by 3 experts. The results showed that the experimental manipulation had an effect on the quality of the resulting solutions, but not on the subjective experience of participants. Self-transcendent individuals tended to experience higher flow under both conditions, however, under the high-meaning condition self-transcendence exhibited a curvilinear association with the experiential outcomes. The findings suggest that self-transcendence can be considered as a candidate trait for autotelic personality and call for more replication studies.

MAKNA PERILAKU MINUM OBAT PADA PASIEN HIV/AIDS RAWAT JALAN DI VCT RSUP DR.KARIADI SEMARANG

Abstract For individuals with HIV/AIDS, making a decision to take a pill brings huge consequences. Taking medicine brings not only physical and psychological consequences, but also various social reactions, particularly those from family members and community. Individuals with HIV/AIDS also encountered social pressure and conflict with their environment. One might consider the pressure on the affected individuals as a challenge to continue their lives as well as resources to support them. The impact of taking medicines led individuals to give meaning to their behavior of pill taking. This qualitative study was conducted with phenomenological approach. Two women who were patients at Dr. Kariadi Hospital Semarang participated in this study. In collecting data, in-depth interview and observation were used. The meaning of taking medicines for patients with HIV was obtained from the subjective experience of participants in coping with pain. The results showed that participants gave meaning to taking medicines as a life saving due to her wish to see her children achieve their dreams.

Does the Frequency of Participation Change After Stroke and Is This Change Associated With the Subjective Experience of Participation?

ObjectiveTo investigate changes in the frequency of participation 6 months poststroke compared with prestroke; and to establish whether the change is associated with participation restrictions and satisfaction with participation 6 months poststroke. DesignInception cohort study. Prestroke frequency of participation was measured retrospectively in the first week poststroke. Frequency, participation restrictions, and satisfaction with participation were assessed 6 months poststroke. SettingGeneral hospitals and home residences. ParticipantsPatients with stroke (N=325; 65.5% men; mean age, 66.9±12.2y) admitted to 1 of 6 participating general hospitals. InterventionsNot applicable. Main Outcome MeasureUtrecht Scale for Evaluation of Rehabilitation-Participation (0–100), which consists of 3 scales: frequency, restrictions, and satisfaction. The frequency scale consists of 2 parts: vocational activities (work, volunteer work, education, household activities) and leisure and social activities. ResultsVocational activities showed a large decrease (effect size: 0.6) poststroke; leisure and social activities showed a small decrease (effect size: 0.13) poststroke. In multiple regression analyses, both the frequency of participation in vocational activities 6 months poststroke and the decrease in vocational activities compared with before the stroke were significantly associated with the participation restrictions experienced and satisfaction with participation after controlling for age, sex, level of education, dependency in activities of daily living, cognitive functioning, and presence of depressive symptoms. The presence of depressive symptoms showed the strongest association with the subjective experience of participation. ConclusionsThe frequency of participation decreased after a stroke, and this decrease was associated with participation restrictions experienced and satisfaction with participation. Resuming vocational activities and screening and, if applicable, treatment of depressive symptoms should be priorities in stroke rehabilitation.

Detrended Fluctuation Analysis Based on the Affective ECG

Electrocardiography (ECG) is one of the most important physiological signals, which has been proven to contain reliable afiective information. Four kinds of objective afiects including happiness, sadness, angry and fear, are induced by afiective fragments from movies, and ECG signals are recorded by Biopac MP 150 synchronously. In an independent experiment the afiective videos are played twice, and in the second presentation the press flle of afiective re-evaluation is obtained, which registers the subjective experience of participants and help us intercept the reliable afiective ECG. The detrended ∞uctuation analysis is used to quantitate the temporal correlations by the scaling exponent in afiective ECG. And the result showed that ECG of happiness, sadness, angry and fear had long-range correlations. Then the scaling exponent is used by the binary classifler of Fisher as an afiective feature, and the result showed that the correct recognition rate of happiness, sadness, angry and fear are 89.74%, 90.1%, 70.43%, 84.44% respectively. The whole experiment displays that the nonlinear features have a flne distinction in difierent emotions.

Crosscultural narratives on death and bereavement among medical students: implications for undergraduate curricula

The aims of this study were to explore how Asian medical students from different cultural backgrounds engaged with issues of death and bereavement in an interactive group setting and to report their subjective experience of participation in the group.

The Influence of Caffeine and Carbohydrate Coingestion on Simulated Soccer Performance

Carbohydrate and caffeine are known to independently improve certain aspects of athletic performance. However, less is understood about physiological and performance outcomes when these compounds are coingested in a rehydration and carbohydrate-replacement strategy. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of adding a moderate dose of caffeine to a carbohydrate solution during prolonged soccer activity. Fifteen male soccer players performed two 90-min intermittent shuttle-running trials. They ingested a carbohydrate-electrolyte solution (CON) providing a total of 1.8 g/kg body mass (BM) of carbohydrate or a similar solution with added caffeine (CAF; 3.7 mg/kg BM). Solutions were ingested 1 hr before exercise and every 15 min during the protocol. Soccer passing skill and countermovement-jump height (CMJ) were quantified before exercise and regularly during exercise. Sprinting performance, heart rate, blood lactate concentration (La) and the subjective experiences of participants were measured routinely. Mean 15-m sprint time was faster during CAF (p = .04); over the final 15 min of exercise mean sprint times were CAF 2.48 +/- 0.15 s vs. CON 2.59 +/- 0.2 s. Explosive leg power (CMJ) was improved during CAF (52.9 +/- 5.8 vs. CON 51.7 +/- 5.7 cm, p = .03). Heart rate was elevated throughout CAF, and ratings of pleasure were significantly enhanced. There were no significant differences in passing skill, rating of perceived exertion, La, or body-mass losses between trials. The addition of caffeine to the carbohydrate-electrolyte solution improved sprinting performance, countermovement jumping, and the subjective experiences of players. Caffeine appeared to offset the fatigue-induced decline in self-selected components of performance.

The Subjective Experience of Participation in Schizophrenia Research

Mental health research may pose a risk to those who participate in it, especially for potentially vulnerable groups such as those diagnosed with schizophrenia. The current study aimed to investigate the subjective experience of research participation in this group. Seventy-nine individuals with diagnoses of schizophrenia spectrum disorders who had taken part in research looking at suicide were asked to provide feedback about their experiences. Responses were analyzed using qualitative and quantitative methods. Results indicate that negative feedback concerning participation was rare, occurring in 2.5% to 15.2% of responses. Positive feedback was more frequent, occurring in 45.6% to 60.8% of responses. Qualitative thematic analysis identified 5 key themes in participants' responses: Altruism, Value of being involved in research, Therapeutic effect, Enjoyable experience and Negative experiences. The results support the view that mental health research in this group can be ethically viable.

International Schizophrenia Research and the Concept of Patient-Centredness: an Analysis Over Two Decades

Patient-centred medicine improves psychological and physiological functioning in chronic illnesses. To determine to what extent the patient-centred ethos (as exemplified by research addressing subjective experiences) was incorporated into work presented at major international schizophrenia research forums between 1988 and 2004. Whole population-based, retrospective cohort study using abstracts from the International Congress on Schizophrenia Research and the Biennial Winter Workshop on Schizophrenia (n = 9,284). Comparative analysis using abstracts from the International Society for the Psychological Treatment of Schizophrenia (n = 992). Patient-centredness was assessed by determining the number of abstracts that primarily addressed participants' subjective experiences. Research was presented from 50 countries globally. European and North American countries produced 8,573 (92%) of the total. Biological research was the main theme of 6,960 (75%) of the abstracts, with psychosocial research constituting less than 5%. One hundred and eighty three (2%) abstracts from the two main conferences addressed subjective experiences, as did 333 (34%) from the comparative analysis. Between 1988 and 2004 research emanating from North American and European countries, together with biologically orientated research, were the most prevalent perspectives on schizophrenia. It appears that research into the subjective experiences of participants has not been as prevalent as more objective accounts of the disorder, suggesting that this research effort has not been patient-centred.

A review of ethics in psychiatric research

To summarize important recent contributions to the literature on the subject of ethics in psychiatric research. Current literature reflects an expansion in the range of psychiatric research on ethics topics. Articles continue to appear on core ethics subjects such as informed consent, but many recent contributions focus on diverse issues such as third-party privacy, the ethics of Internet-based research, revisiting the wisdom of imposing medical ethics requirements on observational research, and psychiatric research ethics as applied to special populations such as children or older persons. Psychiatric research is critical for the elucidation, prevention, and treatment of mental diseases. Increased attention and novel approaches taken to obtain informed consent, correcting therapeutic misconception, and guarding privacy will advance the research enterprise and continue to ensure that the subjective experiences of participants in psychiatric research remain positive.

The Meanings of Emotional Ailments in a Marginalized Community in Mexico City

The population's conceptions about health are crucial to the development of any intervention strategy in the field of public health. We are interested in describing the sense adult inhabitants confer on emotional ailments in daily life. We used the Theory of Social Representations as a framework of reference and a multimethod perspective, which will enable us to recover the subjective experience of participants in the study, not only regarding emotional suffering, but also as a means of incorporating their perceptions of pleasurable states into their everyday lives. Finally, we discuss our findings, taking into account the implications of using various methodological strategies to obtain a more integral health approach that proved extremely useful for identifying the felt needs of the population and proposing their inclusion in mental health care programs.