Experience Of Subjects Research Articles

HCI Teaching and Learning Model Using Studio-Based Learning

This research explores Studio-based Learning (SBL) within Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) subjects, focusing on the crucial elements required in the design of maker spaces to enhance user experience (UX) design education. As HCI becomes increasingly complex and interdisciplinary, traditional classroom settings often fail to provide the required experiential learning environment for certain subjects. Our study examines various subjects in the discipline, highlighting diverse interactivity requirements and the potential of Studio-based Learning to effectively address students' and staff’s needs. We analyse the impact of studio settings on the learning outcomes and expectations of students, especially in fostering creativity, collaboration, and hands-on engagement. Our research findings indicate that studio-based classrooms significantly improve student learning experiences in interactive and practical subjects, although effective planning around space and time constraints can impede its full implementation.

Evidence for interacting but decoupled controls of decisions and movements in nonhuman primates.

Many recent studies indicate that control of decisions and actions is integrated during interactive behavior. Among these, several carried out in humans and monkeys conclude that there is a coregulation of choices and movements. Another perspective, based on human data only, proposes a decoupled control of decision duration and movement speed, allowing, for instance, trading decision duration for movement duration when time pressure increases. Crucially, it is not currently known whether this ability to flexibly dissociate decision duration from movement speed is specific to humans, whether it can vary depending on the context in which a task is performed, and whether it is stable over time. These are important questions to address, especially to rely on monkey electrophysiology to infer the neural mechanisms of decision-action coordination in humans. To do so, we trained two macaque monkeys in a perceptual decision-making task and analyzed data collected over multiple behavioral sessions. Our findings reveal a strong and complex relationship between decision duration and movement vigor. Decision duration and action duration can covary but also "compensate" each other. Such integrated but decoupled control of decisions and actions aligns with recent studies in humans, validating the monkey model in electrophysiology as a means of inferring neural mechanisms in humans. Crucially, we demonstrate for the first time that this control can evolve with experience, in an adapted manner. Together, the present findings contribute to deepening our understanding of the integrated control of decisions and actions during interactive behavior.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The mechanism by which the integrated control of decisions and actions occurs, coupled or interactive but decoupled, is debated. In the present study, we show in monkeys that decisions and actions influence each other in a decoupled way. For the first time, we also demonstrate that this control can evolve depending the subject's experience, allowing the trade of movement time for decision time and limiting the temporal discounting of reward value.

Lidocaine Patches After Cesarean Sections: A Randomized Control Trial

ObjectivesLidocaine patches are a common topical analgesic therapy but have not been thoroughly investigated in the surgical or obstetric literature. We sought to investigate the impact of adding topical lidocaine patches to routine post-cesarean pain management on patients’ post-cesarean pain scores and opioid use. Study DesignThis is a prospective randomized subject blinded controlled trial of patients undergoing cesarean delivery at a single institution. Individuals were excluded if they had three or more cesarean sections, abdominoplasty, history of abdominal hernia repair with mesh, active polysubstance use, or history of opiate use disorder with current medication-assisted treatment. Patients were randomized via a 1:1 randomization scheme to a placebo patch or lidocaine patch. Baseline maternal characteristics were collected. The primary outcome was mean visual analog pain scores (0-10). Our secondary outcome was total morphine equivalents used over the post-operative hospital stay. Pre- and post-study surveys were performed to evaluate subject's prior analgesia use (including opioids) and patient experience in the study. ResultsA total of 100 patients were randomized and 93 had complete data for analysis (46 placebo group, 47 treatment group). Groups had similar baseline characteristics (age, BMI, ethnicity, surgical time, and estimated blood loss). Mean maximum post-operative pain score by visual analog scale did not differ between placebo or lidocaine patch groups on post-operative day 1 (p=0.3), day 2 (p=0.9), day 3 (p=0.07), or day 4 (p=0.09). Mean post-operative pain score by visual analog scale did not differ between placebo or lidocaine patch groups on post-operative day 1 (p=0.7), day 2 (p=0.6), day 3 (p=0.2), or day 4 (p=0.5). In the post-study survey, 0% of the respondents in the lidocaine patch group reported disruption of their care and 63% reported desired use of lidocaine patch in the future. ConclusionsThe addition of lidocaine patches did not significantly decrease the maximum or average post-operative pain scores via visual analog scale after cesarean sections. More research is needed into non-opioid pain management strategies in the post-operative period in obstetric care.

Use of Clive Bell's Theory in the Lamongan Typical Lele Pecel Banner Image

Clive Bell is a philosopher of modern classical art who is famous for his idea of ​​significant form. Bell is a philosopher who was influenced by Plato's line of thought about beautiful forms that seem to be outside the form of the work itself. According to him, all aesthetic systems start from the subject's personal experience of the occurrence of typical emotions. There are three theories of Clive Bell, namely aesthetic emotion, meaningful form, and essentialism. This research uses a qualitative research approach with data collection stages as the completion material for this research, because qualitative methods generally emphasize analysis or descriptiveness. Data can be obtained from data collection techniques in the form of in-depth interviews and observation. Based on the analysis carried out, a new meaning emerged in the typical Lamongan catfish pecel banner. The Lamongan catfish pecel banner is not just an ordinary banner without any artistic value in it. After carrying out this research, it was found that in the catfish pecel banner there are Clive Bell's principles, namely aesthetic emotions, meaningful forms, and essentialism and there are also principles of painting such as color lines, shapes, planes, and textures.

Toward a conceptualization of the musical self: A theoretical-methodological approach to subjectivity in independent musicians

The objective of this study is to advance a theoretical and methodological proposal for the analysis of subjectivity construction in independent musicians. Existing social and cultural theories of subjectivity have not satisfactorily addressed the artistic experience of musicians. We present an analytic model that highlights the place of language from a perspective informed by dialogical theories and which also incorporates the aesthetic dimension of subjectivity in the occupational field. By analyzing six narrative interviews, we offer a qualitative insight into how independent musicians subjectively experience their musical activity. We constructed dialogical dimensions associated with four subjective movements in the interviewees’ discourse: aesthetic, activity, authorship, and reflectivity. Our findings about the configuration of musical subjectivity yielded three core points of articulation: musical self, existential self, and musical-occupational self. The musical self emerges as a particular subjective configuration, since creative activity represents a point of vital and occupational grounding where the boundaries between work and subjective experience appear to fade. Employing the aesthetic dimension of subjectivity made it possible to add complexity to the articulation and integration of various subjective elements of a psychological and social nature that have traditionally been studied in isolation.

In Defence of Macroidealism

ABSTRACT This paper defends macroidealism: the thesis that physical truths metaphysically depend on truths about the phenomenal experiences of macroscopic subjects. I argue that macroidealism has explanatory advantages over materialism and dualism. I also defend macroidealism from objections relating to illusions, imperceptible phenomena, and the explanation of phenomenal coherence.

Examining Bhutanese Science Teachers’ Epistemic Views of Scientific Inquiry

AbstractScientific inquiry is regarded as the bedrock of science education in Bhutan. Bhutanese science teachers, for example, are increasingly required to possess accurate and deep epistemic views of scientific inquiry. Hence, this cross-sectional study was carried out to examine Bhutanese science teachers’ epistemic views of scientific inquiry. The study recruited 301 science teachers using convenience and snowball sampling procedures. Data was collected using Views About Scientific Inquiry (VASI) questionnaire administered through an online survey mode and analysed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistical methods. Findings from this study revealed Bhutanese science teachers as being ignorant of epistemic aspects related to questions and hypotheses, procedures of investigations, results, and procedures of investigations, scientific data and scientific evidence, and scientific explanations and scientific theories. The independent sample t-test revealed no significant difference between Bhutanese male and female science teachers’ epistemic views of scientific inquiry (p > .05). The one-way ANOVA revealed significant differences amongst Bhutanese science teachers’ epistemic views of scientific inquiry based on academic qualification (p < .05). The Tukey HSD post hoc test, however, showed the differences existing only between science teachers with master’s degree and certificate qualification in favour of the former (p < .05). The three-way ANOVA revealed Bhutanese science teachers’ epistemic views of scientific inquiry as being independent of individual and interaction effects of school type, teaching subject, and teaching experience (p > .05).

The Aesthetic Expression of Abstract Calligraphy: Emotion and Form between Brush and Ink

Calligraphy is one of the most important visual art forms inherited from China for thousands of years. The visual formal resources contributed by the dots and structures of Chinese calligraphy are one of the wonders in the world art history. Among them, abstract calligraphy, as a unique art form, contains rich emotional expression and formal aesthetic exploration between brush and ink. This study adopts a qualitative research paradigm, through in-depth interviews with senior abstract calligraphers, art critics and scholars, combined with on-site observation of the creative process of calligraphy, literature analysis and interpretation of works, in order to comprehensively analyze the emotional connotation and formal vocabulary of abstract calligraphy, and to clarify the intrinsic connection and tension between the two. The results of the study show that in abstract calligraphy, the subject's emotional experience is the root power of modeling. Through the refinement and sublimation of life experience, the calligrapher injects the vibration of individual consciousness and philosophical thoughts into the brush and ink with the help of visual elements such as brush strokes, lines, and compositions. The brush and ink become the direct speech of the mind, and the viewer can feel the rhythm and bitterness of life, the struggle and emptiness of desire, the pursuit of tranquility and other rich emotional experiences in the works. At the same time, the careful construction of formal language is also the core of abstract calligraphy exploration. Through the mastery of brush and ink materials and writing momentum, the use of wet and dry contrast, white space, texture and other techniques, to create a shocking visual tension, giving people a strong experience of formal aesthetics. The study emphasizes that abstract calligraphy realizes a high degree of unity between emotion and form. On the one hand, the form itself carries the spiritual experience and inner emotion of the calligrapher; on the other hand, the emotion gives life and inner tension to the form. The two integrate and echo each other, forming an organic whole. It is this perfect combination of mind and form that makes abstract calligraphy become the visualization of human emotion and spiritual world, and triggers endless thoughts and resonance in the viewers. The researcher comprehensively analyzes the emotional core and formal qualities of abstract calligraphy from both theoretical and empirical levels, providing a new perspective for a deeper understanding of the unique aesthetic value of this art form.

Taste enhances the ability to express a preference for a congruent odor in rats.

Foods that make up a typical diet are characterized by a rich set of sensory qualities that are perceived through multiple different modalities. It is well known that multisensory aspects of food are integrated to create our perception of flavor, which in turn affects our behavioral responses to food. However, the principles underlying multisensory integration of flavor-related sensory signals and how they inform perceptual judgments remain poorly understood, partly due to lack of control over flavor experience in human subjects. Here, we used rats as a model to overcome this limitation and tested the hypothesis that taste can enhance discriminability of retronasal odor cues. In a series of two-bottle tests, animals chose between two odorized solutions after learning to associate one of the odors with saccharin. When odors were highly similar, animals showed little preference for the saccharin-associated odor. When adding saccharin to both bottles-rendering one of the solutions' congruent-animals' preference for the saccharin-associated odor was significantly enhanced. No effect of taste was observed when using dissimilar odor pairs or novel taste stimuli. These findings suggest that congruent taste stimuli selectively enhance odor identity representations, aiding in the discriminability of perceptually similar flavors. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

How Do People Who Undergo Ketamine Treatment for a Psychiatric Problem Subjectively Experience This Intervention? A Meta-Synthesis of Qualitative Studies.

Ketamine treatment has shown promising effects for different mental disorders. Yet, little is known on how people who receive ketamine for a psychiatric problem subjectively experience undergoing this intervention. We conducted a systematic literature search to identify relevant qualitative research on the first-person experience of undergoing ketamine treatment in a psychiatric context. 24 eligible studies were identified and analysed using a thematic meta-synthesis approach. Three main themes were identified. First, 'The Ketamine treatment experience can be understood as a three-stage journey with unique clinical features at each stage'. Second, 'The subjective experience of acute ketamine treatment is multifaceted and complex'. Third, 'Ketamine treatment can have different positive effects-but what happens if it does not work?'. In summary, the subjective experience of receiving ketamine treatment for a psychiatric problem can be understood as a journey whereby patients move towards, then undergo, and eventually depart from ketamine. Before treatment, the experiential focus lies on expectations, hopes, and feelings towards the drug. During treatment, the drug's multifaceted psychotropic effects and how they are emotionally appraised become central to experience. Once treatment is finished, the focus is on the presence or absence of clinically relevant effects. The conceptual framework we propose can guide further qualitative research on this topic and aid mental health professionals to better understand the experience of patients who undergo ketamine treatment for a psychiatric problem.

Effect of Hospital-to-Home Transitional Care for COPD on Patient-Centered Outcomes.

Appropriate hospital-to-home transitional care has been recognized for its positive impact on health care usage and health outcomes in patients with COPD. However, there is limited research assessing its effects on patient-centered outcomes, focusing on patient symptoms and experiences. This single-blind randomized controlled trial included subjects diagnosed with COPD at one of 2 university hospitals in South Korea. The study included 179 subjects (transitional care group [transitional care], 87; usual care group [usual care], 92). The transitional care received transitional care comprising post-discharge care planning, personalized education, breathing exercises, telephone counseling, home visits, and referral to social services. We analyzed the effects of these interventions by comparing breathing symptoms and various patient-centered outcomes between the 2 groups. The Modified Medical Research Council scores (mean [SD], transitional care 1.3 [1.06], usual care 1.82 [1.1], P = .002) and COPD Assessment Test scores (transitional care 6.32 [5.5], usual care 9.43 [7.16], P = .001) in the intervention group demonstrated more significant improvement than did those in the usual care. Following intervention, the subjects exhibited enhanced awareness of their disease, an increased frequency of inhaler use (transitional care 49.69 [1.67], usual care 46.86 [7.92], P = .002), and lower depression and anxiety scores. Additionally, the transitional care outperformed the usual care in the domain of subject experience during hospitalization (transitional care 39.34 [6.14], usual care 37.5 [5.61], P = .036), preparedness before discharge (transitional care 34.54 [4.96], usual care 32.3 [5.09], P = .003), and post-discharge management (transitional care 34.72 [4.36], usual care 30.29 [4.26], P = .003). Evidence-based transitional care services can exert positive effects on patient-centered indices. Our findings can be used as evidence of the need to establish patient-centered transitional care as a form of universal care for patients with COPD.

Subjectivity in Women's Writing in the Cyber Age

Women's creativity has undergone a long and difficult development. The emergence of the intangible cultural heritage "Jiangyong Nvshu" gave women an exclusive language to express their life experiences, but in the feudal historical environment, women's self-consciousness was limited, not deep or firm enough,and they could not really fight against the structure, and the subjectivity of women's calligraphy was only a restricted narrative of suffering. With socio-economic development and the rise of Internet platforms, patriarchy and male power can no longer force women to be silent, and the situation of female creators has improved. The Internet is not only a platform for amplifying women's voices, but also a field for women and their creations to be discussed and interpreted again. The era of blogging is not only a time for women to bravely break into the public sphere to write about their subjectivity, but also a time when they may be pressurized and even violated by the words of the other on the Internet. Through the qualitative research methods of purposive sampling and semi-structured in-depth interviews, this paper investigates the personal experiences of four female Internet users to understand their feelings about contemporary female creators, and analyzes their interpretations of the public opinion environment in which female creators find themselves, taking Jia Ling's personal experience and the heated debates her work Yolo as an example on the Internet.The four interviewees are student MengQianye ,editor WangYanshi, operator Pangding and YouTuber HeNan.This paper explores the limitations and possibilities of female creators' writing subjectivity in the cyber era from public figures to the creators around them, and from the experience of the creative subject to the perception of the other, from multiple levels and perspectives.

Application of the Concept Planning, Organizing, Actuating, Controlling in Improving the Quality of Education at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Wathoniyah Cirebon

This study investigates the application of management functions in enhancing the quality of education at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Wathoniyah Putra Buntet in Kabupaten Cirebon. Despite the potential for good management to improve educational quality, the current management practices at this school are ineffective and inefficient, leading to poorly implemented programs and plans. The research aims to: 1) explore the application of education management functions; 2) understand the management practices at Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Wathoniyah Putra Buntet; 3) identify factors that hinder and support quality improvement in education. The research focuses on the management functions of planning, organizing, implementing, and controlling. Utilizing a qualitative approach, the study seeks to understand the experiences of the research subjects through observation, documentation, and interviews. Data analysis involves reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. Findings indicate that while the management functions are recognized, their execution is insufficient, resulting in ineffective programs. Inhibiting factors include inadequate infrastructure, insufficient funding, and low-quality educators. Supporting factors are strong leadership, good coordination and cooperation, and teachers' classroom management skills.

Oral Health Status of the Institutionalized Elderly in Mangalore City, Karnataka, South India: Extents, Insights and Action

Oral diseases are progressive and cumulative across the life span and due to this reason, the oral health of the institutionalized elderly is of concern within the realm of geriatric care. An improvement in oral health among the institutionalized elderly will boost their social life, self-confidence, mastication and nutritional status, thereby bringing a positive outlook. To assess the periodontal status, dental caries experience, prosthetic status, and prosthetic need of institutionalized elderly in Mangalore. A cross-sectional study was conducted to assess the dental caries experience, periodontal status, prosthetic status, and prosthetic needs of 143 elderly individuals living in geriatric homes in Mangalore city. The demographic data, periodontal status, prosthetic status, and prosthetic need was obtained using the WHO Oral Health Assessment Form 1997. Dental caries experience was recorded according to the WHO modified DMFT Index. Descriptive statistics was obtained using SPSS version 16. The mean dental caries experience of the study subjects was 8.80. The presence of supra or sub gingival calculus was noted in 44.8 % of the subjects and the presence of a pathological pocket of 4 mm or more was seen in 32 %. About 33 of the subjects did not require any kind of prosthesis in the upper & lower arch. From this survey of the institutionalized elderly population, it was evident that, half of them had supra or subgingival calculus deposits and more than 76.9 % have one or the other need for a prosthesis. Keywords Edentulousness, Elderly inmates, Old age homes, Oral health

Comparison of Binary Logistic Regression and SVM to Classify Diabetes Sufferers

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by high levels of glucose in the blood due to disruption of the insulin hormone which functions as a regulator of the balance of blood sugar levels. This disease continues to increase in prevalence in various countries, making it a global health problem. Diabetes has trigger factors that contribute to the incidence of the disease, such as age, gender, smoking habits, healthy eating patterns, high blood pressure, and others. Diagnosis of diabetes can be done by carrying out a fasting blood sugar test, a 2-hour postprandial (PP) blood sugar test, and a random blood sugar test. However, it is very possible for diagnoses made by health workers to have errors due to subjectivity and different experiences, so a fast and precise classification method is needed to classify patients undergoing diabetes examination based on variables related to diabetes. The classification method used in this research is binary logistic regression and Support Vector Machine (SVM). A similar study carried out classification of diabetes sufferers using the Naive Bayes and KNN methods by comparing the results with SVM, so in this study the binary logistic regression method and SVM will be used to determine the performance of the classification method. The data used is secondary data. Next, the data is divided into training and testing data. The analysis results show that the SVM method is slightly superior in classification accuracy of testing data, namely 97.75%. With this research, it is hoped that decisions on patients undergoing diabetes examination will be faster, more precise and effective, and classification methods with better performance can be applied

The nursing ethnographic research into complex societies

Introduction: Multicultural societies of the postmodern world are characterized by the complexity of their structure, organization, and operation. In such societies, there is a heterogeneous set of social players who experience a variety of phenomena in their daily lives in cities. Within this context, nursing care has developed and nurses in recent years have turned to ethnography as a tool in understanding socio-cultural reality and experience from the perspective of those living these experiences. This is a theoretical study seeking to reflect upon the application of an ethnographic approach in Brazilian nursing research in complex societies.Ethnography in Brazilian nursing research in complex societies: Brazilian nurses have appropriated the methodological tools and theories of nursing and anthropological studies to investigate the experiences and meanings attributed to health-disease process, cultural influence on health-related behaviors, as well as to evaluate and manage work processes. Further studies are emphasized to attempt to theorize and reflect upon the methodological construction of this research. This move highlights a shift in focus on nursing research and practice for a more integrative and complex view of human beings and reality. Ethnography helps us learn about a given reality and, as a result, we obtain new insights for understanding the phenomena.Reflection: It is considered that anthropological knowledge extends the nurses’ views on the subject about which they devote their practice, refining it. Being closer to the lives and experience of subjects, permits the perception of phenomena from the perspective of the players involved, offering professionals a different view on the needs and outcomes of nursing care.

Penerapan Evaluasi Sumatif dalam Pembelajaran BTQ Kelas III SD Plus Bakti Nusantara 666 Cileunyi

Summative evaluation alludes to an outline of understudy execution and is expected to be accounted for toward the finish of a program of study. Even though summative assessments do not directly affect learning, they frequently influence decisions that can affect learning for students. Qualitative field research is used in this study. This technique is utilized to make sense of intricate peculiarities by gathering nitty gritty information. Phenomenological research seeks to comprehend the experiences of research subjects as well as phenomena such as behavior, perception, motivation, and so on within the context of particular languages and natural environments. According to the results of the interviews, summative assessment takes place at ASTS and ASAS when all of the learning material has been covered. The summative assessment questions at SD Plus Bakti Nusantara 666 Cile unyi are multiple-choice, true/false, matching, and essay. As to, on the grounds that SD In addition to Bakti Nusantara 666 Cileunyi is a tuition based school, the deterrents confronted rely upon the typical degree of understudy accomplishment. Assuming that understudies can't accomplish the KKM, they will be given remuneration by handling the financing questions gave in the expectation of having the option to accomplish an evaluation as per the predetermined KKM. Summative assessment focuses on reporting at the end of a study program and is connected to the conclusion of student achievement. Although they frequently influence decisions that may affect students' learning, summative assessments do not directly affect learning.

Green Tourism as a New Direction for Sustainable Tourism Development: Policy and Implementation in Angantelu Traditional Village (Bukit Batu Belah)

Angantelu Traditional Village, with its natural and cultural riches, has great potential to implement green tourism as a sustainable tourism development strategy. Bukit Batu Belah, as one of the tourist destinations in this village, offers beautiful natural panoramas and opportunities for various environmentally friendly activities such as jogging and hiking. This research aims to examine the concept and implementation of green tourism as a new direction for the development of sustainable tourism in the Angantelu Traditional Village. A qualitative approach is used to understand the context, meaning and experiences of research subjects holistically. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews, observation and documentation studies. Data analysis was carried out using a qualitative approach, such as narrative and thematic analysis. This result showed that the implementation of green tourism in the Angantelu Traditional Village, especially in Bukit Batu Belah, has shown various successes and challenges. The green tourism policies and programs implemented have succeeded in increasing environmental awareness and active participation of local communities. Conservation efforts and land use regulations have helped preserve local ecosystems, while environmental education programs strengthen public and tourist understanding of the importance of sustainable tourism. However, the main challenges faced include a lack of coordination between stakeholders, environmental awareness that still needs to be improved, and conflicts of interest between tourism actors and the community.

Development of Piety Through Community-Based Islamic Religious Education

This study aims to describe and discover the uniqueness of piety through community-based Islamic Religious Education. Piety in this context is defined as human steadfastness in faith and its implementation, namely diligence in actualizing Islamic principles in life. This research is a qualitative study with a phenomenological approach. Data was collected through non-participant observation, semi-structured interviews, documentation, and literature review. The data analysis steps began with concrete description, experiencing the whole, creating units of meaning, transforming and reducing, creating constituents and structures, conveying findings, and interpreting findings. The collected data were tested for validity through source and technique triangulation. This study found that the religious experiences of the research subjects do not always come from family education. The religious community they belong to, the environment they live in, and demographic data also significantly contribute to their piety. Inner and spiritual experiences are dominant factors in the piety of research subjects. The development of piety among research subjects is influenced by their diverse experiences. For the research subjects, piety is interpreted as a principle of life. The true meaning of piety will give birth to a perspective and attitude of sincere devotion as a form of manifestation of true piety.

Consciousness and Perspectival De Se content

Most people think indexical thought has special content (de se content). However, it has been acknowledged that classical examples, such as those offered by Perry and Lewis, are insufficient to establish this conclusion. Ongoing discussions typically focus on first-person beliefs and their relationship to the explanation of successful behavior and linguistic practices. Instead, I want to direct attention to the phenomenal content of our conscious experiences and the largely neglected contribution that its comprehension can make to the way in which first-person representation is understood. This paper offers a novel argument for both the existence and a specific interpretation of the essential indexicality thesis based on widely accepted assumptions regarding the relation between phenomenology and representation. Specifically, I will argue that if (i) two different individuals can have token experiences with the same phenomenology and ii) two token experiences of ordinary subjects with the same phenomenology have the same phenomenal content, then phenomenal content is de se content of a particular kind: perspectival de se content.