Subgenus Leptostemonum Research Articles

Taxonomical study on genus Solanum(Solanaceae) in Taif region, Saudi Arabia

The taxonomy and phylogeny of Solanum species are unnerving tasks because of their wide range and huge size. This work aims to reassess the taxonomy of Solanum species in the Taif Highlands based on numerical criteria. We used 43 accessions and 99 macro- and micro-morphological traits to identify nine Solanum species and five hybrids from the S. nigrum complex. The obtained results showed that Solanum species in the studied area belong to three subgenera with five sections: Subgenus Leptostemonum with sections Oliganthes (S. forskalii and S. glabratum), Melongena (S. incanum and S. melongena), and Giganteiformia (S. schimperianum); Subgenus Solanum with sections Solanum (S. nigrum and S. villosum); and Subgenus Potatoe section Petota (S.lycopersicum). In addition, the pollen characters separated spiny species (S. incanum, S. melongena, S. glabratum, and S. forskalii) from non-spiny species (S. schimperianum, S. lycoperiscum, S. nigrum, and S. villosum). The present study recommends an elaborate study of the hybridization between S. villosum and Solanum nigrum, also, experiments for hybridization between cultivated and wild species need more investigation.

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Trichomes are extensions of the epidermis, frequently used as diagnostic traits for determining plant species. Solanum L., 1753 is a widespread and taxonomically complex genus. Although the genus Solanum has been the subject of numerous types of research, little attention has been given to the trichomes of the wild species found in Egypt. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to examine trichome types in ten wild Solanum species and assess their taxonomic importance. Using light, scanning electron microscopy and line drawings, indumentum characteristics on the abaxial leaf surface are investigated. The results showed a wide range of variation in trichome density on a 1 mm2 area of leaf blade (sparse, moderate, and dense), nature (glandular or non-glandular, simple or stellate), and structure (number of composing cells in simple non-glandular and glandular stalk and head; the number of radiating rays in stellate hairs). SEM revealed the existence of unique wax structures, including warty granules in addition to flakes. Our observations are consistent with the general characteristics of the subgenus Leptostemonum and the subgenus Solanum. This work provides strong evidence for the separation and interspecific delimitation of the investigated Solanum species using trichome morphology as a significant taxonomic trait.

Characteristics, Comparative Analysis, and Phylogenetic Relationships of Chloroplast Genomes of Cultivars and Wild Relatives of Eggplant (Solanum melongena).

The eggplant (Solanum melongena) is a popular vegetable around the world. However, the origin and evolution of eggplant has long been considered complex and unclear, which has become the barrier to improvements in eggplant breeding. Sequencing and comparative analyses of 13 complete chloroplast (cp) genomes of seven Solanum species were performed. Genome sizes were between 154,942 and 156,004 bp, the smallest genome was from S. torvum and the largest from S. macrocapon. Thirteen cp genomes showed highly conserved sequences and GC contents, particularly at the subgenus level. All genes in the 13 genomes were annotated. The cp genomes in this study comprised 130 genes (i.e., 80 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 42 tRNA genes), apart from S. sisymbriifolium, which had 129 (79 protein-coding genes, 8 rRNA genes, and 42 tRNA genes.). The rps16 was absent from the cp genome of S. sisymbriifolium, resulting in a nonsense mutation. Twelve hotspot regions of the cp genome were identified, which showed a series of sequence variations and differed significantly in the inverted repeat/single-copy boundary regions. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis was conducted using 46 cp genomic sequences to determine interspecific genetic and phylogenetic relationships in Solanum species. All species formed two branches, one of which contained all cultivars of the subgenus Leptostemonum. The cp genome data and phylogenetic analysis provides molecular evidence revealing the origin and evolutionary relationships of S. melongena and its wild relatives. Our findings suggest precise intra- and interspecies relatedness within the subgenus Leptostemonum, which has positive implications for work on improvements in eggplant breeding, particularly in producing heterosis, expanding the source of species variation, and breeding new varieties.

Morphological Characterization of Wild Solanum Species Used for Grafting in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.)

Solanum L. (Solanaceae) is one of the largest genera of angiosperms, where subgenus Leptostemonum consists of one-third of its economically important species. However, the group faces difficulty in species identification due to the lack of a regional key to each species. As Solanum species carry out traits for resistance to disease, pests, and nematodes, hassle in species identification hinders their utilization. Hence this study provides a detailed morphological characterizationof five Solanum species which bring forth a clear identification of the species and may further be exploited for improvement program in brinjal.

New names and status for Pacific spiny species of Solanum (Solanaceae, subgenus Leptostemonum Bitter; the Leptostemonum Clade).

Five new species of spiny solanums (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum Bitter; the Leptostemonum Clade) are described from the islands of the Pacific. Two of the new species are from Fiji (S. pseudopedunculatum D.McClelland, sp. nov. and S. ratale D.McClelland, sp. nov.), two from New Caledonia (S. memoayanum D.McClelland, sp. nov. and S. semisucculentum D.McClelland, sp. nov.), one from Papua New Guinea (S. labyrinthinum D.McClelland, sp. nov.) and another from Vanuatu (S. vanuatuense D.McClelland, sp. nov.). A new status and combination is provided for the rare Hawaiian endemic S. caumii (F.Br.) D.McClelland, comb. et stat. nov. and a new type designated for S. peekelii Bitter of Papua New Guinea, for which a description is also provided. All species are illustrated with digitized herbarium specimens, mapped and have been assigned a preliminary conservation status using current IUCN guidelines. Details of all specimens examined are provided in a Suppl. materials 1: file SM1.

Molecular characterisation of Solanum melongena L. and the crop wild relatives, S. violaceum Ortega and S. torvum Sw., using phylogenetic/DNA barcoding markers

The Leptostemonum clade (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum Bitter) species Solanum melongena L. (the aubergine) is an economically important crop which requires the acquisition of adaptive traits, potentially from its wild relatives of the same clade, to reduce its susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stress. The application of matK, rbcL, psbA-trnH and ITS2 to Leptostemonum clade phylogeny and DNA barcoding is not documented. In this study, PCR amplification and direct sequencing of these markers from S. melongena, S. violaceum Ortega and S. torvum Sw., with commonly used primers, were tested. The four DNA regions were amplified from these species. matK, rbcL and psbA-trnH were successfully sequenced. Unlike rbcL, matK and psbA-trnH could singly produce species-specific groups in phylogenetic analyses, which showed species relationships consistent with those from previously published phylogenies determined using other chloroplast and nuclear DNA regions. The phylogeny from matK+psbA-trnH exhibited high bootstrap support for the S. melongena group as well as intraspecific resolution within S. violaceum. In the context of testing the use of DNA barcoding to discriminate between S. violaceum and S. anguivi Lam., interspecific and intraspecific p-distances for matK, rbcL and psbA-trnH in these two species were compared. No barcode gap or diagnostic character was found, thus eliminating these three markers as potential DNA barcodes to discriminate between S. violaceum and S. anguivi.

Identification of Eight Solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum) Species as Novel Natural Hosts of Tomato chlorosis virus in Brazil

HomePlant DiseaseVol. 102, No. 8Identification of Eight Solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum) Species as Novel Natural Hosts of Tomato chlorosis virus in Brazil PreviousNext DISEASE NOTES OPENOpen Access licenseIdentification of Eight Solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum) Species as Novel Natural Hosts of Tomato chlorosis virus in BrazilL. S. Boiteux, M. F. Lima, M. E. N. Fonseca, J. L. Mendonça, A. F. Costa, J. G. Silva-Filho, M. G. Fontes, and M. González-ArcosL. S. Boiteux†Corresponding author: L. S. Boiteux; E-mail: E-mail Address: leonardo.boiteux@embrapa.brhttp://orcid.org/0000-0002-5791-8002Search for more papers by this author, M. F. LimaSearch for more papers by this author, M. E. N. FonsecaSearch for more papers by this author, J. L. MendonçaSearch for more papers by this author, A. F. CostaSearch for more papers by this author, J. G. Silva-FilhoSearch for more papers by this author, M. G. FontesSearch for more papers by this author, and M. González-ArcosSearch for more papers by this authorAffiliationsAuthors and Affiliations L. S. Boiteux † M. F. Lima M. E. N. Fonseca J. L. Mendonça A. F. Costa J. G. Silva-Filho , Embrapa Vegetable Crops (CNPH), Brasília–DF, Brazil M. G. Fontes , Dept. Fitopatologia, UnB, Brasília–DF, Brazil M. González-Arcos , INIA, Salto Grande, Uruguay. Published Online:24 May 2018https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-11-17-1718-PDNAboutSections ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmailWechat Leaves of Solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum) species with crinivirus-like symptoms (interveinal to overall chlorosis and reduced vigor) were collected during field surveys in Brasília–DF, Brazil (2012 to 2017). Samples were obtained from Solanum stramoniifolium Jacq. (CR-073 and CR-076 isolates), S. sessiliflorum Dunal (CR-075), S. subinerme Jacq. (CR-079), S. jamaicense Mill. (CR-082), S. mammosum L. (CR-081), S. scuticum M. Nee (CR-198), and S. velleum Roem & Schult. (CR-199). Prevalence of symptomatic plants was high (80 to 100%), with mild symptoms in most of the sampled species except for early-infected S. stramoniifolium and S. mammosum, in which symptoms were severe. A symptomatic S. paniculatum L. plant (found as a weed in a tomato field) was collected (CR-114) in Venturosa (Pernambuco State, Brazil). Leaves of tomato plants with crinivirus-like symptoms were also obtained (CR-115) in the same field in Venturosa. All samples were tested for the presence of two criniviruses known to infect solanaceous plants, Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) and Tomato infectious chlorosis virus (TICV). Total nucleic acids were extracted using TRIzol from tissues of symptomatic and healthy controls (i.e., seedlings of all Solanum species maintained under controlled conditions). The universal primer pair HS-11/HS-12 (which amplifies a 587-bp RNA-2 segment encompassing the HSP70h protein gene) was used in the RT-PCR step (Dovas et al. 2002). A nested-PCR assay was performed with ToCV- (ToC-5/ToC-6) and TICV-specific (TIC-3/TIC-4) primers (Dovas et al. 2002). Only ToCV-specific amplicons (∼463-bp) were detected in all symptomatic plants. Neither TICV- or ToCV-specific amplicons were detected in the healthy controls. Purified PCR products were directly sequenced at the Genomic Analysis Laboratory (CNPH, Brazil). Alignment of the sequences (419 nt) obtained for the eight Solanum isolates (GenBank accession nos. KY400116 to KY400119, KT727959, KX398666, KY400124, KY400132, and KY400133) and the tomato isolate CR-115 (KY400125) showed 99.2 to 100% identity among them and with a tomato-infecting ToCV isolate from Brazil (EU868927). ToCV infection was confirmed via dot-blot hybridization with a coat protein-derived RNA probe (436 nt fragment of RNA-2; primers MA-380/MA-381) (Fortes et al. 2012) labeled with digoxigenin (DIG)-11-UTP and with the chemiluminescent substrate CDP Star kit (Roche Diagnostics). Nucleic acid extracts of all isolates and their respective healthy controls were included in the dot-blot assays. Positive hybridization results were observed only in symptomatic samples. ToCV isolates from S. stramoniifolium and S. mammosum were transmitted to tomato ‘TX468 RG’ in controlled assays using adults of Bemisia tabaci MEAM1 as vectors. Even though Koch’s postulates were not fulfilled for ToCV as causal agent of the disease syndrome observed in all the Solanum species sampled, this virus has already been reported infecting members of the subgenus Leptostemonum (Fonseca et al. 2016), suggesting a widespread susceptibility of the plants from this taxon. These host species are widespread in South America either as cultivated and weed species or as members of the native flora with occurrence near many tropical and semitropical tomato-producing areas across the entire continent (Arruabarrena et al. 2014; 2015). Hence, these Solanum species (with long vegetative cycle) might have a significant epidemiological role as they might function as year-round reservoirs of ToCV.

Concentración de nutrimentos en la solución nutritiva y rendimiento de “cuatomate” (Solanum glaucescens Zucc.)

El cuatomate es una planta que pertenece a la familia de las Solanaceas, del subgénero Leptostemonum, también llamadas “solanaceas espinudas”, por presentar espinas en diferentes partes de los órganos de la planta. Es una especie cultivada y silvestre con un alto potencial para ser aprovechado en nuevos sistemas de reconversión productiva en la región Mixteca Baja Poblana. Con el propósito de valorar su capacidad productiva y caracterizarla agronómicamente, se estableció un experimento con un diseño completamente al azar, con cuatro repeticiones, en Atlixco, Puebla, en condiciones controladas de tezontle rojo como sustrato en hidropónia bajo malla sombra. Las plantas evaluadas tenían un año de edad, la densidad fue de una planta por m2, con un distanciamiento entre hileras de 1.25 m y 1 m entre plantas. Se evaluaron cuatro concentraciones de la solución universal de Steiner 25, 50, 75 y 100%. Las variables evaluadas fueron número de racimos, número total de frutos acumulados y número de frutos cosechados, diámetro polar y ecuatorial de fruto, peso de fruto fresco y seco acumulado, así como también el peso promedio de fruto fresco y seco. La concentración de nutrimentos claramente influenció el número de frutos cosechados y frutos acumulados, así como también el peso fresco acumulado; las demás variables no se vieron afectadas. Las condiciones de sombra e hidroponia pueden ser una alternativa para fomentar el cultivo de cuatomate y el incremento en la producción; con potencial económico para la región Mixteca de Puebla y otras partes del país.

Two new species of the Solanum asterophorum species group (Solanum subg. Leptostemonum, Solanaceae) from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Two new species of “spiny” Solanum (subgenus Leptostemonum), endemic to the Atlantic Forest of the southeastern region of Brazil, are described. Solanum igniferum and Solanum sessilantherum are morphologically related to Solanum asterophorum. Solanum igniferum inhabits the southern region of Espírito Santo State, and can be primarily distinguished from S. asterophorum by its orange-colored to ferruginous vestiture and the pedicels that are straight, or nearly so, keeping the flower buds erect to patent. Solanum sessilantherum differs chiefly from S. asterophorum also by pedicels that are straight, or nearly so, keeping the floral buds erect to patent, loosely arranged inflorescences, with armed axis, usually with unpaired pedicel insertion points when fully developed, and inconspicuous filaments giving the anthers a sessile appearance. Full descriptions, illustrations, distribution map and conservation status are provided, as well as comparative notes on the morphology, geography and some ecological aspects.

Solanum insanum L. (subgenus Leptostemonum Bitter, Solanaceae), the neglected wild progenitor of eggplant (S. melongena L.): a review of taxonomy, characteristics and uses aimed at its enhancement for improved eggplant breeding

Solanum insanum L. (Solanaceaeae) is the wild progenitor of common eggplant (S. melongena L.) and is naturally distributed in south and southeast Asia, Madagascar and Mauritius. Despite interest in its potential for eggplant breeding it has not been studied extensively. Solanum insanum has been subjected to various taxonomic treatments, with several discussions and arguments on its delimitation as a species, due to its close similarities with the cultivated S. melongena and the wild species S. incanum L. from the Middle East and northern Africa. Solanum insanum has long been used in a variety of medicinal and culinary preparations across many different Asian ethnolinguistic groups. Limited studies carried out on its chemical composition and pharmacognostical properties coupled with ethnobotanic studies reveal that S. insanum has potential for eggplant improvement with respect to phytochemical properties of interest for human health. Further study of morphological and genetic diversity in S. insanum is essential to promote its utilization in eggplant breeding, in light of its potential to hybridize with cultivated eggplant successfully. Here we compile and review the taxonomy, phytogeography, ecology and habitat characteristics, cytology, ethnobotany, breeding and phytochemical analysis of S. insanum. A comprehensive botanical description and illustrations for S. insanum are provided. A detailed comparison of S. insanum and its closely allied species, S. melongena and S. incanum is also made. The potential of S. insanum for crop improvement and future research priorities are discussed.

Tropical Asian species show that the Old World clade of ‘spiny solanums’ (SolanumsubgenusLeptostemonum pro parte: Solanaceae) is not monophyletic

The tropical Asian taxa of the species-rich genus Solanum (Solanaceae) have been less well studied than their highly diverse New World relatives. Most of these tropical Asian species, including the cultivated brinjal eggplant/aubergine and its wild progenitor, are part of the largest monophyletic Solanum lineage, the ‘spiny solanums’ (subgenus Leptostemonum or the Leptostemonum clade). Here we present the first phylogenetic analysis of spiny solanums that includes broad sampling of the tropical Asian species, with 42 of the 56 currently recognized species represented. Two nuclear and three plastid regions [internal transcribed spacer (ITS), waxy, ndhF-rpL32, trnS-trnG and trnT-trnF] were amplified and used to reconstruct phylogenetic relationships using maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods. Our analyses show that Old World spiny solanums do not resolve in a single clade, but are part of three unrelated lineages, suggesting at least three independent introductions from the New World. We identify and describe several monophyletic groups in Old World solanums that have not been previously recognized. Some of these lineages are coherent in terms of morphology and geography, whereas others show considerable morphological variation and enigmatic distribution patterns. Tropical Asia occupies a key position in the biogeography of Old World spiny solanums, with tropical Asian taxa resolved as the closest relatives of diverse groups of species from Australia and Africa.

An Eight Marker Phylogeny of Solanum sect. Micracantha (Solanaceae)

Abstract The 12 species of Solanum sect. Micracantha are part of the large subgenus Leptostemonum or “spiny solanums,” which includes some 350–400 species. Members of the section are found in the Neotropics and are characterized by a combination of characters including a viny, climbing habit using recurved prickles, unbranched inflorescences, deeply divided corollas, and glabrous fruits. Broad-scale phylogenetic relationships within the spiny solanums have been the subject of several recent studies, but many of the individual groups, including sect. Micracantha, have received little attention. In this study we infer relationships within sect. Micracantha and its placement within the spiny solanums using DNA sequence data from three chloroplast markers, trnT-F, rpl32-trnL, and ndhF-rpl32 and five nuclear markers, ITS, waxy, and three COSII markers: At1g44760 (COS4b), At1g50020 (COS5c), and At2g15890 (COS5). Results support the monophyly of sect. Micracantha (the Micracantha clade) and its sister relationsh...

A Revision of <I>Solanum</I> section <I>Aculeigerum</I> (the <I>Solanum wendlandii</I> group, Solanaceae)

Abstract Solanum section Aculeigerum (the Solanum wendlandii group, Solanaceae) comprises eight species ranging from Mexico and Central America to Ecuador and Peru with one species in southeastern Brazil, Paraguay and northern Argentina. One species, Solanum wendlandii, is commonly cultivated worldwide in tropical and subtropical regions, and one new species from southern Mexico, Solanum triunfense, is described here. Members of Solanum section Aculeigerum are differentiated from other sections of Solanum by a combination of plurifoliate sympodial units, branched inflorescences, presence of prickles coupled with absence of stellate trichomes, and a vine-like habit. Unlike most other prickly species of Solanum, which are placed into Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum, they lack stellate hairs, and phylogenetic studies suggest that the section is one of several potential sister groups for the spiny solanums. A key, descriptions, habitat and distribution data, preliminary conservation assessments, specimens exam...

은빛까마중 (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.), 우리나라 미기록 귀화식물

ABSTRACT: We report a naturalized alien species, Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. from Chodo Isl., Samsanmeon,Yeosushi, Jeollanam-do province. The native distribution range of the species is the southwestern US and theadjacent region of northern Mexico. The species is related to S. nigrum L., but the species can be distinguishedfrom S. nigrum by the silver green stellate trichome on the surfaces of plants, the elongated leaf shape, and thesize and color of the flowers and fruits. Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav. belongs to the Solanum subgenus Lep-tostemonum. The species is recorded on the invasive species list in the subtropical or temperate regions of manyEuropean, Mediterranean, African, South American, Asian, and Australian countries. Therefore, we also need acareful monitoring and prevention strategy for this new invasive species in Korea. Keywords: Solanum elaeagnifolium, Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum , native distribution range, invasivespecies :      #$%& (Solanum elaeagnifolium Cav.) '()* +,- . . / 012 3  4 56, 789 .- . . ! $%& :;.1 ?@A BCDE FG H , IJ, K DL , MN4 O P Q ARE ST UVW- . ./ XY Z[ Q 1&\1]3>^ , _`a ,  , __ Q bc d _M Q e1] f ghH2 iE VjW- . k  lmE . /. no2 p , q%r. st*- .

From introduced American weed to Cape Verde Islands endemic: the case of Solanum rigidum Lam. (Solanaceae, Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum)

A Solanum species long considered an American introduction to the Cape Verde Islands off the west coast of Africa is identified as Solanum rigidum, a member of the Eggplant clade of Old World spiny solanums (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum) and is probably endemic to the Cape Verde Islands. Collections of this species from the Caribbean are likely to have been introduced from the Cape Verde Islands on slave ships. We discuss the complex nomenclatural history of this plant and provide a detailed description, illustration and distribution map. The preliminary conservation status of Solanum rigidum is Least Concern, but needs to be reassessed in light of its endemic rather than introduced status.

African spinySolanum(subgenusLeptostemonum, Solanaceae): a thorny phylogenetic tangle

Although most diverse in the New World tropics, approximately 100 species of Solanum (Solanaceae) are native to continental Africa and Madagascar. The majority of these are ‘spiny solanums’ (subgenus Leptostemonum). We present here the first phylogenetic reconstruction of African and Madagascan species of Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum, with 62 of 76 species native to these areas, plus an additional seven species of largely Asian distribution, using internal transcribed spacer (ITS), waxy and trnT-F regions. We identify monophyletic groups, many of which correspond to previously recognized units, although the large, traditionally recognized sections of Oliganthes and Melongena are polyphyletic. These groups are distinguished from each other by their breeding systems, with members of Oliganthes being hermaphroditic and Melongena andromonoecious. The phylogenetic relationships suggest multiple changes of breeding system between these two states, and observations of plants across their range indicate that there is considerable lability in this character. The African and Malagasy clades are largely geographically coherent, although there is evolutionary interchange between African vegetation types. All of the Madagascan endemics included in the analysis form a coherent group and probably represent an in situ radiation.

Developmental plasticity, genetic assimilation, and the evolutionary diversification of sexual expression in Solanum

For over a century, it has been hypothesized that selection can convert an environmentally induced phenotype (i.e., plasticity) into a fixed (constitutively produced) phenotype, a process known as genetic assimilation. While evidence of assimilation is accumulating, the role of plasticity generally and assimilation specifically in evolutionary diversification has rarely been examined from a comparative phylogenetic perspective. • We combined experimental analyses of plasticity with ancestral state reconstructions to examine the evolutionary dynamics of sexual expression in two well-characterized sections (Acanthophora and Lasiocarpa) in Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum. We examined sexual expression phenotypes and the proportion of staminate flowers produced under contrasting resource conditions in 10 species and combined these data with previous studies. • Staminate flower production was phenotypically plastic for nine of 14 species and unaffected by treatment in five species. Two of the nonplastic species bore few staminate flowers, and three constitutively produced large numbers of staminate flowers. For individuals and species producing staminate flowers, these flowers occurred in a distinctive architectural pattern that was qualitatively the same in both plastic and nonplastic species. Parsimony and Bayesian reconstructions demonstrate that plasticity is ancestral among the species studied. • Plasticity has been lost independently in sections Acanthophora and Lasiocarpa, and the consequence of its loss results in evolutionary diversification of sexual expression. In section Acanthophora, loss of plasticity represents a reversion to production of predominantly hermaphroditic flowers. In contrast, the fixed production of staminate flowers in Lasiocarpa has the hallmarks of evolution via genetic assimilation.

A new species of Solanum sect. Acanthophora (Solanaceae) from Argentina and Brazil

A new species of Solanum belonging to section Acanthophora (subgenus Leptostemonum) from Argentina and Brazil is described. Solanum neei Chiarini & L.A.Mentz, sp. nov. is found in clearings of semideciduous forests and in secondary formations, from the states of Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina in Brazil to the Misiones province in Argentina. It is morphologically similar to Solanum incarceratum Ruiz & Pav. from Peru, Bolivia and Western-Central Brazil, differing mainly by its pedunculate inflorescences. A key to related species is provided, as well a photograph of the holotype, a distribution map and illustration.

Resposta à mosca-branca (Bemisia tabaci) e ao Tomato severe rugose virus de acessos de Solanum subgênero Leptostemonum

A mosca-branca (Bemisia tabaci) e a infecção por espécies de Begomovirus são dois graves problemas fitossanitários que afetam a produção e qualidade do tomateiro (Solanum lycopersicum) e de outras solanáceas de importância econômica. O presente trabalho foi conduzido sob condições controladas, em casa de vegetação, visando avaliar a resposta ao Tomato severe rugose virus (ToSRV) e à mosca-branca (B. tabaci biótipo B) de 36 acessos de espécies relacionadas ao gênero Solanum subgênero Leptostemonum (= grupo das solanáceas providas de espinhos). A inoculação de ToSRV foi realizada em mudas (43 dias após o semeio) utilizando-se um colônia virulífera de B. tabaci biótipo B. Duas cultivares de tomateiro foram incluídas como testemunhas suscetíveis. A avaliação ao ToSRV foi feita de acordo com uma escala de severidade de sintomas e a presença de infecção sistêmica foi verificada via reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) com 'primers' universais para espécies de Begomovirus. A maioria dos acessos apresentou uma resposta do tipo resistência ou quase imunidade ao ToSRV, não apresentando sintomas evidentes e nenhum indício de infecção sistêmica ou acumulação viral. Um grupo reduzido de acessos de S. stramonifolium, S. asperolanatum e S. jamaiscense apresentou uma resposta do tipo tolerância, caracterizada por baixa acumulação viral e sintomas suaves. O acesso S. mammosum 'CNPH 035', embora tolerante, foi o único que apresentou sintomas mais evidentes de infecção viral e acumulação de ToSRV. O mesmo grupo de 36 acessos foi avaliado em relação à colonização por B. tabaci em testes de livre escolha. Diferenças significativas foram observadas entre acessos para oviposição e o número de ninfas no quarto instar, indicando a presença de fatores de resistência ao inseto. Dez acessos de S. asperolanatum, S. stramonifolium, S. paniculatum e S. syssimbriifolium se mostraram completamente livres de oviposição. Desta forma, esses acessos do subgênero Leptostemonum podem ser considerados potenciais fontes de genes de resistência tanto para B. tabaci quanto para ToSRV. Essa diversidade genética pode ser transferida para outras espécies do gênero Solanum via técnicas de biologia celular e/ou isolamento e mobilização desses genes via transgenia. Os resultados também sugerem que, em condições naturais, espécies do subgênero Leptostemonum não representam importantes fontes de inóculo de ToSRV e/ou hospedeiras alternativas para B. tabaci.

New glucosylated caffeoylquinic acid derivatives in the invasive soda apple, Solanum viarum L

The eggplant and its relatives within the “spiny solanums” (Solanum subgenus Leptostemonum) have been shown to contain diverse and abundant caffeoylquinic acid derivatives, which have antioxidant and other biological activity with potential benefit to human health. We explored the diversity of caffeoylquinic acid derivatives in fruit extracts of Solanum viarum, an invasive species commonly known as the soda apple, which is within subgenus Leptostemonum and native to Brazil. Two new glucosylated caffeoylquinic acids, viarumacids A and B, were detected and isolated and their structures elucidated by means of spectroscopic methods including 2D NMR techniques and mass spectrometry. The compounds were tested for their antioxidant activities by ABTS and DPPH assays, and were found to have activities similar to 5-CQA.