Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness In Eyes Research Articles

Simultaneous evaluation of iris area and subfoveal choroidal thickness in Fuchs uveitis syndrome

Background/aimsTo simultaneously evaluate iris area (IA) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in eyes with Fuchs Uveitis Syndrome (FUS).MethodsWe prospectively recruited a case series of patients with FUS at our institution, simultaneously measuring IA with anterior segment spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) and SFCT with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT). Iris images were analyzed by ImageJ software. We tested the differences in intereye IA and SFCT with the healthy eye (HE) using the Wilcoxon test, and clinical interpretation was controlled by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) between two masked specialists.ResultsSixteen patients with unilateral FUS were included. Six were female, and the age range was 37 to 67 (median age 48 years, IQR 41–60). ICC of 98.9%, with a lower confidence interval of 97%. Eyes with FUS had a significant thinning of the total iris median area (p < 0.002), restricted to the temporal and nasal areas compared to the HE (p < 0.01 and < 0.001, respectively). SFCT was also significantly thinner compared to the HE (p < 0.0001). A low correlation was found between iris and choroidal thinning in FUS eyes (rs = 0.21; p = 0.4).ConclusionsThis study found reduced iris area and subfoveal choroidal thickness in eyes with FUS compared to the normal fellow eye.

Effect of Dexamethasone Implant on Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness in Early Period in Vitrectomized Eyes with Diabetic Macular Edema.

Aim To investigate the change in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in vitrectomized eyes with intravitreal dexamethasone (IVD) implant injection for the treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). Method In this prospective and controlled study, the vitrectomized eyes of diabetic patients were included. The study group (Group 1) was formed by diabetic vitrectomized eyes with DME. The control group (Group 2) was formed by diabetic vitrectomized eyes without DME. Only one intravitreal IVD implant was injected into the eyes in Group 1. In the first, second, and fourth months, choroidal layers were measured by optical coherence tomography and complete ophthalmologic examinations were performed for all cases. Results Ninety-six eyes of 96 cases were included in the study. There were 48 eyes of 48 different patients in each group. After IVD injection, statistically significant improvement was observed in the best corrected visual acuity in Group 1. The mean SFCT in eyes with DME was statistically significantly thinner (p < 0.01) and thinness became more pronounced during the four-month follow-up period after IVD implant injection (p < 0.01). Conclusion In the presence of DME in vitrectomized eyes, the thinness of the SFCT may become evident after dexamethasone implant injection.

Evaluation of the changes in choroidal thickness in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy as measured by optical coherence tomography

AIM: To study the changes in choroidal thickness in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) over a 3mo follow-up using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). METHODS: This prospective study included 60 eyes, both eyes of 20 patients (mean age: 33.65±5.24y) with classic acute unilateral central serous chorioretinopathy and normal fellow eye and 20 eyes as healthy controls. Fluorescein angiography and OCT were done. The subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), central macular thickness (CMT), 1000 μm temporal and nasal to the centre of the fovea and the subretinal fluid were measured. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference in SFCT among the three groups at the three different locations. SFCT in eyes with CSCR (372.40±34.39 μm) was significantly greater than that in each of the unaffected fellow eyes (302.10±8.9 μm) and control eyes (279.80±14.49 μm) at the base line and after 3mo follow-up. The mean CMT in CSCR was 317±141.86 μm, with a statistically significant positive correlation between SFCT and CMT. CONCLUSION: The increase in the choroidal thickness at different locations as well as hyper-dilated and hyper-permeable vessels known as “pachychoroid” seems to play an important role in a broad spectrum of diseases that includes central serous chorioretinopathy.

Sub-foveal choroidal thickness in both eyes of patients with unilateral primary open-angle glaucoma and related influencing factors

Objective: To investigate and compare the sub-foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in both eyes of patients with unilateral primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and healthy controls. Methods: Cross-sectional study. Patients with unilateral POAG and healthy controls were recruited from September 2018 to September 2019 in the Beijing Tongren Hospital. All subjects underwent enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography. The SFCT was measured at the fovea, and at 500 μm, 1 000 μm and 2 000 μm nasal and temporal to the fovea. Paired t test was conducted to compare the choroidal thickness between affected POAG eyes and unaffected fellow eyes. Analysis of covariance was conducted to compare the choroidal thicknesses between POAG eyes and controls. Multiple regression analysis determined the association between choroidal thickness and age, gender, spherical equivalent and mean deviation. Results: Seventy-five patients with unilateral POAG (mean age, 46 years; 48 males, 27 females) and 61 healthy controls (mean age, 44 years; 34 males, 27 females) were included in this study. The SFCT of POAG eyes was (244.41±83.18) μm, which was not significantly different from their unaffected fellow eyes [(254.28±88.92) μm, P>0.05] and controls (right eyes) [(272.98±55.87) μm, P>0.05]. Choroidal thickness at 2 000 μm nasal to the fovea was significantly decreased in the glaucomatous eyes compared with the unaffected fellow eyes [(167.84±70.44) vs. (188.84±89.06) μm, t=-3.55; P<0.01]. There were no significant differences among the glaucomatous eyes, unaffected fellow eyes and healthy controls in choroidal thickness at 500 μm and 1 000 μm nasal and temporal to the fovea, as well as at 2 000 μm temporal to the fovea (all P>0.05). The SFCT of POAG eyes was associated with mean deviation (β=14.66, P<0.05) and spherical equivalent (β=14.95, P<0.01) but not with age and gender (both P>0.05). Conclusions: The SFCT of affected eyes in patients with unilateral POAG has no significant difference from unaffected fellow eyes and healthy controls. However, the choroidal thickness at 2 000 μm nasal to the fovea is thinner in the POAG eyes as compared with the fellow eyes. A thinner SFCT is correlated with the loss of visual field and a higher spherical equivalent in myopia. This may suggest a contributing role of the perfusion of the choroid in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. (Chin J Ophthalmol, 2021, 57: 194-200).

Comparison of subfoveal choroidal thickness in eyes with CRVO and BRVO

BackgroundTo evaluate the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in eyes with macular edema (ME) secondary to retinal vein occlusion(RVO), and to investigate the short term response after a single intravitreal ranibizumab (IVR) injection. What is more, to compare SFCT and SFCT change between central RVO (CRVO) and branch RVO (BRVO).MethodsIn the retrospective study, we had collected 36-six treatment-naïve patients with unilateral ME secondary to RVO (including 19 CRVO and 17 BRVO). All patients had received IVR injection after newly diagnosed. The SFCT was measured at the onset and after 2 weeks of IVR injection. Paired t test was performed to compare the SFCT of RVO eyes and fellow eyes, as well as the SFCT of pre-injection and post-injection. In further, independent t test was used to compare SFCT and SFCT change between CRVO eyes and BRVO eyes.ResultsThe mean SFCT at the onset was 326.03 ± 30.86 μm in CRVO eyes, which was significantly thicker than that in contralateral fellow eyes (p < 0.01, paired t test), and reduced to 294.15 ± 30.83 μm rapidly after 2 weeks of IVR injection (p < 0.01, paired t test). Similarly, the SFCT in BRVO eyes was significantly thicker than that in contralateral eyes at the onset, and decreased significantly after IVR injection. However, our findings showed that there was no statistically significant difference in SFCT and SFCT reduction after IVR injection between CRVO eyes and BRVO eyes.ConclusionsThe SFCT in eyes with ME secondary to CRVO and BRVO was significantly thicker than that in fellow eyes, and decreased significantly within a short time in response to a single IVR injection. In further, the study showed that SFCT and SFCT change had no correlation with RVO subtypes.

Age-Related Scattered Hypofluorescent Spots on Late-Phase Indocyanine Green Angiography as Precursor Lesions of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy.

Age-related scattered hypofluorescent spots on late-phase indocyanine green angiography (ASHS-LIA) might represent lipid accumulation in Bruch's membrane in the form of basal linear deposits (BlinD). The present study was conducted to describe the clinical characteristics of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) associated with ASHS-LIA. Consecutive patients with treatment-naïve PCV who underwent color fundus photography (FP), fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA), indocyanine green angiography (ICGA), and spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) at the Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center from June 2016 through May 2018, were reviewed. ASHS-LIA and choroidal vascular hyperpermeability (CVH) were evaluated by ICGA. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) was assessed by SD-OCT. A total of 187 patients were eligible for inclusion in this study (mean, 63.2 ± 7.6 years; range, 41-85 years). Of these patients, 117 (62.6%) showed ASHS-LIA, 57 (30.5%) had bilateral lesions and 70 (37.4%) showed CVH. Moreover, compared with patients without ASHS-LIA, PCV patients with ASHS-LIA were older (P = 0.001), more frequently had bilateral lesions (P = 0.001), and less frequently showed CVH (P = 0.006). SFCT in eyes with ASHS-LIA was significantly greater than that in eyes without ASHS-LIA after adjusting for age, sex, and CVH (P = 0.026). Nevertheless, there was no significant difference in best-corrected visual acuity or lesion characteristics between the two groups. ASHS-LIA, which is very common in PCV patients, might be involved in the pathogenesis of PCV. PCV with ASHS-LIA was more frequently associated with bilateral involvement, less CVH, and a thicker choroid than PCV without ASHS-LIA.

Choroidal change assessment with enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography in myopic choroidal neovascularization

Objectives The aim was to evaluate the importance of choroidal changes as measured by enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patient with myopic choroidal neovascularization (mCNV) and to assess the correlation between choroidal thickness (CT) and other parameters such as age, sex, refraction, and staphyloma. Background High myopia is associated with profound changes in the choroid, which are important in the pathogenesis of many important visually significant abnormalities such as choroidal atrophy, CNV, and lattice degeneration. Therefore, it is called pathologic myopia. Patients and methods This prospective study was conducted from June 2016 to January 2017. Two groups of eyes were included: mCNV eyes (31 eyes) and eyes without CNV (19 eyes). CT was measured using the spectralis spectral domain OCT (specralis software version 4.0) in the Ophthalmology Department of the Menoufia University Hospital. Results It was found that CT was significantly decreased in the mCNV eyes compared with normal eyes, as the mean subfoveal CT in eyes with CNV was 103.10 ± 41.09. The mean subfoveal CT in eyes without CNV was 193.28 ± 17.38 (P Conclusion The ability of enhanced depth imaging OCT to visualize the ocular structure provides a more in-depth understanding of the various ocular pathologies. We found that in patients, CT decreased with the presence of mCNV, as compared with controls.

Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness in Eyes with Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration Treated with Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Agents

Purpose: We aimed to assess the subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFChT) and the effect of treatment with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents on the SFChT in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) subtypes. Methods: We enrolled 128 eyes of 107 patients with neovascular AMD (60 women; 47 men; mean age, 73.6 ± 8.9 years), and prospectively evaluated the best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) and SFChT at baseline and at 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment with anti-VEGF agents. Patients were assigned to the typical AMD, polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV), and retinal angiomatous proliferation (RAP) subgroups. Results: In total, 85 (66.4%), 31 (24.2%), and 12 (9.4%) eyes were assigned to the typical AMD, PCV, and RAP subgroups, respectively. The baseline mean BCVA was 0.75 ± 0.26, 0.72 ± 0.21, and 0.77 ± 0.24 logMAR in the typical AMD, PCV, and RAP subgroups, respectively (p = 0.774). The mean baseline SFChT was 203.20 ± 35.80, 271.80 ± 24.50, and 182.93 ± 31.31 µm, respectively (p < 0.001). Mean SFChT significantly decreased from baseline to 3, 6, and 12 months after treatment. The RAP subtype presented a significantly higher decrease in SFChT compared to the other subtypes (p = 0.01). The percentage reduction in SFChT was not significantly correlated with the number of injections (r = –0.02; p = 0.823). No association was observed between baseline SFChT and final visual acuity at 12 months (r = 0.0; p = 0.586). Conclusions: SFChT was greatest in eyes with PCV and least in eyes with RAP. The reduction in SFChT after treatment was greater in the RAP cases. The decrease in SFChT after 12 months of anti-VEGF treatment was not associated with the number of injections and there was no correlation between the baseline SFChT and visual acuity in all AMD subtypes.

CHOROIDAL BLOOD FLOW AND THICKNESS AS PREDICTORS FOR RESPONSE TO ANTI-VASCULAR ENDOTHELIAL GROWTH FACTOR THERAPY IN MACULAR EDEMA SECONDARY TO BRANCH RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION.

To determine the choroidal blood flow and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) in eyes with macular edema secondary to branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO). Thirty-two eyes of 32 patients with macular edema secondary to a BRVO were treated with a single intravitreal injection of ranibizumab (IVR) and were followed for 2 months. The central retinal thickness and SCT, and the retinal and choroidal blood flows were evaluated, and they were compared between the recurrent and resolved groups. At the baseline, the SCT of eyes with a BRVO was significantly thicker than that of the fellow eye (P < 0.01). It was also significantly thicker in the recurrent group than in the resolved group (P = 0.03). The reduction of the retinal blood flow was found only after 1 week in the resolved group. The SCT and choroidal blood flow were significantly reduced during the follow-up period in the resolved group but not in the recurrent group. The choroid is involved in the pathology of BRVO and the SCT at the baseline may be a predictive factor in the treatment of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab for macular edema secondary to BRVO.

Subfoveal choroidal thickness predicts macular atrophy in age-related macular degeneration: results from the TREX-AMD trial.

Our purpose was to evaluate the relationship between subfoveal choroidal thickness (SCT) and development of macular atrophy (MA) in eyes with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). This was a prospective, multicenter study. Sixty participants (120 eyes) in the TREX-AMD trial (NCT01648292) with treatment-naïve neovascular AMD (NVAMD) in at least one eye were included. SCT was measured by certified reading center graders at baseline using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SDOCT). The baseline SCT was correlated with the presence of MA at baseline and development of incident MA by month 18. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for information from both eyes. Baseline SCT in eyes with MA was statistically significantly less than in those without MA in both the dry AMD (DAMD) (P = 0.04) and NVAMD (P = 0.01) groups. Comparison of baseline SCT between MA developers and non-MA developers revealed a statistically significant difference (P = 0.03). Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis showed the cut-off threshold of SCT for predicting the development of MA in cases without MA at baseline was 124μm (AUC = 0.772; Sensitivity = 0.923; Specificity = 0.5). Among eyes without MA at baseline, those with baseline SCT ≤124μm were 4.3 times more likely to develop MA (Odds ratio: 4.3, 95% confidence interval: 1.6-12, P = 0.005) than those with baseline SCT >124μm. Eyes with AMD and MA had less SCT than those without MA. Eyes with less baseline SCT also appear to be at higher risk to develop MA within 18months.

CHOROIDAL BLOOD FLOW VISUALIZATION IN HIGH MYOPIA USING A PROJECTION ARTIFACT METHOD IN OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY.

To visualize choroidal blood flow in larger vessels in highly myopic eyes using a phenomenon of the projection artifact to in the sclera using optical coherence tomography angiography. The retrospective study included 92 eyes (54 patients) with greater than 8 diopters of myopia. All eyes were examined using optical coherence tomography angiography (RTVue XR Avanti; Optovue Inc, Fremont, CA). The blood flow in choroidal vessels was evaluated by attempting to directly segment the choroid and also by placing the segmentation layer behind the choroid, within the sclera. Subfoveal choroidal thickness was also measured at the same time. The authors also evaluated the 54 normal eyes (54 cases) without high myopia as a control group. Segmentation artifacts occurred in 68 cases (73.9%) and precluded direct visualization of the choroidal blood flow in larger vessels. When the segmentation slab was placed posterior to the choroid within the sclera, the choroidal blood flow was visualized in 41 eyes (44.6%). The mean subfoveal choroidal thickness in eyes with visualization of choroidal blood flow was thinner than without visualization (50.3 ± 42.2 μm vs. 100.3 ± 44.4 μm, P < 0.01). Choroidal blood flow in larger vessels was imaged in no control eye. The choroidal vessel anatomy could be imaged by detecting flow using the projection artifact in the sclera with optical coherence tomography angiography. This technique may be useful in estimating the vascularity of the choroid.

Influence of Fasting followed by Acute Water Ingestion on Subfoveal Choroidal Thickness in Eyes of Healthy Subjects

Purpose To investigate the influence of at least 12 hours of fasting followed by acute water ingestion on macular choroidal thickness in eyes of healthy subjects. Methods Prospective case series study including healthy volunteers from April 1, 2015 to May 31, 2015. Macular choroidal thickness was measured on enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography (EDI-OCT) and on swept-source (SS)-OCT after 12 hours of fasting, and 60 minutes after acute water ingestion (750 mL in 5 minutes). Results A total of 52 eyes of 26 healthy volunteers were included in this study. The mean age for participants was 32 years old. After 12 hours of fasting, the mean (±SD) subfoveal choroidal thickness was 335.43 (±104.82) μm on EDI-OCT and 286.16 (±80.32) μm on SS-OCT. The mean (±SD) subfoveal choroidal thickness after acute water intake was 352.32 (±120.36) μm and 290.5 (±85.86) μm, respectively. There was no significant difference between the mean subfoveal thickness at baseline and 60 minutes after acute water ingestion for any of the choroidal imaging techniques (p = 0.1386 for EDI-OCT and p = 0.0659 for SS-OCT). Conclusions These results suggest that choroidal circulation can physiologically quickly adapt to systemic vascular changes in healthy eyes. Choroidal thickness did not depend upon the hydration status for the subjects participating in this study.

CHOROIDAL THICKNESS CHANGES AFTER INTRAVITREAL DEXAMETHASONE IMPLANT INJECTION FOR THE TREATMENT OF MACULAR EDEMA DUE TO RETINAL VEIN OCCLUSION.

To investigate changes in choroidal thickness after intravitreal injection of a dexamethasone implant for macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion. Thirty-one eyes of 31 patients, treated with a single dose of a dexamethasone implant for retinal vein occlusion-associated macular edema, were included. Subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) and central macular thickness of the affected eyes were compared with those of the normal contralateral eyes at baseline and 1, 3, and 5 months after injection. The mean SFCT of the affected eyes (296.3 μm ± 61.6 μm) was significantly higher than that of the contralateral eyes (251.2 μm ± 57.7 μm; P < 0.001) at baseline. After injection, the mean SFCT was decreased compared with baseline in the treated eyes at months 1, 3, and 5. There was a correlation between SFCT and central macular thickness in the affected eyes at baseline (r = 0.397, P = 0.027). The change in SFCT was not correlated with the change in central macular thickness after injection. In the contralateral eyes, the mean SFCT did not change significantly. Subfoveal choroidal thickness in eyes with macular edema due to retinal vein occlusion was higher than that of the contralateral eyes. Intravitreal injection of a dexamethasone implant was associated with a reduction in the choroidal thickness of the treated eye.

GENETIC FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHOROIDAL VASCULAR HYPERPERMEABILITY AND SUBFOVEAL CHOROIDAL THICKNESS IN POLYPOIDAL CHOROIDAL VASCULOPATHY.

To investigate genetic factors associated with choroidal vascular hyperpermeability (CVH) and subfoveal choroidal thickness in eyes with treatment-naive polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. We studied 149 consecutive patients with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. The presence of CVH was evaluated using indocyanine green angiography. Subfoveal choroidal thickness and axial length were measured by spectral domain optical coherence tomography and optical biometry, respectively. Genotyping of three single nubleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 (ARMS2) A69S (rs10490924), complement factor H (CFH) I62V (rs800292), and CFH (rs1329428), which are reportedly associated with central serous chorioretinopathy, was conducted using TaqMan technology. Thicker subfoveal choroidal thickness was associated with younger age, shorter axial length, G-allele frequency in ARMS2 A69S (rs10490924), and T-allele frequency in CFH (rs1329428) (P = 0.001, P < 0.001, P = 0.004, and P = 0.002, respectively; multiple regression analysis). Among 149 eyes with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy, 35 eyes (23.5%) exhibited CVH on indocyanine green angiography. Patients with CVH had a significantly higher frequency of the G allele of ARMS2 A69S (rs10490924) and the T allele of CFH (rs1329428), which are reported to be risk alleles for central serous chorioretinopathy (P = 0.006 and P = 0.032, respectively; multivariate regression analysis). Subfoveal choroidal thickness and CVH in eyes with treatment-naive polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy were associated with ARMS2 A69S (rs10490924) and CFH (rs1329428).

The degree of choriocapillary ectasia and sub-foveal choroidal thickness in central serous chorioretinopathy with different activity and the correlation analysis among them

Objective To observe the degree of choriocapillary ectasia (CCE) and sub-foveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) with different activity and discuss their relations. Methods Forty eyes of 40 CSC patients were recruited. The activity of CSC was determinate by fundus fluorescein angiography (FFA). There were 23 eyes with active CSC (active-CSC group), and 17 eyes with inactive CSC (inactive-CSC group). All eyes in both groups were examined with optical coherence tomography angiography(OCTA), and the CCE area of the choriocapillary layer was measured within a 3 mm×3 mm zone centered on the central fovea of macula. Ectasia was classified based on CCE area, more than 66% of examination area was high ectasia, and 33% - 66% as medium ectasia, below 33% as low ectasia. SFCT was measured with frequency domain optical coherence tomography. The relationship between CCE degree, SFCT and CSC group was analyzed. Results Among the 23 eyes of active-CSC group, there were 5 eyes of low ectasia, 12 eyes of medium ectasia, 6 eyes of high ectasia. Among 17 eyes of inactive-CSC group, there were 11, 4, 2 eyes of low, medium and high ectasia respectively. Active-CSC group had more advanced degree of ectasia than that in inactive-CSC group(Z=-2.472, P=0.013). SFCT of active-CSC group and inactive-CSC group were (418.13±126.15), (429.76±105.80) μm respectively, the difference was not significant (t=-0.308, P=0.760). SFCT in eyes with low ectasia, medium ectasia, high ectasia were (419.13±105.60), (381.00±125.12), (515.13±67.68) μm respectively. The difference among the three group was statistical significant (F=4.106, P=0.025). SFCT in eyes of high ectasia was obviously thicker than low ectasia and medium ectasia, the difference was statistical significant (P=0.007, 0.048); the SFCT difference between low ectasia and medium ectasia did not appear statistical significance (P=0.326). There was no linear relation between SFCT and CCE degree (r=0.247, P=0.124). Conclusions Active-CSC eyes has more advanced CCE degree than inactive-CSC eyes, but SFCT is the same between the two groups. High ectasia eyes have thicker SFCT. Key words: Central serous chorioretinopathy/diagnosis; Fluorescein angiography; Tomography, optical coherence; Diagnostic imaging

Subfoveal choroidal thickness in eyes with diabetic macular oedema using swept source optical coherence tomography

PurposeTo compare subfoveal choroidal thickness (GCSF) in patients with diabetic macular oedema (DMO) and healthy subjects using swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). MethodCross-sectional study including 50 eyes of 36 patients with DMO, and 47 eyes of 34 patients as a control group. GCSF was measured in both groups, analysing between the eyes with DMO according to the type of oedema (predominantly cystic or diffuse). ResultsThe study groups were homogeneous in terms of mean age (63.4 years for DMO and 62.65 years for controls; p=0.36) and the mean axial length (23.21mm for DME and 23.53mm for controls; p=0.06). A statistically significant reduction in the eye with DME GCSF compared to controls (p=0.041, 222.9 vs. 192.82μm) was observed. No statistically significant differences were observed in the eyes with DMO with a predominantly cystic pattern and diffuse oedema (p=0.13, 178.68 vs. 205.7μm). ConclusionThe GCSF in patients with DMO could be reduced. Future studies are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

Sub-foveal choroidal thickness in acute central serous chorioretinopathy and its correlation with central macular thickness

Purpose The aim of the study was to measure subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR), to compare it with that of contralateral clinically unaffected eyes and with that of other healthy persons, and to study its correlation with central macular thickness (CMT). Patients and methods Fifty-four eyes of 36 (23 male and 13 female patients) patients were included in this study under three groups: 18 eyes with recent unilateral CSCR, 18 free fellow eyes of patients with unilateral CSCR, and 18 healthy eyes of age-matched normal controls. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography was performed to measure SFCT in all eyes and CMT in eyes with CSCR. Results The mean patient age was 37.4 years, whereas that of normal controls was 38.0 years. The mean SFCT was 332.0 μm in eyes with CSCR, 247.25 μm in the unaffected fellow eyes, and 248.74 μm in normal control eyes. SFCT in eyes with CSCR was significantly greater than that in each of the unaffected fellow eyes and normal control eyes, whereas there was no significant difference between fellow eyes and control eyes. The mean CMT in eyes with CSCR was 477.62 μm with a significant positive correlation with SFCT. Conclusion Subfoveal choroid in eyes with acute unilateral CSCR was significantly thicker than that in contralateral clinically unaffected eyes and that in healthy eyes of age-matched normal controls, whereas it was not significantly different between contralateral unaffected eyes and normal eyes. CMT was positively correlated with SFCT in eyes with CSCR.

Effect of intravitreal bevacizumab on subfoveal choroidal thickness in eyes with diabetic macular edema

PurposeThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the changes in subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) in eyes with diabetic macular edema (DME) after intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injection.Patients and methodsThirty eyes diagnosed as nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy with DME were included in this prospective study. All eyes received an intravitreal injection of 1.25 mg/0.05 ml bevacizumab. Best-corrected visual acuity, SFCT, and central macular thickness were measured and recorded before the IVB injection and 1 month after the injection. The choroidal thickness was measured using enhanced depth imaging technique of Heidelberg Spectralis-optical coherence tomography.ResultsThe mean age of the patients was 55.63±4.6 years, with a mean duration of diabetes of 8.26±1.96 years. The mean preinjection SFCT was 214.3±7.9 μm. The mean SFCT after 1 month of IVB injection was 215.5±6.8 μm, with no significant difference from the preinjection value (P=0.56). The mean change in the SFCT 1 month after intravitreal injection was 1.1±9.5 μm, with 0.5% change ratio. The correlation between change in SFCT and changes in central macular thickness and best-corrected visual acuity were 0.24 and −0.3, respectively, which were insignificant (P=0.2 and 0.09, respectively).ConclusionThe IVB injection has no effect on the SFCT in eyes with DME.

Axial length and subfoveal choroidal thickness in individuals with age-related macular degeneration

PurposeTo compare axial length (AL) and subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT) between individuals with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and controls with no lesions. MethodsThis was a case-control study. In total, 853 eyes of 484 patients (>65 years), including 397 eyes at various AMD stages and 456 eyes with no fundus lesions (controls) were recruited. Using color fundus photography, eyes were grouped according to AMD degree. AL was automatically measured using IOL Master and SFCT was manually measured by two independent observers. The associations among age, AL, SFCT, and each AMD grade were analyzed. ResultsOut of 853 eyes, 456 had no lesions, 217 contained drusen only, 134 had early AMD, and 46 had late AMD. The eyes with late AMD were older (p = 0.007) and had longer AL (p < 0.001) and thinner SFCT (p < 0.001) compared with groups of no fundus lesions, drusen only, and early AMD. SFCT in eyes with late AMD decreased by 19.20 μm (p = 0.049), 24.78 μm (p = 0.029), and 15.56 μm (p = 0.162) compared with groups of no fundus lesions, drusen only, and early AMD, respectively. SFCT decreased by 14.18 μm/mm increase in AL (p < 0.001). The odds ratio (OR) for late AMD by longer AL (≥25 mm) and thinner SFCT (<240 μm) was 4.54 (χ2 = 9.36; p = 0.002) and 4.86 (χ2 = 17.62; p < 0.001), respectively, and was 9.57 (χ2 = 18.07; p < 0.001) when both AL ≥ 25 mm and SFCT < 240 μm. ConclusionEyes with late AMD have distinct reduced SFCT and elongated AL. Eyes with thinner SFCT and longer AL showed high ORs for late AMD and even higher ORs when both factors were simultaneously present. These findings illustrate the crucial pathophysiological role of these two important ocular factors and arouse our attention to patients with both characteristics, especially in Asian countries where the prevalence of myopia are disturbingly high.

Relationship of inferior oblique overaction to macular and subfoveal choroidal thickness

To evaluate the macular and subfoveal choroidal thickness of eyes with inferior oblique muscle overaction (IOOA) using enhanced depth imaging spectral domain optical coherence tomography (EDI SD-OCT). The measurements of macular and subfoveal choroidal thickness obtained by EDI SD-OCT of patients with IOOA (24 patients) were compared with those of age- and sex-matched controls (25 subjects). There were no morphological abnormalities of the macula in patients with IOOA or in control subjects. There were no statistically significant differences in macular and subfoveal choroidal thickness between the eyes with IOOA and the eyes of the control subjects (P > 0.05). When the patients with IOOA were assigned to two distinct groups according to the degree of IOOA, the macular thickness did not differ between groups (P = 0.66), whereas subfoveal choroidal thickness measures were significantly lower in eyes with severe IOOA compared to eyes of the controls (P = 0.01). IOOA has no effect on the morphology and the thickness of the macula. Severe IOOA seems to be related to thinning of subfoveal choroid due to possible external mechanical effect.