Subcutaneous Fat Distribution Research Articles

Postprandial glycemic response to isocaloric protein load in men with different types of fat distribution

Aim of the study was to quantify postprandial glucose levels in response to isocaloric protein load at main meals in men with different types of fat distribution. Material and methods. The study enrolled men aged 25 to 65 years. Group 1 (n = 17) consisted of obese men with subcutaneous fat distribution (SFD) type while group 2 (n = 16) was represented by obese men with abdominal type of fat distribution (AFD). Group 3 (comparators) consisted of 10 men with normal body weight (NBW). Glycemic response to standard isocaloric protein load was assessed by the results of glucose levels within 3 hours starting 5 minutes after end of food consumption on different days and mealtime. Standard protein lunch was introduced during the second day while standard protein dinner and breakfast were performed at the third and fourth days respectively. Results. It was found that protein intake leads to neither pronounced postprandial glycemic fluctuations nor decrease in glucose levels by the end of the 3rd hour of the test. Accordingly, it also doesn’t provoke hunger, unlike carbohydrate intake does. In men with NBW a more pronounced increase in glucose level after protein meal was found, both relative to the baseline levels and comparing with men from SFD and AFD groups. In NBW group at lunchtime and especially in the evening a double-humped glycemic curve was noted. Glycemic variability in men with different types of fat distribution was characterized by the fact that glycemic increment was more pronounced in men with AFD than in men with SFD whose glycemic curve was almost flat after all meals. Conclusions. Protein intake in men with NBW and different types of fat distribution does not lead to significant changes in postprandial glucose levels. Glycemic fluctuations don’t exceed 1 mmol/L within a 3-hour period after consuming of isocaloric breakfast, lunch or dinner. Protein intake results in greater postprandial glucose levels in men with AFD than in SFD men.

Establishing feasibility and reliability of subcutaneous fat measurements by ultrasound in very preterm infants.

Regional fat distribution may be a marker of metabolic health and brain growth in preterm infants. Point of care ultrasound has been used to assess regional fat in term infants but has not been used widely in preterm infants. To longitudinally quantify changes in body composition metrics using bedside ultrasound in very preterm infants. Very preterm infants (N = 69) were enrolled after birth and body composition assessments were done through 36 completed weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). Linear mixed effects regression was used to model change in body composition assessments over time. There was an average increase across PMA for each body composition outcome. Biceps ultrasound subcutaneous fat (SQF) thickness increased by 0.11 mm (95% CI: 0.09, 0.13) each postmenstrual week. Triceps, subscapular, and abdominal ultrasound SQF remained constant through 28 weeks' PMA, then increased each week through 36 completed weeks' PMA. The inter-rater and intra-rater intraclass correlation coefficients for the ultrasound SQF measures ranged from 85.8 to 99.9. Use of ultrasound as a novel method to assess regional fat distribution in very preterm infants is feasible and reliable. Regional fat distribution may be a marker of metabolic health and brain growth in preterm infants. Gold standard body composition assessments may not be feasible in medically fragile very preterm infants. This study assesses longitudinally changes in regional adiposity development using bedside ultrasound techniques in a multicenter cohort of very preterm infants. Results of this study show that bedside ultrasound as a novel method to assess regional subcutaneous fat distribution and development in very preterm infants is both feasible and reliable.

The role of subcutaneous fat and BMI in predicting surgical outcomes and patient reported outcomes in robotic-assisted total hip arthroplasty

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to assess if subcutaneous fat (SCF) or BMI is a predictor of surgical complications and patient reported outcomes in patients undergoing robotic-assisted total hip arthroplasty (THA). MethodsPatients who underwent robotic-assisted primary THAs at one institution between 2018 and 2020 were included in this retrospective cohort study. Prior to surgery, computed tomography (CT) was used to measure SCF in the posterolateral quadrant of the hip. SCF was measured 3 centimeters (cm) proximal to the greater trochanter (PGT) and 3 cm inferior to the distal tip of the greater trochanter (DGT).Measurements were normalized to the size of the patient's bony anatomy by dividing the subcutaneous fat area measurement by the transverse diameter of the femur 10 cm inferior to the tip of the greater trochanter. Patients were divided into quintiles determined by SCF distribution around the mean (groups 1-5) and BMI (BMI<25, BMI 25-29.9, BMI 30-34.9, BMI 35-39.9, and >40). Ninety day outcomes and PROMIS (Patient Reported Outcome Measures Information System) scores were acquired from the Michigan Arthroplasty Registry Collaborative Quality Initiative (MARCQI) database preoperatively, at 14-112 days post-operative and at the latest follow up. ResultsThere were 175 patients identified with a mean age of 63.83 years (range 27-89) and a mean BMI of 30.73kg/m2 (range 18.2-48.4). Interclass correlation coefficient was greater than 0.9 in all PGT, DGT, and GT measurements. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) found there was a significantly shorter time from incision to closure in quintiles 1 and 3 when compared to the SCF quintile 5 (p<0.05) and that there was a significantly shorter time from incision to closure in BMI categories 1, 2, and 3 when compared to BMI category 5 (BMI > 40). There were no differences between SCF and BMI as predictive of length of stay, transfusion status, infection, or PROMIS scores. ConclusionIt can be concluded that hip SCF on axial CT images can reliably measure SCF and is predictive of time from incision to closure, but it does not show a significant difference in predicting the length of stay, infection, or PROMIS scores when compared to BMI.

Visceral, subcutaneous fat and bone mineral density distribution in people with cardiometabolic risk factors

Visceral, subcutaneous fat and bone mineral density distribution in people with cardiometabolic risk factors

Triceps skinfold thickness trajectories and the risk of all-cause mortality: A prospective cohort study.

The measurement of triceps skinfold (TSF) thickness serves as a noninvasive metric for evaluating subcutaneous fat distribution. Despite its clinical utility, the TSF thickness trajectories and their correlation with overall mortality have not been thoroughly investigated. To explore TSF thickness trajectories of Chinese adults and to examine their associations with all-cause mortality. This study encompassed a cohort of 14747 adults sourced from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Latent class trajectory modeling was employed to identify distinct trajectories of TSF thickness. Subjects were classified into subgroups reflective of their respective TSF thickness trajectory. We utilized multivariate Cox regression analyses and mediation examinations to explore the link between TSF thickness trajectory and overall mortality, including contributory factors. Upon adjustment for multiple confounding factors, we discerned that males in the 'Class 2: Thin-stable' and 'Class 3: Thin-moderate' TSF thickness trajectories exhibited a markedly reduced risk of mortality from all causes in comparison to the 'Class 1: Extremely thin' subgroup. In the mediation analyses, the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index was found to be a partial intermediary in the relationship between TSF thickness trajectories and mortality. For females, a lower TSF thickness pattern was significantly predictive of elevated all-cause mortality risk exclusively within the non-elderly cohort. In males and non-elderly females, lower TSF thickness trajectories are significantly predictive of heightened mortality risk, independent of single-point TSF thickness, body mass index, and waist circumference.

The Role of Subcutaneous Fat Composition on Blood Pressure: A Study on Students Aged 15-18 at Kalam Kudus II Senior High School Jakarta, Indonesia

Background: Hypertension is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. There was an increase in the prevalence of hypertension in children and adolescents ≤19 years of age from 2000 to 2015. Body mass index (BMI) and subcutaneous fat distribution are linked to blood pressure variations. Methods: The cross-sectional study was carried out at Kalam Kudus II Senior High School Jakarta from June – August 2023. The inclusion criteria in this study included students of Kalam Kudus II Senior High School Jakarta, aged 15-18 years, registered as active students at the time the study was conducted, physically and spiritually healthy, and willing to participate in the study. The exclusion criteria for this study include students who refused participation, did not obtain permission from their parents, or students with medical disorders that affect anthropometric results and blood pressure. Data was taken from direct measurement and performed multivariate testing using the double linear regression test enter method in SPSS. The statistical significance is 0.05. Results: An analysis of 102 students found that only BMI had a significant relationship with systolic blood pressure, and no anthropometric variable had a meaningful relationship with diastolic pressure. Conclusion: There are many ways and factors for measuring body composition. It is important to test the body composition and BMI of adolescents to reduce the risk of hypertension later in the day.

Association of sex-specific abdominal adipose tissue with WHO/ISUP grade in clear cell renal cell carcinoma

ObjectivesTo explore the association between computed tomography (CT)-measured sex-specific abdominal adipose tissue and the pathological grade of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC).MethodsThis retrospective study comprised 560 patients (394 males and 166 females) with pathologically proven ccRCC (467 low- and 93 high-grade). Abdominal CT images were used to assess the adipose tissue in the subcutaneous, visceral, and intermuscular regions. Subcutaneous fat index (SFI), visceral fat index (VFI), intermuscular fat index (IFI), total fat index (TFI), and relative visceral adipose tissue (rVAT) were calculated. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses were performed according to sex to identify the associations between fat-related parameters and pathological grade.ResultsIFI was significantly higher in high-grade ccRCC patients than in low-grade patients for both men and women. For male patients with high-grade tumors, the SFI, VFI, TFI, and rVAT were significantly lower, but not for female patients. In both univariate and multivariate studies, the IFI continued to be a reliable and independent predictor of high-grade ccRCC, regardless of sex.ConclusionsIntermuscular fat index proved to be a valuable biomarker for the pathological grade of ccRCC and could be used as a reliable independent predictor of high-grade ccRCC for both males and females.Critical relevance statementSex-specific fat adipose tissue can be used as a new biomarker to provide a new dimension for renal tumor-related research and may provide new perspectives for personalized tumor management decision-making approaches.Key points• There are sex differences in distribution of subcutaneous fat and visceral fat.• The SFI, VFI, TFI, and rVAT were significantly lower in high-grade ccRCC male patients, but not for female patients.• Intermuscular fat index can be used as a reliable independent predictor of high-grade ccRCC for both males and females.Graphical

Analysis of volume and topography of adipose tissue in the trunk: Results of MRI of 11,141 participants in the German National Cohort

This research addresses the assessment of adipose tissue (AT) and spatial distribution of visceral (VAT) and subcutaneous fat (SAT) in the trunk from standardized magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T, thereby demonstrating the feasibility of deep learning (DL)-based image segmentation in a large population-based cohort in Germany (five sites). Volume and distribution of AT play an essential role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance, a risk factor of developing metabolic/cardiovascular diseases. Cross-validated training of the DL-segmentation model led to a mean Dice similarity coefficient of >0.94, corresponding to a mean absolute volume deviation of about 22 ml. SAT is significantly increased in women compared to men, whereas VAT is increased in males. Spatial distribution shows age- and body mass index-related displacements. DL-based image segmentation provides robust and fast quantification of AT (≈15 s per dataset versus 3 to 4 hours for manual processing) and assessment of its spatial distribution from magnetic resonance images in large cohort studies.

A greater ratio of thigh subcutaneous fat to abdominal fat is associated with protection against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Background & AimsNo prospective studies have examined the association between thigh subcutaneous fat distribution and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We investigated the associations of thigh subcutaneous fat distribution with incidence and remission of NAFLD in a community-based prospective cohort. MethodsWe followed 1,787 subjects, who underwent abdominal ultrasonography, abdominal and femoral magnetic resonance imaging scans, and anthropometric assessments. Associations of thigh subcutaneous fat area/abdominal fat area ratio and thigh circumference/waist circumference ratio with incidence and remission of NAFLD were estimated using the modified Poisson regression model. ResultsOver a mean 3.6-year follow-up, 239 incident cases of NAFLD and 207 regressed cases of NAFLD were identified. Increasing thigh subcutaneous fat area/abdominal fat area ratio was associated with a lower risk of incident NAFLD and a higher likelihood of remission of NAFLD [risk ratio (RR) per SD: 0.69, 95% CI 0.59-0.81; 1.20, 95% CI 1.07-1.34, respectively). Each one SD increase in thigh circumference/waist circumference ratio was associated with a 16% lower risk of incident NAFLD (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.76-0.94) and a 22% higher likelihood of remission of NAFLD (RR 1.22, 95% CI 1.11-1.34). Additionally, the effects of thigh subcutaneous fat area/abdominal fat area ratio on the incidence and remission of NAFLD were mediated through adiponectin (14.9% and 26.6%), homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (9.5% and 23.9%), and triglyceride (7.5% and 19.1%). ConclusionsThese results demonstrated that a favourable fat distribution, characterised by a greater ratio of thigh subcutaneous fat to abdominal fat, had a protective role against NAFLD. Impact and implicationsThe associations of thigh subcutaneous fat distribution with NAFLD incidence and remission have not been prospectively examined in a community-based cohort. Our findings suggest that greater thigh subcutaneous fat relative to a given amount of abdominal fat has a protective effect against NAFLD among the middle-aged and older Chinese populations.

Comparison of Neck Circumference, Waist Circumference, and Skinfold Thickness in Measuring the Subcutaneous Fat Distribution and Their Association with Handgrip Strength: Cross-Sectional Study.

Skinfold measurement (SKF) can accurately measure abdominal obesity and is regarded as a surrogate marker to predict non-communicable diseases. The objective of the present study was to observe the degree of association between neck circumference (NC), SKF and handgrip strength (HGS). Secondly, also to know the effects of smoking on NC, HGS and SKF. The mean and standard deviations and frequencies in percentage were analyzed, respectively. The degree of association between NC, anthropometric characters and HGS was also analyzed using the Pearson correlation. Furthermore, multiple linear regression models were used to study the degree of influence of independent variables on dependent variables. Correlation assessment for neck circumference with waist circumference and HGS revealed a weak association. While with SKF for four sites, a strong association was found. A significant regression was found among the smokers in the model (F (2, 7) = 5.2, p-value of 0.04 with an R2 of 0.598). The predictor variables, like waist and NC, can produce a variation of 59.8% in the dependent variable. Whereas, among non-smokers, an insignificant regression was seen. In conclusion, neck circumference is associated with SKF. However, a small sample size of young smokers revealed that NC and waist circumference influenced HGS.

Perinatal exposure to tributyltin affects feeding behavior and expression of hypothalamic neuropeptide Y in the paraventricular nucleus of adult mice.

Organotins such as tributyltin chloride (TBT), are highly diffused environmental pollutants, which act as metabolism disrupting chemicals, i.e. may interfere with fat tissue differentiation, as well as with neuroendocrine circuits, thus impairing the control of energetic balance. We have previously demonstrated that adult exposure to TBT altered the expression of neuropeptides in the hypothalamus. In this study, we orally administered daily a solution containing oil, or TBT (0.25, 2.5, or 25 μg/kg body weight/day) to pregnant females from gestational day 8 until birth, and to their pups from day 0 until post-natal day 21. Our results showed that TBT exposure of female mice during gestation and of pups during lactation permanently altered the feeding efficiency of pups of both sexes and subcutaneous fat distribution in adult males. In addition, the neuropeptide Y system was affected at the level of the paraventricular nucleus, with a decrease in immunoreactivity in both sexes (significant in females for all TBT doses and in males only for intermediate TBT doses), while no effect was observed in other hypothalamic areas (arcuate, ventromedial and dorsomedial nuclei). Metabolic syndrome, as well as obesity and diabetes, which are significant health issues, are considered multifactorial diseases and may be caused by exposure to metabolic disruptors, both in adults and during perinatal life. In addition, our work indicates that TBT doses defined as the tolerably daily intake had a profound and sex-specific long-term effect.

CTPA imaging findings, beyond pulmonary embolism, in patients with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Corona Virus-2 infection and their relation to clinical outcome - a single center experience.

The aim of our study was to investigate a potential association between the severity of COVID-19 disease and related 28-day mortality, with the presence of mediastinal lymphadenopathy, the extension of lung parenchymal infiltrates, the presence of pulmonary embolism, the density and distribution of mediastinal and subcutaneous fat, the inflammatory markers and the direct and indirect radiological signs of right heart overload and strain. We retrospectively included patients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 infection, who were admitted to the Departments of Internal and Respiratory Medicine of Patras University Hospital during the second pandemic wave (February 2021 up to July 2021) and underwent CTPA for routine diagnostic workup. Demographic characteristics, routine laboratory, radiological parameters and 28-day mortality were also recorded. Fifty-three consecutive patients were included. The mean age was 64.47±17.1 years and 64,1% (n=34) were males. Pulmonary embolism (PE) (p=0.019), Right Ventricle-to-Left Ventricle Diameter (RV/LV) Ratio>1 (p<0.01), Reverse Flow in Hepatic Veins (RFHV) (p=0.019), higher density in subcutaneous fat (-99 HU vs. -104HU, p=0.016), increased Lactic Dehydrogenase (LDH), Polymorphonuclear cells (PMN), ferritin, and d-dimer levels (534 vs. 367 U/L, p=0.001, 9220 vs. 5660 Κ/μL, p=001, 956 vs. 360 ng/ml, p=0.005 and 2300 vs. 1040 μg/ml, p=0.003, respectively) were statistically significant related with worse 28-day mortality. Binomial multivariate regression analysis revealed that only RV/LV diameter>1, higher subcutaneous fat density and higher LDH values were independently associated with increased 28-day mortality (OR: 82.9, 95%CI: 1.334-5158, p=0.036, OR: 1.2, 95%CI: 1.016-1.426, p=0.032 and OR:1.016, 95% CI:1.004-1.029, p=0.011, respectively). Subgroup analysis revealed that mediastinal lymph node enlargement (EML) and PE were associated to increased Pulmonary Disease Severity Index (PDSI) score (p=0.042 and p=0.007, respectively), but not to mortality. Our study showed that right heart strain as depicted by a RV/LV diameter>1, higher subcutaneous fat density and higher LDH values are independently associated with an increased 28-day mortality in our SARS-COV2 patient group.

A Comparative Study of Subcutaneous Fat Distribution Pattern of Male Junior and Senior Volleyball Players

A Comparative Study of Subcutaneous Fat Distribution Pattern of Male Junior and Senior Volleyball Players

Relative Body Fat Distribution in Preadolescent Indian Children Exposed to a Natural Disaster during Early Development.

Fetal life and infancy are critical periods when adverse environmental conditions, such as natural disasters, may alter a developing organism, leading to life-lasting unfavorable health outcomes, such as central body fat distribution. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the effect of the exposure to cyclone Aila in utero or during infancy on the relative subcutaneous adiposity distribution in preadolescent Indian children. The study included children prenatally (N = 336) or postnatally (during infancy, N = 212) exposed to Aila and a non-affected group (N = 284). Anthropometric indices involved, i.e., subscapular, suprailiac, triceps, and biceps skinfolds. The relative adiposity distribution (PC1) and socioeconomic status (SES) were assessed using principal component analysis. An analysis of covariance and Tukey’s post hoc test for unequal samples were performed to assess the effect of exposure to a natural disaster on the PC1, controlling for age, sex, Z-BMI, and SES. Prenatally and postnatally Aila-exposed children revealed a significantly more central-oriented pattern of relative subcutaneous fat distribution compared to the controls (p < 0.05). Early-life exposure to a natural disaster was related to an adverse pattern of relative adipose tissue distribution in preadolescent children.

EP196: Phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity related to gene defects in TBL1XR1

Genetic causes of common neurologic conditions, such as autism and developmental delay, are increasingly recognized. The widespread availability of genetic testing has led to the identification of numerous monogenic origins of these prevalent disorders. Despite these advances, relatively few causative genes have been studied systematically and fully characterized. The gene TBL1XR1 regulates transcriptional activities as part of the nuclear receptor corepressor (NCoR) complex. TBL1XR1 was first implicated as the genetic basis for Pierpont Syndrome, a rare disorder characterized by developmental delay, epilepsy, and characteristic dysmorphic features including abnormal subcutaneous fat distribution with prominent plantar and digital fat pads and deep palmar and plantar grooves with “pillowing” of the palms and soles, along with microcephaly, midface hypoplasia, other facial anomalies, and short stature.

Intramuscular adipogenesis in cattle: Effects of body fat distribution and macrophage infiltration.

Ectopic fat is defined by the deposition of adipose tissue within non-adipose tissue such as skeletal muscle. Japanese Black cattle (Wagyu) are characterized by the ability to accumulate high amounts of intramuscular adipose tissue. Obese conditions enhance the accumulation of ectopic fat. This review shows the effects of subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution on Wagyu intramuscular adipogenesis. Obese conditions also stimulate the macrophage infiltration into adipose tissues. Adipose tissue macrophages have reported to regulate adipose tissue growth and ectopic fat accumulation in humans and rodents. Wagyu is characterized by the higher capacity for intramuscular adipogenesis than Holsteins. This review discusses the depot-specific effects of macrophage infiltration among subcutaneous, visceral, and intramuscular adipose tissue on intramuscular adipogenesis in Wagyu and Holstein cattle. Recently, metabolome analysis has been used to identify obesity-related biomarkers by comparing the biological samples between lean and obese patients. This review introduces the metabolomic profiles of plasma and intramuscular adipose tissue between Wagyu and Holsteins.

НУТРИТИВНЫЙ СТАТУС И КОМПОНЕНТНЫЙ СОСТАВ ТЕЛА ШКОЛЬНИКОВ 6-7 КЛАССОВ Г. ХАНТЫ-МАНСИЙСКА

The purpose of ̶assessment of the health and healthy lifestyle of schoolchildren of grades 6-7 of secondary schools in Khanty-Mansiysk based on the results of the analysis of physical development and nutritional status. In 411 children aged 11-14 years, body mass index and standard deviation from the reference median of WHO Child Growth Standards and body component composition were determined using the ABC-01 Medass bioimpedance analyzer in 59 children. It was revealed with a normal level of nutrition - 53.3% of the subjects, with overweight - 17.7%, with obesity - 14.4%, with reduced nutrition ̶12.4% and with malnutrition ̶2.2%. Obesity was more common among boys (64.4%). In children with excessive nutrition and obesity, significantly high indicators of fat mass, a decrease in the proportion of musculoskeletal mass, and impaired distribution of subcutaneous fat were revealed. In 16% of children with elevated BMI, the results of the fat content were within normal limits. Findings. The method of bioimpedansometry is indicated for children and adolescents with high BMI for the assessment of body fat mass and the diagnosis of obesity.

Predicting Beef Carcass Fatness Using an Image Analysis System.

Simple SummaryThe degree of conformation and the degree of fatness are the primary parameters taken by the European beef carcass classification system (the SEUROP system) for assessing carcass quality and pricing. Evaluations have conventionally been performed by graders suitably trained using photographic standards but in recent years new techniques have been developed to enhance grading accuracy and objectivity. This study reports a method that uses an image analysis to assess the degree of fatness of beef carcasses. The results obtained show that the accuracy significantly improves by using this image analysis method compared with the conventional method that assigns scores based on photographic standards. It would therefore be appropriate to implement this technique on slaughter lines to improve the beef carcass classification system.The amount and distribution of subcutaneous fat is an important factor affecting beef carcass quality. The degree of fatness is determined by visual assessments scored on a scale of five fatness levels (the SEUROP system). New technologies such as the image analysis method have been developed and applied in an effort to enhance the accuracy and objectivity of this classification system. In this study, 50 young bulls were slaughtered (570 ± 52.5 kg) and after slaughter the carcasses were weighed (360 ± 33.1 kg) and a SEUROP system fatness score assigned. A digital picture of the outer surface of the left side of the carcass was taken and the area of fat cover (fat area) was measured using an image analysis system. Commercial cutting of the carcasses was performed 24 h post-mortem. The fat trimmed away on cutting (cutting fat) was weighed. A regression analysis was carried out for the carcass cutting fat (y-axis) on the carcass fat area (x-axis) to establish the accuracy of the image analysis system. A greater accuracy was obtained by the image analysis (R2 = 0.72; p < 0.001) than from the visual fatness scores (R2 = 0.66; p < 0.001). These results show the image analysis to be more accurate than the visual assessment system for predicting beef carcass fatness.

Prenatal exposure to ambient air pollutants and early infant growth and adiposity in the Southern California Mother\u2019s Milk Study

BackgroundPrior epidemiological and animal work has linked in utero exposure to ambient air pollutants (AAP) with accelerated postnatal weight gain, which is predictive of increased cardiometabolic risk factors in childhood and adolescence. However, few studies have assessed changes in infant body composition or multiple pollutant exposures. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine relationships between prenatal residential AAP exposure with infant growth and adiposity.MethodsResidential exposure to AAP (particulate matter < 2.5 and 10 microns in aerodynamic diameter [PM2.5, PM10]; nitrogen dioxide [NO2]; ozone [O3]; oxidative capacity [Oxwt: redox-weighted oxidative potential of O3 and NO2]) was modeled by spatial interpolation of monitoring stations via an inverse distance-squared weighting (IDW2) algorithm for 123 participants from the longitudinal Mother’s Milk Study, an ongoing cohort of Hispanic mother-infant dyads from Southern California. Outcomes included changes in infant growth (weight, length), total subcutaneous fat (TSF; calculated via infant skinfold thickness measures) and fat distribution (umbilical circumference, central to total subcutaneous fat [CTSF]) and were calculated by subtracting 1-month measures from 6-month measures. Multivariable linear regression was performed to examine relationships between prenatal AAP exposure and infant outcomes. Models adjusted for maternal age, pre-pregnancy body mass index, socioeconomic status, infant age, sex, and breastfeeding frequency. Sex interactions were tested, and effects are reported for each standard deviation increase in exposure.ResultsNO2 was associated with greater infant weight gain (β = 0.14, p = 0.02) and TSF (β = 1.69, p = 0.02). PM10 and PM2.5 were associated with change in umbilical circumference (β = 0.73, p = 0.003) and TSF (β = 1.53, p = 0.04), respectively. Associations of Oxwt (pinteractions < 0.10) with infant length change, umbilical circumference, and CTSF were modified by infant sex. Oxwt was associated with attenuated infant length change among males (β = -0.60, p = 0.01), but not females (β = 0.16, p = 0.49); umbilical circumference among females (β = 0.92, p = 0.009), but not males (β = -0.00, p = 0.99); and CTSF among males (β = 0.01, p = 0.03), but not females (β = 0.00, p = 0.51).ConclusionPrenatal AAP exposure was associated with increased weight gain and anthropometric measures from 1-to-6 months of life among Hispanic infants. Sex-specific associations suggest differential consequences of in utero oxidative stress. These results indicate that prenatal AAP exposure may alter infant growth, which has potential to increase childhood obesity risk.

Correlation Between the Distribution of Abdominal, Pericardial and Subcutaneous Fat and Muscle and Age and Gender in a Middle-Aged and Elderly Population.

ObjectiveThe present study aimed to explore the relationships between the distribution of abdominal fat and muscle and age and gender in a middle-aged and elderly population.MethodsThe levels of abdominal (visceral and subcutaneous) fat, pericardial fat, and psoas major muscle were measured in subjects who had physical examinations at the Health and Medical Department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from July 2019 to June 2020. The relationship between fat in different areas (ie, different types of fat) and the relationship between different types of fat and the psoas major muscle were investigated in the context of different genders and ages.ResultsThe distribution of fat and muscle differed between males and females of the middle-aged and elderly study sample. Volumes of pericardial fat, total abdominal fat, and visceral fat were significantly lower in females than in males, and the area of the psoas major muscle was also significantly lower in females than in males. Levels of subcutaneous fat and total abdominal fat showed no significant correlation with age. The level of muscle showed a significant negative correlation with age.Conclusion1) Within the middle-aged and elderly sample, male subjects had higher levels than females of all types of fat except for abdominal subcutaneous fat, and had higher levels of psoas muscle than females. 2) Pericardial fat increased with age, whereas levels of abdominal fat did not change significantly with age. 3) The area of psoas major muscle appears to be positively correlated with volumes of all types of fat: subjects with more fat tended to have higher levels of psoas major muscle.