Subclass Of Mobile Ad-hoc Network Research Articles

Review of Mobility Scenarios Generators for Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks Simulators

The most used technology for ITS (Intelligent Transportation System) is VANET (Vehicular Ad-hoc NETworks) which is a subclass of MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc NETworks).VANET enables wireless communication between vehicles as well as RSU (Road Side Units), by using the standard 802.11p channels bandwidth to transmit all sort of information to each vehicle, within the range of the communication, providing passengers with plethora of safety, comfort and traffic monitoring applications. These networks are characterized by the predictable motion nature of vehicles which allows to predict the future locations of the nodes. They are also known for their varying topology through time, due to the changing number of nodes and the lane-constrained mobility patterns and their reduced power consumption requirements. However, the implementation, deployment and testing of VANET implies significant cost and requires a huge experimental platform. Therefore, computer simulation seems to be one of the best alternatives to test VANET communication protocols, before their deployment. However, the correct simulation of these networks requires to have access to a large number of heterogeneous mobility and traffic scenarios. Several research works try to solve these issues by creating mobility models that tend to accurately generate trace-files, that reflect the true nature of road traffic motion. This paper reviews these existing solutions and the need to develop them into intelligent tools, capable of faithfully reflecting human driving behavior in computer simulation scenarios designed to accurately test VANETs.

АНАЛИЗ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТИ ПРОТОКОЛОВ РЕАКТИВНОЙ МАРШРУТИЗАЦИИ В VANET НА БАЗЕ NS3

Since importance of improving of Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) always follow modern trends by using new wireless communication technologies, the trend of latest research topics is focusing on Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET). VANET networks play a vital role in ITS due to their increasing importance for the building of ITS. VANET is a subclass of mobile ad-hoc networks (MANET). VANET depends on wireless technologies to establish communication between moving vehicles (nodes). An appropriate and efficient routing protocol helps to successful exchange data between mobility nodes in vehicular ad-hoc networks. VANET has a lot of similar features to MANETs such as finite bandwidth, self-arrangement, self-administration, and unstable network topology. Except it has some important features of its characteristic such as very high node mobility, delay restrictions, and frequent network outages. For this reason, routing in VANET networks is much more complex than routing in MANET networks. The purpose of this study - to evaluate the performance of protocols AODV (Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector) and DSR (Dynamic Source Routing) and their impact on the performance of networks VANET. This paper differs in that it analyses the impact of network size at a large number of nodes, and different vehicle speeds on network performance metrics like packet delivery ratio, throughput, average delay, overhead and packet loss ratio and assessing the level of network performance at realistic mobility scenarios for the movement of vehicles in the street generated by Bonnmotion tool. Also, the simulation is carried out in NS-3 simulator to create VANET network topology and routing protocols.

Pseudonym change-based privacy-preserving schemes in vehicular ad-hoc networks: A survey

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), which are a subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs), received a widespread attention during the last decades. With these promising set of safety applications, which are the main reason why they were developed, VANETs are considered as a tremendous support for the Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). However, several key issues remain to be solved before VANET becomes fully applicable; one of them being privacy preservation. To fulfill safety-requirements in VANETs, the vehicle needs to broadcast its status wirelessly. Consequently, any adversary can hear the broadcast messages at the aim of analyzing them, identifying, tracking and generating profile of his target. In other words, privacy of individuals may be seriously breached in VANETs if no safety measures were been taken. Using pseudonyms instead of the real identities of individuals, and changing them periodically during the communication is a promising solution for such crucial problems. There is a significant body of research work addressing this issue and a lot of researchers proposed various privacy protections basing on pseudonym change strategies. In this survey paper, we present an introduction to the privacy problem and give a recent and detailed state of the art of the different suggested pseudonym change strategies and approaches. We also propose a novel taxonomy to classify these strategies to diverse concepts. Finally, we discuss, give future directions and open issues and mention some of the observations that lead to better identify this problem for better future strategies.

A Hybrid Method for Secure Communication and Performance Analysis in VANET.

Vehicular Ad-hoc network a subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc network with various features providing Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication, Vehicle-to-RSU communication, Vehicle-to-Trusted Authority Communication. VANET is gaining higher attention now days both in industry and academic area and has become a trending research topic for research but still a lot of improvements is required in this area. Security of data is one of the major challenge in VANET. Encryption of data with the help of various encryption algorithms came up as solution for securing communication in VANET. But existing encryption algorithms used to secure VANET’s are complex due to which data are not delivered on time and face a lot of problems like privacy of data ,non-repudiation and cost (i.e. communication cost, computational cost).In our proposed scheme we use a hybrid approach, which contain ECC algorithm( asymmetric algorithm).ECC algorithm is used for encryption of personal details (i.e. Speed, location, device address) and AES algorithm (symmetric algorithm ) is used for encryption for safety messages along with output of ECC algorithm. The objective of this hybrid approach is to perform double encryption on personal details for more privacy of personal data (using ECC and AES algorithm) and single encryption on safety messages (using AES algorithm) so safety messages are delivered on time and without any delay.

Evaluasi Kinerja Protokol Perutean AODV dan SDGR+R pada VANET dengan Studi Kasus Pelabuhan Lembar

The Vehicular ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a subclass of Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs).VANET is a wireless network created from the concept of building a vehicle network (node) toexchange data information (data communication). There is a new concept technique forVANET communication used, namely the use of the concept of Software Defined Network(SDN) on VANET. For data communication between vehicles, a routing protocol required. Themost common routing protocol used on VANET since 2003 is AODV. In 2014 several studieswere using the SDN paradigm tried on VANET technology to improve the performance ofQuality of Service (QoS), one of which is a Geographic-based SDN, called SDGR in 2016.Multicast is a method of routing data on a network that allows one node or a group of nodes tocommunicate efficiently with the receiving node. The multicast concept supports one-to-manyrouting in nodes that send packet data to a group of nodes. The development of the SDGRrouting protocol using the idea of multicast technique to SDGR based on the Direction calledSDGR + R carried out in 2019. This study uses a case study of vehicle transportationsimulations in the Lamber Port area of Lombok. The simulation results knew that SDGR + Ris better than AODV in terms of service quality (QoS) at a latency of 15.58% and packet deliveryratio (PDR) of 47.78%.

Impact of wormhole attack on AODV routing protocol in vehicular ad-hoc network over real map with detection and prevention approach

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) which provides the safety measure and other different applications to the drivers of the vehicles. The goal of VANET is to fulfil the requirements of users on roadside area, which improves the safe and comfortable journey. Secure routing is the main issue in VANET. Dynamic topology and wireless networking makes the VANET vulnerable to numerous sorts of attacks. Wormhole is one of the extreme assaults in VANET. This type of attack disturbs the working of routing protocol such as Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. The motivation of this research work is that by using proposed detection and prevention approach the VANET can be made more secure. The results show how the performance of AODV routing protocol is affected by wormhole. In this research paper the impact of wormhole attack is analysed in terms of throughput, packer delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay. An approach is also proposed to detect and prevent wormhole attack in VANET over a real map on different vehicle densities based on multipath concept.

Impact of wormhole attack on AODV routing protocol in vehicular ad-hoc network over real map with detection and prevention approach

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET) which provides the safety measure and other different applications to the drivers of the vehicles. The goal of VANET is to fulfil the requirements of users on roadside area, which improves the safe and comfortable journey. Secure routing is the main issue in VANET. Dynamic topology and wireless networking makes the VANET vulnerable to numerous sorts of attacks. Wormhole is one of the extreme assaults in VANET. This type of attack disturbs the working of routing protocol such as Ad hoc On demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol. The motivation of this research work is that by using proposed detection and prevention approach the VANET can be made more secure. The results show how the performance of AODV routing protocol is affected by wormhole. In this research paper the impact of wormhole attack is analysed in terms of throughput, packer delivery ratio, and end-to-end delay. An approach is also proposed to detect and prevent wormhole attack in VANET over a real map on different vehicle densities based on multipath concept.

Opportunistic Networks: Current Scenario and Future Scope

Opportunistic Networks are considered as a subclass of Mobile Adhoc Networks in which packet can be delivered with a reasonable amount of delay. Initial Node or source node allows distinct nodes to join the network to accomplish message delivery. Opportunistic Networks follow the Store-Carry-Forward principle in order to deliver the packet. The intermediate node stores the packet in memory unless a suitable forwarder node is selected. Further Opportunistic Network imposes various challenges like maintain routes, energy optimization for mobile devices, congestion control, or buffer storage policies and security and privacy in the network. Various tools/simulators are available to simulate Opportunistic Networks protocols and analyze their results. The aim of this paper is to provide overview of Opportunistic Networks and major routing protocols available. Also this paper discusses applications of these kinds of networks and future scope of Opportunistic Network. Opportunistic Networks is an open-ended topic for researchers and imposes great challenges for future work. In future routing protocols can be optimized for lowering overhead and delay in the network, thus providing efficient environment for communication.

Performance Analysis of RACODSR Protocol in Smart Grayhole Attacks on VANets

As a subclass of Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANets), Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is a set of interconnecting vehicles that aim to provide a wide spectrum of encouraging road services, such as safety and traffic management. This key component of Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS), is impacted

Performance evaluation of vanets using wireshark

Vehicular Adhoc Networks (VANETs) have become a hot area of research and development since few years. It is actually a subclass of Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) where each node is a vehicle and when the nodes come in the communication range of each other, they form a network. In VANETs, Vehicle to Vehicle(V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure(V2I) communication takes place where nodes themselves acts as servers and /or clients for sharing & exchanging of information. VANETs find applications in road safety also have the potential to improve traffic efficiency and convenience by communicating with peer vehicles and roadside units. As the nodes move with high speed, the topology is dynamically varying and designing a routing protocol for such a dynamically varying network is a challenge. Also other challenges of VANETs are security, connectivity among vehicles, cross layer design issues, mobility & validation.In this paper, a VANET scenario is simulated using Wireshark Simulator in IEEE 802.16e (WiMAX) and IEEE 802.11p (WAVE) environment and the performance evaluation parameters like packet loss ratio and throughput. The simulation results are performed by scaling the network size using both the environments i.e., WiMax and WAVE and the results are evaluated by comparing throughput and packet loss ratio. WiMAX outperforms WAVE in a VANET environment in a big network

Message Dissemination in Vehicular Networks on the Basis of Agent Technology

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) is a sub-family of Mobile Ad hoc Network (MANET). The principal goal of VANET is to provide communications between nearby nodes or between nodes and fixed infrastructure. Despite that VANET is considered as a subclass of MANET, it has for particularity the high mobility of vehicles producing the frequent changes of network topology that involve changing of road and varying node density of vehicles existing in this road. That‘s why, the most proposed clustering algorithms for MANET are unsuitable for VANET. Various searches have been recently published deal with clustering for VANETs, but most of them are focused on minimizing network overhead value, number of created clusters and had not considered the vehicles interests which defined as any related data used to differentiate vehicle from another. In this paper, we propose a novel clustering algorithm based on agent technology to improve routing in VANET.

Fault-Tolerance Evaluation of VANET Under Different Data Dissemination Models

Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANETs) is a collection of wireless mobile nodes, which form temporary networks over infrastructure-less environments. Over the last few years, Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) technology has been considered as an active research area. VANET is a sub class of MANET with some unique characteristics such as fast vehicle speed, frequent topology changes and restricted mobility on roads. The communication between vehicles provides a new avenue for different types of applications such as safety, traffic management, entertainment, etc. These applications are categorized based on how data is transmitted from source to destination. The performance of such applications does not only depend on routing protocols, but also on the data dissemination mechanism. Data dissemination in VANETs is a significant factor, which can be accomplished using four different models: Dynamic Source Dynamic Destination (DSDD), Dynamic Source Static Destination (DSSD), Static Source Dynamic Destination (SSDD), and Static Source Static Destination (SSSD). Each one of these models is suitable for specific types of applications. In this paper, the authors study and evaluate the fault-tolerance of VANET under different data dissemination techniques in terms of throughput, average End-to-End delay, and percentage of packet loss. the authors used NCTUns 6.0 network simulator and IEEE 802.11p wireless communication standard. Their findings show that DSDV is more fault-tolerant than both DSR and AODV in terms of packet loss percentage for all dissemination techniques. However, AODV shows better performance in average End-to-End delay and throughput under DSDD and SSDD techniques.

Performance Study of MANET Routing Protocols in VANET

VANET (Vehicular Ad Hoc Network) is an evolving technology that brings numerous advantages, benefits and features of wireless networks to vehicles. VANET allows vehicles to communicate among themselves or with roadside equipment. Such kind of communication can be utilized for different purposes such as safety, comfort, or even entertainment. In VANET, routing of data, remains a challenging area for researchers due to its dynamic topology and the fast speed at which vehicles move. VANET is a sub class of MANET (Mobile Ad Hoc Network) with some distinct features. The performance of communication in VANET depends on the performance of its underlying network routing protocols. In this work, we performed simulation study to compare the most popular MANET routing protocols (namely: AODV, DSDV and DSR) for VANET by considering a real world scenario of a highway system. We used the famous NCTUns 6.0 network simulator for our comparative study. Numerous key simulation parameters have being considered which include speed, number of nodes, data rate, propagation model, fading and payload. The selected routing protocols were then evaluated in terms of important performance metrics which include throughput, packet drop, packet collision and average end to end delay. Our obtained simulation results show that the performance of the routing protocols depends largely on the application throughput, average delay and QoS (fewer packet drops).

Cluster Head Selection Procedure Using Priority based Technique in VANET

Objectives: To improve in the MAC protocol channel sensing mechanism for data transmission from source to destination to improve the throughput and overcome the delay of the network. Methods: High degree algorithm is proposed for selection of the Cluster Head under MAC protocol. We have compared the prediction-based algorithm and high degree algorithm with throughput, delay, packet loss, jitter and Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR). Findings: Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is the self-organizing type of network and a subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET), in which vehicular nodes can move or leave the network when they want. Due to decentralized nature of VANET, security, routing and Quality of Services are major issues which arise in the network and leads to increase the delay with continuously link break in the communication of vehicular nodes. Medium Access Control (MAC), layer helps in the fast transmission of the packets from one node to another. Therefore, the technique of MAC protocol works on Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Request to Send (RTS) and Clear to Send (CTS) packets which will increase the routing overhead due to the extra exchange of packets in the network. So to overcome this issue, we have designed high degree algorithm and compared with prediction based algorithm using the time constraints of throughput, delay, packet loss, jitter and PDR which conclude that the high degree algorithm is better than prediction based algorithm. Improvements: Throughput, PDR, jitter, packet loss and delay are compared and the result shows improvement using high degree algorithm rather than prediction based algorithm.

A Novel Clustering Algorithm Based on Agent Technology for VANET

Vehicular Ad-hoc Network (VANET) is a sub-family of Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET).The means goal of VANET is to provide communications between nearby nodes or between nodes and fixed infrastructure. Despite that VANET is considered as a subclass of MANET, it has for particularity the high mobility of vehicles producing the frequent changes of network topology that involve changing of road, varying node density and locations of vehicles existing in this road. That‘s why, the most proposed clustering algorithms for MANET are unsuitable for VANET. Various searches have been recently published deal with clustering for VANETs. But most of them are focused on minimizing network overhead value, number of created clusters and had not considered the vehicles interests which defined as any related data used to differentiate vehicle from another (such as traffic congestion, looking for free parking space etc). In this paper, we propose a novel clustering algorithm based on agent technology to solve the problems mentioned above and improve routing in VANET. Experimental part show promising results regarding the adoption of the proposed approach.

A Review on Trust Model in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

In vehicular ad hoc network (VANETs), the applications mainly focused on the road and making their journey safe and comfortable to fulfill the users’ requirements. It is a challenging subclass of Mobile Ad-hoc Network, which empowers smart transmission among vehicles and between vehicles and roadside frameworks. It is an optimistic methodology for the Intelligent Transport System (ITS). There are numerous difficulties to be tended while utilizing VANET. It is flexible and has a high dynamic topology and flexibility which makes the conventional MANET protocols unacceptable for VANET. Trust is a principal element which is used to create a trustful environment to improve the security in vehicular networks. Trust can be calculated by observing the human behavior which creates a trusted communicating environment. In this paper, we define the architecture of VANET, then the communication establishment and various challenges. Some trust models had been defined in this paper to enforce honest information sharing between communicating nodes. Trust establishment is compulsory among communicating vehicles to build a secure messages exchange and reliability.

Study of Various Data Dissemination Types and its Protocols - A Review

Vehicular plays an important role in day-to-day world in the field of automobiles. VANETs are the subclass of mobile ad-hoc Networks which have no central infrastructure. Nodes are highly mobile in VANET. VANET is distinguished from MANET by their features, design and applications. A Vehicular Ad-Hoc Network or VANET is a sub form of Mobile Ad-Hoc Network or MANET that provides communication between vehicles and between vehicles and road-side base stations with an aim of providing efficient and safe transportation. A vehicle in VANET is considered to be an intelligent mobile node capable of communicating with its neighbors and other vehicles in the network. VANET introduces more challenges aspects as compare to MANET because of high mobility of nodes and fast topology changes in VANET. In this paper, VANET basics structure, its architecture, challenges, applications are discussed. Data dissemination is a challenging task because by utilizing limited bandwidth, maximum data has to disseminate over the vehicular network. Many researchers have provided several techniques to disseminate data so that the data can be accessed more efficiently. Major stress is given to this topic where data dissemination types and its protocols are compared.

Performance Analysis of Various Routing Protocols with Preference to Border Nodes in VANET Environment

Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) where vehicles are described as the moving nodes, is a subclass of Mobile Adhoc Networks (MANETs) in which moving nodes has the potential of self-organization without need of fixed infrastructures. VANET provides road safety, traffic control management and spreading the important information to drivers of the moving vehicles in highly mobile environments. Various safety and non-safety applications provided in timecritical situations, high node density and varying mobility distinguishes VANETs from other wireless networks. Routing protocols for MANETs are not suitable in VANETs but position based routing protocols are much suitable. In this paper, we describe the essentials of VANETs and elaborate various routing protocols mostly position based routing protocols with preference to border nodes and compare the existing protocols by considering some simulation criteria characterized by network size, number of nodes and time to simulate the network using the NS2 simulator and evaluated the performance of routing protocols and compute the results in terms of packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, throughput and describe which protocol gives the better results.

Reducing Interferences in VANETs

Mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) are networks that are created on the fly ( ad hoc ) between various mobile nodes and do not require infrastructure. The mobile nodes can move around, and the network would automatically reconfigure itself to allow connectivity. Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are a subclass of MANETs that is expected to have a key role in the intelligent transportation systems of the future. VANETs provide vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-roadside communication in order to support safety and comfort applications. Despite being a subclass of MANETs, VANETs have fundamentally different behavior. This paper presents a scheme consisting of a media access control protocol and a clustering algorithm designed to reduce interferences in VANETs. Our scheme, which is intended for safety applications in highway environments, employs dynamic multihop clustering, allows better utilization of network resources, and improves network performance.

An Analysis of VANET Topology Based Routing Approach on Various Parameters

Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a peculiar subclass of mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) that has the potential in improving road safety and in providing travellers comfort. Currently it has gained an important part of interest of researchers and become very popular. One of the main challenges in VANET is of searching and maintaining an effective route for transporting data information. Hence, an analysis on routing protocols based on various parameters of VANET is a necessary issue in communication. Simulation tools has been preferred over outdoor experiment because it simple, easy and cheap. VANET requires that a traffic & network simulator should be used together to perform the test. In this paper, we present brief analysis of routing protocols and ending up with the most appropriate simulation tools to simulate VANET protocols and application.