Subcultural Factors Research Articles

Chronotope of Engineering and Pedagogical Thinking

The article is devoted to engineering and pedagogical thinking as a kind of professional thinking that exists due to specific reasons and necessary and sufficient conditions. The “assembly” of these causes and conditions takes place in a certain time-and-place (chronotope), the conceptual reconstruction of which opens the way to overcoming the traditions of haphazard enumerative descriptions of various properties that have developed in the literature and to reaching the construction of the theory of engineering and pedagogical thinking, which, in turn, will help to reasonably update the content and organization of training engineers-teachers, on whom a lot depends in the near technological future of Russia. A review of the characteristics of engineering-pedagogical and related engineering and pedagogical thinking presented in scientific publications is proposed. It shows the need for greater certainty in understanding the nature, foundations, essence and features of heterogeneous engineering and pedagogical thinking. Heterogeneity requires actualization of the potential not only of pedagogy and technical sciences, but also of philosophy, cultural studies, sociology, and psychology. Such actualization shows the heuristic of the communicative interpretation of the nature and essence of thinking. In its light, engineering-pedagogical thinking appears simultaneously as an articulated and unarticulated, discrete and continuous communication of engineers-teachers with students, within which the competencies required by the profession and the impulse developing engineering and technical flair and ingenuity are transmitted, “infecting” (V. Shklovsky2) and charging them, thanks to which communication overcomes the boundaries of the chronotope, gaining continuum features, demonstrating its pulsating situational-suprasituative (corpuscular-wave) dualism. The scientific novelty lies in the justification, by the example of advancing to the theory of engineering and pedagogical thinking, of supplementing the competence approach with consideration of no less significant cultural and subcultural factors, including latent ones, which sometimes manifest themselves in very weak signals about the features of the chronotope of training engineers and technicians by engineers–teachers, not so much by virtue of official regulations as by virtue of singular acts of everyday life communication.

A Case Study on McDonald’s Advertisements from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication

It is accepted that domestic advertisements cannot be simply translated and then put in other countries and regions directly since cultural differences and misunderstandings are common in intercultural communication. Under the guidance of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension Theory, this paper, taking McDonald’s advertisements as examples, aims at analyzing why does McDonald’s put different media advertisements in different countries and regions and how Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension assists the design of advertisements? With qualitative content analysis, we find that McDonald’s usually employs elements related to “we” such as family or friendship to design advertisements for cultures characterized by collectivism. Secondly, different dimensions would be elaborated in one advertisement at the same time. Besides, subcultural factors such as homosexuality or street dance are common in advertisements launched in feminine societies. Lastly, leisure time or entertainment is usually taken to design advertisements by McDonald’s for short-term orientated countries and regions.

Effect of Psychological and Cultural Factors on Consumer Behaviour

Richard Thaler has won the 2017 Nobel Prize in economics for his work on behavioural economics, which tries to understand how humans make economic decisions and after that various researcher throughout the world started to pay their attention to search the effect of various factors on consumer buying behaviours. The present study aimed at to find out the effect of psychosocial and cultural factors on consumer buying behaviour in India. The perception, motivation, attitude and beliefs and social learning were the psychological factors while family, reference group, roles and status, cultural and subcultural factors are measured in the study. Data were collected from 200 adults. Psychosocial and Cultural Behaviour of Consumer Scale (PCBCS) developed by Dr Vikas Minchekar was used to collect the data. Results revealed significant differences in psychosocial and cultural behaviour of a consumer.

Faktor-Faktor Resistansi Masyarakat Desa Ngrayun Terhadap Keputusan Menjadi Nasabah Asuransi Prudential Ponorogo

Islamic insurance will have higher demand and high enthusiasm. Therefore, efforts to increase public knowledge about sharia insurance are a strategic issue in the development of sharia insurance. Consumer knowledge is all information owned by consumers about various products or services. Based on the results of interviews with prudential insurance agents, it was stated that there were still few people who had life insurance, all of that because the level of public trust was still low, this was due to their low knowledge of sharia insurance. And when doing promotions there is rejection from the community. From here, marketers must be able to provide knowledge about the benefits and advantages of Islamic insurance. This study aims: 1) to find out how the development of prudential sharia insurance in Ponorogo. 2) to find out the resistance factors of the Ngrayun Village Community to become Ponorogo prudential insurance customers.This type of research uses field research and uses a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques used in this study were interviews (interviews) and documentation. The results of this study are: 1) The development of Prudential Sharia Insurance in Ponorogo has gone up and down, but in the last period it has decreased. Especially in Ngrayun Village, Ngrayun District, the development of prudential sharia insurance is quite difficult because of various factors that influence people's decisions to join as customers. The prudential sharia insurance agent then determines solutions that can be applied in rural areas, especially Ngrayun Village, Ngrayun District. 2) Existing factors based on the results of interviews with consumers who have received socialization or offers from prudential sharia insurance agents in Ngrayun Village, Ngrayun District arise interrelated factors, both from cultural and sub-cultural factors, occupation, age, reference groups and family , as well as location. Of the several factors that have been mentioned above, these factors are closely related to the consumer's decision to become a customer.

Chase out or unfortunate coping strategy? Analysis of urban settlement of the homeless addicts at public parks

Extant studies have labelled persons-with-addiction and the homeless as ‘invaders’ of public parks, aggressive/violent with psychiatric and medical disorders, a burden to the society, and transmitters of most deadly airborne or chronic diseases. Literature subtly discuses that such people must be chased out of the public. Yet, such studies have not concurrently analyzed from the viewpoint of urban parks users, the persons-with-addiction and the homeless people what needs to be done to improve the situation. Therefore, the study aims to explore whether problematic communities and subcultural factors make the disadvantaged resort to negative copping strategies when their legal means are blocked: how the other park users respond to the homeless drug addicts’ hardship: and the possible suggestions from all the park users. This is done with reference to social disorganization and Sub-culture theory, and through ethnographic research approach (8 months field observation) and in-depth-interviews with 27 participants. Our study found that persons-with-addiction and the homeless are not always aggressive/violent/harmful as they have been labelled. But only disadvantaged individuals who desire to emulate the ideals and ambitions of the middle class but lack resources to achieve such success. Being overwhelmed with such frustrations from their dilemmas, they consider themselves ‘double-failures’ and retreat into drug addiction and find abode in the public spaces. We therefore conclude that persons with addiction and the homeless people are not always violent and criminal persons who are to be chased out of public parks. But only disadvantaged individuals who need help for choosing a negative coping strategy.

Desistance in Context: Understanding the Effects of Subculture on the Desistance Process During Reintegration

Abstract Despite a growth in desistance research, our understanding of how local external factors may affect the desistance process as people transition from prison to society remains limited. Drawing on qualitative data from two neighbourhoods in Northern Ireland, it is argued that subcultural factors in neighbourhoods can play a key role in influencing desistance during reintegration by shaping the opportunities that individuals have to access, use and sell drugs, their experiences of social integration/exclusion and processes of surveillance and collective efficacy. It is argued that there is a need to better incorporate the effects of local external factors, including subcultural norms and values, into existing desistance theories if we are to fully understand how neighbourhood context can affect desistance during reintegration.

Desistance in Context: Understanding the Effects of Subculture on the Desistance Process During Reintegration.

Despite a growth in desistance research, our understanding of how local external factors may affect the desistance process as people transition from prison to society remains limited. Drawing on qualitative data from two neighbourhoods in Northern Ireland, it is argued that subcultural factors in neighbourhoods can play a key role in influencing desistance during reintegration by shaping the opportunities that individuals have to access, use and sell drugs, their experiences of social integration/exclusion, and processes of surveillance and collective efficacy. It is argued that there is a need to better incorporate the effects of local external factors, including subcultural norms and values, into existing desistance theories if we are to fully understand how neighbourhood context can affect desistance during reintegration.

ПРИЕМ ТРАНСЛИТЕРАЦИИ В КУЛЬТУРОЛОГИЧЕСКОМ АСПЕКТЕ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ РУССКО-КИТАЙСКОГО И КИТАЙСКО-РУССКОГО ПЕРЕВОДОВ)

Transliteration is a frequent translation technique described in scientific literature as integrity of transformation methods used in translation. Such a statistical approach to analysing the mentioned technique does not take into account numerous cultural factors significantly influencing the efficiency of translation. Meanwhile, just these factors often determine the choice of transliteration methods. Considering the above mentioned, the article analyses the cultural factors determining the choice of transliteration methods. The dominant cultural and sub-cultural factors are identified. The study is conducted by the material of the living Chinese language. The research material includes newspaper articles, literary works, etc. Relying on the findings, the author suggests principles for choosing an optimal transliteration method.

A pragmatist perspective on sustainable global value chain governance – the case of Dr. Bronner’s

PurposeThis paper aims to highlight the challenges and opportunities of sustainable global value chain governance, it demonstrates strong theoretical deficits in this field and offers new pragmatist conceptual perspectives.Design/methodology/approachThe empirical analysis is based on document analyses, 47 expert interviews and on field observations in Ghana, Africa.FindingsBased on an in-depth analysis of a US firm operating a fair trade value chain in an intercultural environment, the authors show that universalistic value chain-oriented governance instruments often fail because of strong institutional and cultural distances. Against the prevailing strategies of top-down management, the authors suggest a more bottom-up, pragmatist and collaboration-based approach to sustainable global value chain governance.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of an in-depth case study are not generalizable. Instead, they provide holistic insights into a so-far insufficiently examined field and an empirical fundament for further research on sustainable governance in global value chains. In particular, research on pragmatist, collaborative, dialogue based, bottom-up approaches of sustainable value chain governance will be of great value to further theoretical development of this field.Practical implicationsThis study is relevant to researchers and practitioners in the field of sustainable value chain governance. It reveals several misunderstandings about the effectiveness and impacts of sustainable governance in less developed countries and thus builds a foundation for better and more effective problem-solving approaches in international sustainable management activities.Social implicationsNontransparent supplier networks and (illegal) sub-contracting, as well as the strong influences of institutional, cultural and sub-cultural factors, make responsible value chain management a challenging task for any firm with international value creation activities. This leaves workers in local factories vulnerable to infringements of their fundamental human rights and the environment unprotected against long-lasting damages. Addressing these challenges and developing new solutions, therefore, can have strong impacts on the lives of workers in international supply chains.Originality/valueThe authors contribute, first, a differentiated empirical description and analysis of a sustainable value chain approach in a less developed country in Africa. Second, using an example of the field study, the authors highlight limitations of value chain-related governance theory based on a field study by illustrating the challenges and barriers and a lack of existing concepts concerning effective sustainable governance in global value chains. Third, the authors show different managerial responses to these cultural and institutional challenges between universalism and relativism, and, fourth, the authors suggest a more collaborative, bottom-up and pragmatist approach to sustainable value chain governance.

The Psychological Violence Against Girls and Women

This study is focused mostly on the psychological and emotional violence against girls and women. The implementation of the study is based on the use of the quantitative research method by spreading and completing the survey with 650 respondents from 24 to 60 years old. The detailed study aims to explore the causes and conditions which favor violence as a necessity to understand the roots of these social phenomena. This implies a comprehensive analysis of social, economical, political and sub-cultural factors which affect in the implementation of it. From the data of our survey there are some results: nearly 63.0 percent of the respondents said that they had suffered psychological violence. Insults, shouts and threats are actions which happen more frequently and the respondents say that they are the most disturbing elements. Most girls and women suffer from the psychological violence within their family. This kind of violence is mainly caused by men, by their husbands, fathers, brothers. DOI: 10.5901/ajis.2016.v5n3s1p91

Renaissance beauty = Today’s ugly: What appearance factors determine attractiveness judgments?

ABSTRACTBy comparing photos of portraits of the faces of Renaissance courtesans to photos of attractive contemporary women’s faces this study estimates the importance of sociocultural factors in the personal perception of faces. Physical attractiveness is an important causal factor in choosing a sex partner, so the difference between averaged attractiveness judgments, a focus of attractiveness research, and individual attractiveness judgment, most relevant to choosing a sex partner, is important. Except for modesty and faithfulness, 13 normally attractive contemporary models were rated much more positively by college student participants (N = 189) than were eight celebrated Renaissance courtesans, both in attractiveness (contemporary stimuli 63%; Renaissance courtesans 31%) and in personality traits. All of the Renaissance courtesan trait ratings showed more variability than the contemporary stimuli. This study supports the view that once a relatively low baseline level of biological attractiveness is surpassed, latent and explicit sociocultural factors, culturally relative gender role appearance expectations, culturally relative aesthetic judgment factors, individual differences, and interpersonal dynamics are major determining factors of judgments of pretty and/or beautiful showing large subcultural and cultural individual differences. Pretty and beautiful may be discrete concepts, with beautiful strongly culturally determined. These data suggest that sociocultural and subcultural factors are important determiners of attractiveness.

Local Sound, Local Scene: Karga Art, Kadiköy Scene Case

The term, “Local Sound”, has generally been used for cities and for ‘sub-cultural’ areas in the study of the term 'scene'. Local culture, identities and musical creations are cumulative and depend on socialization of communities. In this study, we will examine Kadikoy Karga Bar and artistic activities of the bar based on the term 'local sound'. We decided to study on local sound after reading Sara Cohen’s, 'Scenes'article. She examines, local musical cultures around her Liverpool scene study. Some conditions, which take place in the article are, production, organization, different identifications, communities and sub-cultural factors that affect local cultures and local sounds. We wondered, if it is possible to insert the same sound localization to Istanbul and see if it has a sound in rock culture or any local sound in Kadikoy within this culture. In 90's, Istanbul has been separated in terms of location and subcultural groups and today, two areas, Taksim and Kadikoy, are still used by these groups and by industry, actively. For this reason we will analyze local sound of Kadikoy and formed identities around the Karga Art example. Karga Art can be worth studying since they prepare a program like an art center every month. They have two concepts, bar and live, in the same building. Do these concepts feed the local sound? Do they create a characteristic sound in Kadikoy? We interviewed with seven people from Karga Art, four of them are musicians who play in the bar and two of them are directors in Karga Art. Additionally, We interviewed one more person, a tradesman who lives and works in Kadikoy. Furthermore, We observed performance, schedule, music magazines and festivals of bar. Our purpose is to show local sound's meaning does not only lie in musical and stylistic unity, but also in living together with communicational socialization and question what terms we should use instead of the term “sound”, at the end of this study.

Rising Youth Suicide and the Changing Cultural Context in South Korea

South Korean society faces a serious challenge in the increasing rates of youth suicidal behavior. There is a need both to gain a better understanding of the causes of this behavior and to develop strategies for responding to this critical public health issue. This article analyzes how psychological, sociopsychological, and subcultural factors influence suicidal proneness among Korean youth as well as makes suggestions for developing social policies that could reduce Korean youth suicidal behaviors. Correlation and multivariate regression analyses on suicide proneness and depression were employed using a sample of 172 South Korean youths (aged 18-24) selected from the 2009 General Social Survey collected through face-to-face interviews. Young people's suicidal proneness is associated with depression, a tolerant attitude toward suicide, strained family relations, living in rural areas, being female, and being closely related to survivors of suicide or potential suicides. The findings from this study reveal the significance of social and cultural factors as influences on recent youth suicidal behavior in Korea. The analysis suggests that the underlying risk factors of suicidal behavior are embedded in the changing social and cultural context of Korean society. Thus, suicide prevention efforts should involve more than merely treating any underlying psychiatric disorders.

A Mixed-Methods Exploration of Christian Working Mothers' Personal Strivings

The current study explored the motherhood strivings of 200 Christian professional mothers in the workforce and the strivings' relationship to positive affect, negative affect, satisfaction with life, interrole conflict, and the presence of psychological symptoms, in order to understand the influence of Christian subcultural factors on the experience of working Christian mothers. A mixed-methods study was conducted, including a content analysis informed by grounded theory methodology of the content of the motherhood strivings, and a quantitative analysis of how types of strivings are related to positive affect, negative affect, satisfaction with life, interrole conflict, and the presence of psychological symptoms. Qualitative analysis of the content of the motherhood themes resulted in two predominant themes: motherhood as living up to societal ideals and motherhood as embodiment of personal values. With respect to the quantitative findings, spiritual self-transcendence strivings were negatively correlated with interrole conflict. High-level, abstract strivings were positively correlated with the presence of interrole conflict, and negatively correlated with satisfaction with life. Strivings reflective of the intensive mothering ideology, specifically, the strivings that were reflective of the “entirely child centered” and “assume full responsibility” tenets of intensive mothering, were positively correlated with interrole conflict.

Social Exclusion of the Elderly: A Comparative Study of EU Member States

Combating social exclusion is one of the key objectives of pension systems. This report focuses on social exclusion among the elderly (defined as the 55 age group) in the EU’s member states. Social exclusion has been conceptualised as a state of individuals in relation to four dimensions. Two of these dimensions – material deprivation and social rights – are of a structural nature. The other two – social participation and normative integration – pertain to social settings and subcultural factors. Theoretically and empirically, the dimensions refer to one latent underlying social exclusion variable. The original method for measuring social exclusion was devised and tested for the Netherlands, making use of a dedicated dataset. In this study, the measuring instrument has been extended to EU member states, performing secondary analyses of various surveys.These datasets do not contain information about normative integration, but for each of the other three dimensions it has turned out to be possible to construct valid indices at the EU level. Two indices that are more general have been calculated as well: one is a combined index of material deprivation plus social rights and the other is a macro aggregate covering all three dimensions.The outcomes suggest that the elderly in the Nordic countries and the Netherlands are the least excluded, in terms of both the three separate dimensions of social exclusion and the more general indices. The Continental and Anglo-Saxon countries follow close behind. Social exclusion among the elderly is generally higher in the Mediterranean countries. The highest social exclusion scores are to be found in the EU’s new member states in Eastern Europe, especially in the Baltic States and Poland.In all EU member states exclusion in terms of social participation increases as people grow older. Material deprivation shows the reverse pattern: in almost all countries, this form of social exclusion decreases with age. With regard to access to social rights – operationalised here in terms of adequate housing and access to medical/dental care – the picture is less straightforward. In nearly all Mediterranean and Eastern European countries, the elderly are more excluded than are the non-elderly in this respect. In the Nordic countries, Germany and the UK, the opposite occurs: access to social rights improves with rising age.In all countries, poor health is an important factor increasing the risk of social exclusion across all dimensions. Household income has a strong effect on material deprivation and access to social rights in most countries. Age and gender cannot be considered serious risk factors for any of the dimensions of social exclusion after the impact of other variables has been controlled for. Multilevel analyses show that only a small part of the country variation in social exclusion (as measured by the combined index) can be attributed to differences in the composition of the population in connection with health, education level, age and gender. A larger part is related to country differences in household incomes. A further (albeit rather small) part has to do with specific traits at the country level. Elderly persons are less excluded if countries attain a higher level of national wealth, spend more on social protection, show less income inequality and generate higher life expectancy. Diverging institutional arrangements – as defined by a classification of countries by their social security and pension regimes – also explain some of the variation in social exclusion. After controlling for the impact of income inequality, however, this effect largely disappears. This result suggests that such regime types mainly influence social exclusion indirectly, through their effects on income inequality. The latter is the country trait with the highest unique contribution to social exclusion of the elderly in the EU.

Why Do The Police Use Deadly Force?: Explaining Police Encounters in Mumbai

This paper attempts to answer the question: why do the police use deadly force in a democratic country? Police shootings in India are better known as encounters, a term that refers to a specific type of police contact--a spontaneous, unplanned shoot-out' between the police and alleged criminals, in which the criminal is usually killed, with few or no police injuries. The police use of deadly force remains largely unquestioned or unaccountable. This paper explores the wider structural and systemic factors that create conditions in which killing hardened' criminals seems to be the last resort for the police to gain some control in the fight against crime. Wider cultural and specifically police sub-cultural factors that make police killing of alleged criminals both feasible and acceptable in a democratic country are discussed. Based on a qualitative study of Mumbai police officers' narratives accounting for use of deadly force, the paper draws upon wider policing literature in the United Kingdom, United States, Australia, South Africa and certain Latin American countries to explain why this form of police violence occurs.

Child outcomes of nonabusive and customary physical punishment by parents: an updated literature review.

This article updates the only previous systematic literature review of child outcomes of nonabusive and customary physical punishment by parents. The outcomes differ by methodologic, child, and subcultural factors as well as by how the physical punishment was used. All six studies that used clinical samples (including four randomized clinical studies) and all three sequential-analysis studies found beneficial outcomes, such as reduced noncompliance and fighting, primarily when nonabusive spanking was used to back up milder disciplinary tactics in 2- to 6-year olds. Five of eight longitudinal studies that controlled for initial child misbehavior found predominantly detrimental outcomes of spanking. However, those detrimental outcomes were primarily due to overly frequent use of physical punishment. Furthermore, apparently detrimental outcomes have been found for every alternative disciplinary tactic when investigated with similar analyses. Such detrimental associations of frequent use of any disciplinary tactic may be due to residual confounding from initial child misbehavior. Specific findings suggest discriminations between effective and counterproductive physical punishment with young children. More research is needed to clarify the role of spanking and alternative disciplinary tactics in control system aspects of parental discipline.

Social versus physiological motives in the drug careers of methadone clinic clients

This article analyzes the retrospective accounts, obtained through open‐ended interviews, of 60 methadone clinic clients about their motivations for drug use over the course of their drug careers. A substantial majority cited the widespread popularity of illegal drugs during the late 1960s and early 1970s in this country's youth movement and in Vietnam as the major factor in initial drug use. This explanation is consistent with the typical sociological emphasis on social and subcultural factors. We found, however, that after the respondents’ drug use expanded to include heroin, their motivations for drug use changed dramatically. Sooner or later physiological survival needs displaced social motives as the main reason for continued drug use. It is crucial that this shift in drug users’ conscious motivations be reflected in both sociological and social psychological models of drug use. Although clients continued to participate in the drug subculture as a matter of necessity, their conscious motivations were...

First Premarital Intercourse Among Mexican-American and Anglo-American Adolescent Women

A secondary analysis from a cross-sectional survey on the sexual behavior of Mexican-American andA nglo adolescent women was conducted using the methodology of survival analysis. The study examined whether socioeconomic factors or subcultural factors account for observed ethnic differences in the incidence of first premarital intercourse. Under the between-group analysis, a series of regression analyses was conducted in which the independent variables were entered one at a time to determine whether the gross impact of ethnicity on the incidence of first premarital intercourse was reduced. Under the intragroup analysis, the impact of acculturation -independent of socioeconomic factors -on the incidence of first intercourse experience among Mexican Americans was assessed. The results supported the model of subcultural values: Ethnic differences in socioeconomic circumstances alone do not accountfor the observed ethnic differences in the incidence offirst premarital intercourse; however, cultural differences relating to premarital sexual activity do partially account for this gap.

Toward a Re-Conceptualization of Minority Group Status and Fertility Hypothesis: The Case of Orientals in Canada

An attempt is made to re-concep- tualize the Minority Group Status hypothesis for explaining differential fertility. The literature on the subject is somewhat contradictory and inconsistent. This revision of the hypothesis tries to _ lationships of significance are observed, distinguish between two explanations derived from the literature: One explanation which will be offered here is that if the fertility of a minority group is found to be lower than that of the majority group, it is due to structural factors. The other explanation attributes a higher fertility in a minority group to sub-cultural factors. The revised hypothesis also includes the introduction of new concepts such as �ascribed� and �perceived� minority status, and emphasizes the measurement of key theoretical concepts including the new ones introduced. The re-conceptualized hypothesis is used here to explain family size differentials for the Chinese and the Japanese groups in Canada relative to the British. The results suggest stronger support for the hypothesis among the Chinese and weaker support among the Japanese.