Styrene-glycidyl Methacrylate Research Articles

Boron adsorption studies of poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) latex: effect of modification agents

Poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) (PSGMA) latex was synthesized by emulsion polymerization method. PSGMA latex was modified with N-methyl-d-glucamine (NMDG), 1,2-bis(3-aminopropylamino)ethane (BAPE), N-(2-hydroxyethyl)ethylenediamine (HEA), and N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine (NMEA). The presence of N amount varying between 2.1 and 4.4% in the results of elemental analysis showed that the modification was successful. Boron adsorption studies were carried out using these modified latexes. The study was carried out using the curcumin method by UV–vis spectrophotometry. For the most effective adsorption process, at pH value of 9, the boron concentration was 10 ppm and the contact time was 60 min. It was found that latex modified with NMDG had a higher adsorption capacity (0.195 mmol/g) than other modified latexes. Particle sizes were determined by dynamic light scattering spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. The particle diameter of PSGMA latex was found to be approximately 140 nm in SEM analysis and the particles were almost monodisperse. After PSGMA latex was modified with NMDG, BAPE, HEA, and NMEA agents and boron adsorption was performed, it was observed that the particle diameters increased to approximately 170, 270, 220, and 260 nm, respectively. An elemental analyzer was used to determine the %N of the structures. The %B2O3 of the structures was determined with a thermogravimetric analyzer. While thermal analysis studies showed that organic components were completely removed from the structure at 700 °C, residues ranging from 4.8 to 10.4% (%B2O3) were found in boron adsorption polymers. The %B amounts were determined with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy device. It was observed that the amount of adsorbed boron varied between 0.42 and 0.95%, and the highest amount of %B belonged to latex modified with NMDG due to its very simple structure and the location of the –OH groups.Graphical

SYNTHESIS AND STUDY OF THE PROPERTIES OF EPOXYCYCLOCARBONATES BASED ON ACRYLATE-VINYL COPOLYMERS

A method of synthesis of acrylate-vinyl copolymers based on glycidyl methacrylate and styrene at different molar ratios and epoxy cyclocarbonates based on them was developed. Synthesis of styrene-glycidyl methacrylate (СP GMA/St) copolymers was carried out by the method of thermally initiated radical polymerization in steel reactors in the presence of 1% azo-bis-isobutyronitrile initiator at a temperature of 65 °C for 10 hours. The number of epoxy groups in the synthesized СP GMA/St, determined by the potentiometric titration method, naturally decreases with a decrease in the molar ratio of GMA/styrene. The synthesis of СP GMA/St epoxycyclocarbonates was carried out in a high-pressure autoclave by passing CO2 through the reaction mixture of a solution of KP in toluene with a catalyst (tetrabutylammonium bromide 5%) with stirring at a temperature of 110–120 °C, a pressure of (4-5) atm. The structure of СP and ECC was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. No bands of double bonds are observed in the IR spectra of СP GMA/St, there are vibration bands characteristic of oligostyrene and vibration bands of C=O, C–O–C and epoxy groups. During the formation of ECC, new vibration bands of cyclocarbonate groups with a maximum of 1802 cm-1 appear, changes are observed in the absorption region of C–O–C groups (1100–1300) cm-1, and the vibration bands of epoxy groups with a maximum of 843 cm-1 decrease. The study of relaxation transitions in acrylate-vinyl copolymers GMA/St and epoxy cyclocarbonates based on them using the DSC method showed that all samples are amorphous single-phase polymers. After changing the background, the excessive enthalpy observed during the first heating disappears, and the glass transition temperature shifts towards higher temperatures, which indicates the formation of a denser and thermodynamically balanced structure. The thermostability of the synthesized GMA/St copolymers and epoxy cyclocarbons was investigated by the method of thermogravimetry. It was established that all the obtained substances have one stage of weight loss and are heat resistant, since weight loss begins at a temperature above 240 °C. In the future, the obtained epoxycyclocarbonates will be used for the synthesis of polyurethanes by the non-isocyanate method.

Facile one-step synthesis of poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate)-Fe3O4 nanocomposite particles and application potency in glucose biosensors

Facile one-step synthesis of poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate)-Fe3O4 nanocomposite particles and application potency in glucose biosensors

“In situ” compatibilization of poly(L-lactic acid)/epoxidized soybean oil bio-blends by reactive additives

Three reactive additives, i.e., dicumyl peroxide (DCP), styrene-glycidyl methacrylate oligomer (Joncry® ADR 4370 S) and 1, 4-phenyl diisocyanate (PDI), were used to compatibilize polyL-lactic acid (PLLA)/epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) bio-based blends via one-step melt blending. The bio-blends were characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, dynamic rheological analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, contact angle testing, differential scanning calorimetry and tensile testing. It is confirmed that the reactive additives interact with PLLA and ESO, and “in situ” graft copolymers are formed, which improves the interfacial compatibility. The stiffness of PLLA/ESO/additive bio-blends is greater than that of the PLLA/ESO blend, reflecting the enhanced interfacial adhesion between the PLLA and ESO phases. The melt viscosity and elasticity of the PLLA/ESO/4370 S and PLLA/ESO/PDI bio-blends are significantly improved, showing obvious non-Newtonian behaviors because of branched entanglements generated by chain extensions. However, the addition of DCP reduces the complex viscosity because the chain scissions destroy the macromolecular entanglements. The thermostability of the PLLA/ESO blend is decreased by the reactive additives. The surface hydrophobicity of PLLA/ESO/additive blends is improved due to the formation of branched grafts. The crystallinity of PLLA/ESO/additive bio-blends is increased because the “in situ” grafts serve as nucleating agents. The tensile strengths of the PLLA/ESO/4370 S and PLLA/ESO/PDI bio-blends are significantly increased due to the enhanced interface adhesion. The inferior tensile properties of the PLLA/ESO/DCP blends are ascribed to the degradation of the PLLA matrix. “In situ” reaction mechanisms for the compatibilized blends are proposed.

Nano-silica hybrid SDB carriers with high strength and hydrophobicity: synthesis, characterization and their application as sorbents of Ni2+

In Liquid Phase Catalytic Exchange (LPCE), the strength and hydrophobicity of styrene-divinylbenzene copolymer (SDB) carrier are key limitation factors for practical applications. In this paper, a surface-modified nano-SiO2 (KH570-SiO2) was used to improve the strength and hydrophobicity of SDB. Then, copolymerization of KH570SiO2 with St, DVB to produce KH570-SiO2/SDB, Divinyl benzene (DVB), styrene (St) glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) to produce KH570-SiO2/GMA/SDB. The two kinds of new carriers were characterized by scanning electron microscope, static water contact angle, N2 adsorption–desorption, transform infrared spectrometry and thermogravimetric analysis. Compared with SDB, both KH570-SiO2/SDB and KH570SiO2/GMA/SDB show better performances, such as a higher hydrophobicity(147° and 145°, respective), a higher strength(107.11 N and 115.37 N, respectively), a better thermal stability(373.8 and 435.67 ℃, respectively), and a larger specific surface area(487.253 and 463.673 m2/g, respective). The Nickel ion was uesd as the model ion of Platinum ion. And then the Ni2+ adsorption performances of KH570-SiO2/SDB and KH570-SiO2/GMA/SDB were studied. Experiments show that KH570-SiO2/GMA/SDB has a much higher adsorption rate and a bigger adsorption amount. Refinement indicates that the adsorption behaviors of SDB, KH570-SiO2/SDB and KH570-SiO2/GMA/SDB with Ni2+ are according to pseudo-first-order kinetic. The adsorption of SDB and KH570-SiO2/GMA/SDB obeyed Freundlich isotherm, while the adsorption of KH570-SiO2/SDB obeyed Langmuir isotherm.

Fabrication of a porous polymer membrane enzyme reactor and its enzymatic kinetics study in an artificial kidney model

A porous polymer membrane-based d-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) reactor was developed that mimicked enzymatic activity in a renal ischemia model. Using glycidyl methacrylate as a biocompatible reactive monomer, poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) was synthesized via a reversible addition fragment chain transfer polymerization technique. The prepared porous polymer membrane was used as a support to effectively immobilize DAAO. Compared to DAAO modified on nonporous polymer membrane and free DAAO in solution, the constructed porous polymer membrane-based DAAO enzyme reactor displayed 3-fold and 19-fold increase in enzymolysis efficiency, respectively. In addition, a chiral ligand exchange capillary electrophoresis system for DAAO was used to study DAAO enzymatic kinetics with d,l-methionine as the substrate. The proposed porous polymer membrane-based enzyme reactor showed excellent performance both on reproducibility and stability. Moreover, the enzyme reactor was successfully applied to mimic DAAO activity in a renal ischemia model. These results demonstrated that the enzyme could be efficiently immobilized onto a porous polymer membrane as an enzyme reactor and has great potential in mimicking the enzymatic activity in kidney.

Double affinity integrated MIPs nanoparticles for specific separation of glycoproteins: A combination of synergistic multiple bindings and imprinting effect

The selective recognition, isolation, and subsequent enrichment of target glycoproteins are becoming more and more important in clinical diagnosis. In this work, nano-sized molecularly imprinted polymers integrated double affinity (i.e. metal ion affinity and boronate affinity) (D-MIPs) were prepared for specific separation of ovalbumin (OVA). Poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) nanoparticles (PSG) with epoxy bonds were firstly grafted with iminodiacetic acid (IDA) by ring-opening reaction, and then the Cu2+ was chelated to prepare PSG/IDA-Cu2+. Subsequently, imprinted OVA molecules were pre-immobilized through Cu2+ ion affinity. Finally, a surface imprinting layer was formed though the gentle self-oxidization of a kind of boronic acid ligand (i.e. 3-aminophenylboronic acid, APBA). By washing out imprinted molecules, as-prepared D-MIPs posed higher monolayer binding capacity (138.92 mg g−1) and faster capture kinetics (30 min) for OVA, when compared with single affinity integrated MIPs (S-MIPs) and non-imprinted polymers (NIPs), and the chemical adsorption dominated double affinity was the rate-determining step for whole adsorption process. The imprinting factor (IF) of OVA, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) by the available D-MIPs were 4.44, 2.23 and 1.47, respectively, which confirmed the better selectivity for OVA. D-MIPs performed favorable regeneration ability and a promising application in actual sample. In addition, a combination of synergistic multiple bindings and imprinting effect, as the mechanism for enhancing specific separation, was also demonstrated.

Preparation of monodisperse cross-linked PS-DVB-GMA-amino-Fe3O4 magnetic microspheres with Cu (II) ions removal property

The monodisperse cross-linked PS-DVB-GMA-amino-Fe3O4 magnetic microspheres with functional group of amino were synthase by seed swelling method using PS microspheres as seeds, and glycidyl acrylate as monomer in the swelling polymerization; and then modified poly (styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) (PS-DVB-GMA) microspheres with ethylene diamine to form amino-groups; subsequently, Fe3O4 nanoparticles were grafted on the microspheres through in situ precipitation reaction. The morphology, composition, magnetic properties, and crystalline structure of the magnetic microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive analysis of X-rays (SEM/EDX), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM), X-ray diffraction(XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods, respectively. The resulting PS-DVB-GMA-amino-Fe3O4 magnetic microspheres were tested for their ability to remove copper (II) ions from an aqueous solution in batch experiments. The effects of adsorption time and pH value on the adsorbed dosage of copper ions on magnetic microspheres was investigated. Besides, two adsorption isotherm models (i.e., the Langmuir and the Freundlich models) were used to fit the experimental isotherm adsorption data. The average size of microspheres was 5.92 μm with the PDI was 0.024. The composite magnetic microspheres could be easily separated from solution by magnetic decantation using a permanent magnet. The adsorption experiments demonstrate that copper ions adsorption onto the PS-DVB-GMA-amino-Fe3O4 magnetic microspheres reaches a maximum after the 45 min. The maximum adsorption capacities (q e = 76.8 mg/g) was reached at the pH value of 5.0 when the temperature was 25 °C, and by simulating the experimental data with the Langmuir, the maximum equilibrium absorption capacity of PS-DVB-GMA-amino-Fe3O4 magnetic microspheres was 134.0216 mg/g, showing a good adsorptive property to Cu (II).

Preparation and characterization of magnetic poly(styrene–glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres for highly efficient protein adsorption by two‐stage dispersion polymerization

ABSTRACTMicrometer‐sized superparamagnetic poly(styrene–glycidyl methacrylate)/Fe3O4 spheres were synthesized by two‐stage dispersion polymerization with modified hydrophobic Fe3O4 nanoparticles, styrene (St), and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The morphology and properties of the magnetic Fe3O4–P (St‐GMA) microspheres were examined by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, thermogravimetric analysis, and attenuated total reflectance. The average size of the obtained magnetic microspheres was 1.50 μm in diameter with a narrow size distribution, and the saturation magnetization of the magnetic microspheres was 8.23 emu/g. The magnetic Fe3O4–P (St‐GMA) microspheres with immobilized iminodiacetic acid–Cu2+ groups were used to investigate the adsorption capacity and selectivity of the model proteins, bovine hemoglobin (BHb) and bovine serum albumin (BSA). We found that the adsorption capacity of BHb was as high as 190.66 mg/g of microspheres, which was 3.20 times greater than that of BSA, which was only 59.64 mg/g of microspheres as determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography. With a rather low nonspecific adsorption, these microspheres have great potential for protein separation and purification applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43005.

Reduction of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid iron(III) by Klebsiella sp. FD-3 immobilized on iron(II, III) oxide poly (styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) magnetic porous microspheres: Effects of inorganic compounds and kinetic study of effective diffusion in porous media

Fe3O4 poly (styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) magnetic porous microspheres (MPPMs) were introduced to immobilize Klebsiella sp. FD-3, an iron-reducing bacterium applied to reduce Fe(III)EDTA. The effects of potential inhibitors (S2−, SO32−, NO3−, NO2− and Fe(II)EDTA-NO) on Fe(III)EDTA reduction were investigated. S2− reacted with Fe(III)EDTA as an electron-shuttling compound and enhanced the reduction. But Fe(III)EDTA reduction was inhibited by SO32− and Fe(II)EDTA-NO due to their toxic to microorganisms. Low concentrations of NO3− and NO2− accelerated Fe(III)EDTA reduction, but high concentrations inhibited the reduction, whether by free or immobilized FD-3. The immobilized FD-3 performed better than freely-suspended style. The substrate mass transfer and diffusion kinetics in the porous microspheres were calculated. The value of Thiele modulus and effectiveness factors showed that the intraparticle diffusion was fairly small and neglected in this carrier. Fe(III)EDTA reduction fitted first-order model at low Fe(III)EDTA concentration, and changed to zero-order model at high concentrations.

Effects of surfactants on the properties of mortar containing styrene/methacrylate superplasticizer.

The physical and mechanical properties of mortar containing synthetic cosurfactants as air entraining agent are investigated. The cosurfactants consist of a combination of 2% dodecyl benzene sodium sulfonate (DBSS) and either 1.5% polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) or 1.5% polyoxyethylene glycol monomethyl ether (POE). Also these cosurfactants were used to prepare copolymers latex: styrene/butyl methacrylate (St/BuMA), styrene/methyl methacrylate (St/MMA), and styrene/glycidyl methacrylate (St/GMA), in order to study their effects on the properties of mortar. The properties of mortar examined included flow table, W/C ratio, setting time, water absorption, compressive strength, and combined water. The results indicate that the latex causes improvement in mortar properties compared with cosurfactants. Also polymer latex containing DBSS/POE is more effective than that containing DBSS/PVA.

Synthesis of Raspberry-Like Poly(styrene–glycidyl methacrylate) Particles via a One-Step Soap-Free Emulsion Polymerization Process Accompanied by Phase Separation

We herein report a facile method to prepare raspberry-like poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) [P(S-GMA)] particles with controllable structure via a one-step soap-free emulsion polymerization process accompanied by phase separation. In this method, corona particles with a size of 10-20 nm were produced in situ in the later polymerization stage by the migrating of S-enriched polymers from GMA-enriched core particles. The size of the corona particles and the roughness of the raspberry-like particles can be easily controlled by adjusting the amount of styrene (S), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), and divinylbenzene (DVB). The structure of raspberry-like P(S-GMA) particles was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. A possible mechanism of the formation of raspberry-like particles was proposed.

Synthesis of Fe3O4 poly(styrene–glycidyl methacrylate) magnetic porous microspheres and application in the immobilization of Klebsiella sp. FD-3 to reduce Fe(III)EDTA in a NOx scrubbing solution

Magnetic poly(styrene–glycidyl methacrylate) porous microspheres (MPPM) with high magnetic contents were prepared by surfactant reverse micelles and emulsion polymerization of monomers, in which the well-dispersed Fe3O4 nanoparticles were modified by polyethylene glycol (PEG) and oleic acid (OA) respectively. The characterizations showed that both of the OA–MPPM and the PEG–MPPM were ferromagnetic, however, the OA–MPPM was used to immobilize the bacteria for more advantages. Therefore, the effects of monomer ratio, surfactant, crosslinker and amount of Fe3O4 on the structure, morphology and magnetic contents of the OA–MPPM were investigated. Then, the OA–MPPM was utilized to immobilize Klebsiella sp. FD-3, an iron-reducing bacterium for Fe(III)EDTA reduction applied in NOx removal. Compared with free bacteria, the immobilized FD-3 showed a better tolerance to the unbeneficial pH and temperature conditions.

Application of magnetic poly(styrene–glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres for immunomagnetic separation of bone marrow cells

Surface-functionalized magnetic poly(styrene–glycidyl methacrylate) (PS–GMA) microspheres were prepared and coupled with Sca-1 antibody for cell selection from murine bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNCs). Biotinylated Sca-1 antibody could be directly coupled to avidin-bound magnetic microspheres. Alternatively, oxidized goat anti-mouse antibody was covalently bound onto the amino group-containing magnetic microspheres in a site-directed manner, and the resultant conjugate was coupled with non-modified Sca-1 antibody. Using the indirect antibody-bound magnetic microspheres, the purity of isolated Sca-1 + cells increased with bead-to-cell ratio. Using a bead-to-cell ratio of 10 beads/cell, a purity of 85% Sca-1 + cells corresponding to a 17-fold enrichment was achieved.

Preparation of styrene-based, magnetic polymer microspheres by a swelling and penetration process

A swelling and penetration process is proposed to prepare magnetic polymer microspheres. Micron-size polystyrene (PS) particles were swollen in an aqueous solution of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and then mixed with superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The magnetic nanoparticles were able to diffuse into polymer microspheres and were entrapped within the polymer microspheres. The saturation magnetization of resultant magnetic polymer microspheres increased as increasing magnetic nanoparticle concentrations were added to the swelling mixture. A higher ratio of NMP-to-water led to a greater swelling but a larger loss of polymer mass due to polymer chain dissolution in the NMP solution. Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) in the NMP aqueous solution significantly enhanced the swelling and penetration process. The use of SDS could not only shorten the process time but also lower the required NMP concentration. The proposed method also worked well in preparing magnetic polymers microspheres with other styrene-based copolymer beads like poly(styrene–glycidyl methacrylate) (PS–GMA).

Preparation and application of magnetic poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) microspheres

A novel method for the preparation of polymer-based, magnetic microspheres is proposed. Pre-made, poly(styrene-glycidyl methacrylate) (PS-GMA) particles of micron size were swollen by a mixture of N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone and water, and then incubated with superparamagnetic nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were allowed to diffuse into polymer microspheres during the incubation, became entrapped and made the polymer microspheres superparamagnetic. These magnetic PS-GMA microspheres were chemically modified and then coupled with single-stranded oligonucleotides as probes for DNA hybridization. The immobilized probes showed repeatable capture of target oligonucleotides.

Domain structure and miscibility studies of blends of styrene–butadiene–styrene block copolymers (SBS) and styrene–glycidyl methacrylate statistical copolymers (PS‐GMA) using SAXS and DMTA

AbstractThe domain structure and miscibility in the solid state of a series of blends of styrene‐butadiene‐styrene (SBS) block copolymers and styrene‐glycidyl methacrylate (PS‐GMA) statistical copolymers with varying molecular weights and compositions were studied using small angle X‐ray scattering and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Depending on the molecular characteristics of each component, different types and degrees of solubilization of PS‐GMA in SBS were found which, in addition to the initially SBS phase morphology, lead to materials with multiphase domain morphologies with differences in size and structure. The degree of solubilization of PS‐GMA into the PS domains of SBS was found to be higher for blends containing PS‐GMA with lower molecular weight (Mw = 18 100 g mol−1) and lower GMA content (1 wt%) and/or for SBS with higher PS content (39 wt%) and longer PS blocks (Mw = 19 600 g mol−1). Localized solubilization of PS‐GMA in the middle of PS domains of SBS was found to be the most probable to occur for the systems under study, causing swelling of PS domains. However, uniform solubilization was also observed for SBS/PS‐GMA blends containing SBS with composition in the range of a morphological transition (PS block Mw = 19 600 g mol−1 and 39 wt% of PS) causing a morphological transition in the SBS copolymer (cylinder to lamella). Copyright © 2006 Crown in the right of Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd

Studies on dimensional stability and thermal properties of rubber wood chemically modified with styrene and glycidyl methacrylate

AbstractRubber wood (Hevea brasiliensis) was impregnated with styrene and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) as the crosslinking monomer. After impregnation, the polymerization was accomplished by catalyst heat treatment. Water uptake (%) and water vapor exclusion (%) of the rubber wood were found to be improved on treatment. Dimensional stability expressed in terms of volumetric swelling in water vapor (90% relative humidity) as well as in liquid water and water repellent effectiveness (WRE) of the treated samples were determined and also found to be improved. The wood–polymer interaction was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy. Thermal properties of untreated and treated wood samples were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetery (DSC) and an improvement in thermal stability was observed for the wood–polymer composites. The improvement in properties observed as more with styrene–GMA (1:1) combination. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1938–1945, 2004

Activity behavior of a HPLC column including α-chymotrypsin immobilized monosized-porous particles

In this study, a polymer-based, α-chymotrypsin (CT) immobilized HPLC column was prepared as a potential material for affinity-HPLC and chiral separation applications. Monosized-macroporous particles were synthesized as the support material by a relatively new polymerization protocol, the so-called, ‘modified seeded polymerization’. The particles were obtained in the form of styrene-glycidyl methacrylate- divinylbenzene terpolymer approximately 11 μm in size. The particles were treated with aqueous ammonia to have primary amine groups on the porous surface. The amine functionalized particles were reacted by glutaraldehyde and the enzyme, CT, was covalently attached. CT carrying monosized-porous particles were slurry packed into the HPLC column 50 mm×4.6 mm in size. Since the activity behavior of immobilized CT played an important role in the enantiomeric separations performed by similar columns, the enzymatic activity behavior of the column produced by our protocol was determined. For this purpose, HPLC column was used as a packed bed reactor and the enzymatic reaction was continuously followed by measuring the absorbance of the output flow by the UV-detector of HPLC. S-shaped absorbance–time curves were obtained by monitoring the reactor output both in dynamic and steady-state periods. The columns with relatively lower immobilized enzyme content were more sensitive to the changes in the operating conditions and responded with more appreciable substrate conversion changes. The maximum reaction rate of the immobilized enzyme was estimated as approximately 25% of the free one by the mathematical model describing the activity behavior of the column. No significant loss was observed in the activity of the immobilized enzyme during the course of the experiments.

Activity behavior of a HPLC column including $alpha;-chymotrypsin immobilized monosized-porous particles

In this study, a polymer-based, α-chymotrypsin (CT) immobilized HPLC column was prepared as a potential material for affinity-HPLC and chiral separation applications. Monosized-macroporous particles were synthesized as the support material by a relatively new polymerization protocol, the so-called, ‘modified seeded polymerization’. The particles were obtained in the form of styrene-glycidyl methacrylate- divinylbenzene terpolymer approximately 11 μm in size. The particles were treated with aqueous ammonia to have primary amine groups on the porous surface. The amine functionalized particles were reacted by glutaraldehyde and the enzyme, CT, was covalently attached. CT carrying monosized-porous particles were slurry packed into the HPLC column 50mm×4.6 mm in size. Since the activity behavior of immobilized CT played an important role in the enantiomeric separations performed by similar columns, the enzymatic activity behavior of the column produced by our protocol was determined. For this purpose, HPLC column was used as a packed bed reactor and the enzymatic reaction was continuously followed by measuring the absorbance of the output flow by the UV-detector of HPLC. S-shaped absorbance–time curves were obtained by monitoring the reactor output both in dynamic and steady-state periods. The columns with relatively lower immobilized enzyme content were more sensitive to the changes in the operating conditions and responded with more appreciable substrate conversion changes. The maximum reaction rate of the immobilized enzyme was estimated as approximately 25% of the free one by the mathematical model describing the activity behavior of the column. No significant loss was observed in the activity of the immobilized enzyme during the course of the experiments.