Stylistic Inconsistencies Research Articles

PARIBHAASHA

As in world increasingly reliant on digital communication, effective writing skills are paramount. However, for “Hindi” language users, finding tools that take their unique linguistic needs presents a challenge. This abstract will come with a novel solution: a Grammarly-like platform precisely designed to empower Hindi writers by offering advanced language correction and enhancement features tailored specifically for the nuances of the Hindi language. At the core of our platform lies a sophisticated text analysis engine, powered by state-of-the-art natural language processing algorithms meticulously trained on vast corpora of Hindi text. Our platform offers a seamless user experience, with a user-friendly interface designed to facilitate effortless interaction in single time of corrections. Users can simply input their “Hindi” text into the platform, and within moments, receive comprehensive feedback and suggestions aimed at refining their writing to perfection. In addition to its high dynamic language correction capabilities, our platform also features advanced plagiarism detection functionality. Leveraging cutting-edge algorithms that is particular focusing on platform thoroughly scans user-submitted text against an extensive database of online sources, academic papers, and published works to ensure originality and integrity, vulnerable and fully secured. Furthermore, our platform goes beyond mere error correction to offer personalized writing insights and guidance. Users can set custom writing goals based on their intended audience, style preferences, and communication objectives. Our platform then provides tailored suggestions and recommendations aimed at helping users achieve their desired writing outcomes, whether it be crafting formal business documents, creative literature, or casual social media posts. This engine enables our platform to accurately identify and rectify a myriad of grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and stylistic inconsistencies commonly encountered in Hindi writing.

On Inconsistencies and Strategies, or How to Translate the Unnatural Naturally

This article highlights the results of an experimental study dedicated to analysing the concept of translation naturalness in terms of the processoriented paradigm of Translation Studies. The multidisciplinary nature of modern Translation Studies is revealed through applying methods, concepts, and theories of different areas of knowledge in regard to different translation-related phenomena as well as translation itself. Experimental methods devised by cognitive psychology for exposing the mechanisms of decision-making in complex processes have proven their validity in translatology for the last thirty years. The aim of the study is to investigate the translators’ decisions intended to make their output look more natural. Our hypothesis is that such decisions are in particular motivated by aspiration to eliminate different types of inconsistencies that can potentially result in unnaturalness in the target text. To verify this hypothesis, we developed and conducted an introspective experiment based on the think-aloud methodology. The material for the study was taken from Terry Pratchett’s novel A Hat Full of Sky, within which we singled out three control elements characterised by structural, semantic or stylistic inconsistency. The analysis of the TAPs of ten semi-professional subjects demonstrated that they did not always successfully identify the inconsistencies in the control elements, but when they did, their reaction was to apply strategies aimed at eliminating them and therefore enhancing the target text naturalness.

The paper examines the Stations of the Cross installed in the public space of Lviv from the late 20th to the early 21st century in terms of their artistic features and iconography.

The scientific novelty lies in this being the first study of Stations of the Cross in Lviv, wherein the artistic and iconographic features of the works were analyzed, the prototypes of the sanctuaries were identified, primary artistic trends were outlined, and a classification based on form and materials was proposed. All samples were collected and analyzed through empirical research using photographic documentation, visual observation, and description. Additionally, the paper employs methods such as iconographic, semantic, comparative, and cultural-historical analysis. The research covers the Stations of the Cross in the Brukhovychi Forest, on Mount Khomets, at 10 I. Lukasevych Street, 5 V. Symonenka Street, 28A Zahirnyi Street, in parks named after Pope John Paul II, the 700th Anniversary of Lviv, "Bodnarivka," and the "High Castle". It was established that the most widespread stations consist of wooden crosses and reproductions of works by authors such as Joseph Ritter von Fürich, Cesare Secchi, and Luigi Morgari. Research on the stations in the 700th Anniversary Park of Lviv suggests that these works likely replicate the mosaic cycle of the Italian company Demetz Art Studio, with their form mirroring the silhouette of the Novgorod Alexius Cross. The investigation of the "Pietà" station in the context of the Church of the Holy Virgin of the Orthodox Church of Ukraine at 40 Myshuhy Street revealed peculiarities of religious kitsch in Lviv, characterized by a blend of imitation of high Western European Catholic sculptural art and elements of Russian Orthodox architecture, including glossy onion-shaped domes. The analysis of two Stations of the Cross at the High Castle delineated two stylistic tendencies. Stations from 2005 imitate a naive style akin to folk carvings, while samples from 2010-2012 stylistically resemble Stations of the Cross in Lourdes, Stradch, Roshachi, Sambor, among others. Additionally, it was noted that its particularities include certain disproportions and unnatural poses, departing from traditional iconography by avoiding the depiction of negative characters. Research into the sacred space of the Royal Spring, where the Stations of the Cross are located, revealed signs of religious kitsch, namely semiotic and stylistic inconsistency, the presence of sanctuaries from various cults, imitation of high art, and low professional quality in most works.

TSNeRF: Text-driven stylized neural radiance fields via semantic contrastive learning

3D scene stylization aims to generate impressive stylized images from arbitrary novel views based on the stylistic reference. Existing image-driven 3D scene stylization methods require a specific style reference to be given, and lack the ability to produce diverse stylization results by combining style information from different aspects. In this paper, we propose a text-driven 3D scene stylization method based on semantic contrast learning, which takes Neural Radiance Fields (NeRF) as the 3D scene representation and generates diverse 3D stylized scenes by leveraging the semantic capabilities of the Contrastive Language-Image Pre-Training (CLIP) model. For comprehensively exploiting the semantic knowledge to generate finely stylized results, we design a CLIP-based semantic contrast estimation loss, which can avoid the global stylistic inconsistency caused by the NeRF ray sampling method and avoid the tendency to stylize neutral descriptions due to the semantic averaging of the CLIP space. In addition, to reduce the memory burden arising from NeRF ray sampling, we propose a novel ray sampling method with gradient accumulation to optimize the NeRF rendering process. The experimental results indicate that our method generates high-quality and plausible results with cross-view consistency. Moreover, our method enables the creation of new styles that match the target text by combining multiple domains. The code will be available at .

LINGUAPRAGMATIC MEANS OF SATIRICAL METHODS REALISATION IN BRITISH MEDIA DISCOURSE

The article investigates linguopragmatic means of satirical methods realisation in British media discourse. The material for the research includes texts from British satirical magazine Private Eye (2019-2020). The aim of the survey is to establish linguopragmatic means of realisation of satirical methods in British media discourse within the framework of discursive approach to satire. To achieve the aim, we turned to the method of discourse analysis and functional pragmatic analysis. In terms of discursive approach to satire suggested by P. Simpson this article singles out two categories of satirical methods – metaphoric satirical method and metonymic satirical method. The study argues that metaphoric satirical method is realized with the help of intertextuality which presupposes overlapping of different domains. The article establishes that metaphoric satirical method is realized through the following intertextual figures: transformed quotation, allusion, calque, pastiche and precedent-related phenomena. The metonymic satirical method embraces stylistic techniques of saturation, attenuation and negation. The research claims that saturation is accomplished by means of repetitions, stylistic inconsistencies, abundance of academic style and terms, jargons, slang expressions and even vulgarisms. Linguistic means of attenuation include undercoding, euphemisms, litotes and paraphrasing. Means of negation embrace indefinite pronouns, the negative particle “not”, the adverb “never” and the lexemes which imply negation. Further research in this direction could be done in the investigation of correlation between satirical targets and prototypical linguopragmatic means of satirical methods realization in British media discourse.

Three Cheers for the Essay Film: How Chris Marker’s Vive la baleine Epitomizes Timothy Corrigan’s Model

Chris Marker’s Vive la baleine (1972) is widely hailed as a quintessential essay film. This article examines how the film adheres to essayistic characteristics using film scholar Timothy Corrigan’s definition of the essay film mode. In particular, the article highlights the film’s following traits: the three-pronged and gendered approach to narration, the intentional aesthetic and stylistic inconsistency, the underlying critique of the whaling industry, the explicit adoration expressed toward the whale, and the film’s self-reflexivity.

Jutustajateksti muutlikkus Fjodor Dostojevski romaani „Vennad Karamazovid“ eestikeelsetes tõlgetes / Changeability of the narrator’s text in the Estonian translations of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel The Brothers Karamazov

Jutustajateksti muutlikkus Fjodor Dostojevski romaani „Vennad Karamazovid“ eestikeelsetes tõlgetes / Changeability of the narrator’s text in the Estonian translations of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel The Brothers Karamazov

O urbanizmu Osora nakon 1450. godine

Obnova jadranskih gradova pod mletačkom vlašću obuhvatila je i sva centralna urbana naselja na Kvarnerskim otocima. Krajem 15. i tijekom 16. stoljeća Cres je dobio novi prsten zidina, kneževu palaču, gradsku ložu, gradski toranj sa satom nad lučkim vratima, fontik, zbornu crkvu te se proširio na područje srednjovjekovnog burga. Redizajn Krka provodio je mletački providur Vinciguerra krajem 15. stoljeća, a opsežni graditeljski pothvati zahvatili su i Rab. Osor, antička metropola Cresko-lošinjske otočne skupine, u tom se razdoblju radikalno smanjuje. Sredinom naselja, koje je od prapovijesti zauzimalo cjelokupnu površinu niske prevlake smještene između otoka Cresa i Lošinja, podignut je novi potez bedema kojim je grad prepolovljen. Istočna polovica naselja, u kojoj je smješten ranokršćanski katedralni kompleks, ostala je izvan bede-ma. Istočni bedem vremenom se urušava i razgrađuje, katedrala se reducira na središnji brod jedne od bazilika, a gradsko tkivo nestaje.

O urbanizmu Osora nakon 1450. godine

O urbanizmu Osora nakon 1450. godine

Review of: Introducing the Planets and their Moons by Peter Cattermole (Dunedin, 2014, 134 pages)

Peter Cattermole’s ‘‘Introducing the Planets and their Moons’’ is part of a series of titles by Dunedin aimed at students and enthusiasts of the Earth and Environmental Sciences. This book visits the major solar system planetary bodies comparatively, starting from their origin, through their evolution to the present. As stated in the title, moons also are introduced in some detail, with our Moon, unsurprisingly, enjoying a dedicated chapter. I find this approach in principle valid and it offers an alternative quick reference to broad planetary themes. A glossary is also included, and this turns out vital to understanding some of the more obscure jargon that peppers this work. This is symptomatic of the main problem with this publication: its lack of consistency, both in style and scientific level. We switch continuously between discursive dialogue such in ‘‘powerfully hot lava glowing orange’’ to precise geologic jargon ‘‘anastomosis’’, ‘‘scoriaceous’’, ‘‘allotropes’’, and the first two terms are not even included in the glossary. Indeed, the overall impression of this work is that it was put together over a long time interval, as evidenced by many content and stylistic inconsistencies (e.g., billion years as Gya in chapter 1, to Ga from the following one), but rushed to the press skipping a thorough proof reading stage. The latter would have eliminated much clumsy phrasing (e.g., ‘‘information that informs us’’), wrong or missing figures (e.g., Fig. 6.8), spelling mistakes (e.g., ‘‘Harzwburgite’’ should be ‘‘harzburgite’’), typos (170 C instead of K for Mercury’s shaded regions), etc. As a lunar specialist, I found the choice of images for the Moon puzzling, with all but one drawn from the 1960s and 1970s, instead of the available high-resolution images from the last 10 years or so (from Clementine to Kaguya, LRO, etc.). Moreover, some science details, as they are introduced, are also somewhat sloppy, for instance when talking about

“Notable” or “Not Able”

Atypical practices of crossing categories or genres are generally discouraged in the market, but the ideal of the Renaissance mind1persists. Building on recent work elaborating the need to reward the greater risk associated with atypicality for it to survive, this article provides the first systematic, direct evidence for such a reward. We focus on stylistic inconsistency—mixing distinct artistic styles. In a between-subject experimental design, 183 subjects estimated the aesthetic and market value of consistent and inconsistent sets of artworks by Pablo Picasso in three status conditions. Controlling for cognitive difficulties posed by inconsistency, we show that inconsistency is rewarded (i.e., evaluated higher than consistency on aesthetic value) only at high status. Status cues guide perception so that inconsistent works by a prominent artist are given the benefit of the doubt and interpreted as a sign of creativity. The association with creativity leads to a reward for atypicality in the absence of tangible proof that it performs better than typicality.

The burning bush

book reviews ISSN 1948-6596 The burning bush Fire in Mediterranean Ecosystems: Ecology, Evolution and Management. Jon E. Keeley, William J. Bond. Ross A. Bradstock, Juli G. Pausas & Philip W. Rundel, 2011, Cambridge University Press. 522 pp. US$120 (hardback). ISBN: 978-1-139-15321-8. http://www.cambridge.org This book examines the role that fire plays in the five Mediterranean -type climate (MTC) regions of the world: California, central Chile, the Mediterranean Ba- sin, the south-western portions of the West- ern Cape Province of South Africa, and south -western Western Aus- tralia and portions of South Australia. These re- gions are characterized by winter rains and sum- mer drought and all have vast areas subject to high fire risk. Although the book is focused on the MTC regions, this text is of more general interest: the authors have succeeded in producing an in- sightful study of fire as an important determinant of ecosystem assembly and distribution. The au- thors use the MTC regions as a way to explore the interactions among vegetation, fire regime, cli- mate and geology. The sclerophyllous shrublands within the MTC regions (the Mediterranean-type vegetation) have received a great deal of attention from plant ecologists and evolutionary biologists and have served as some of the textbook examples of con- vergent evolution (e.g. Mooney 1977). Such work necessarily emphasized the broad similarities in climate across these five regions and often as- sumed that climate was the major cause of trait evolution and community composition. One strength of this book is the authors' use of the dissimilarities in environmental factors across these regions to tease apart the potential drivers of vegetation distribution. The authors consider the full range of plant communities found in these regions and also discuss the occurrence of Medi- terranean-type vegetation outside of areas strictly defined by a Mediterranean-type climate. This comparative perspective allows the authors to form some conclusions regarding when winter rain or summer drought are likely to be the impor- tant climate drivers of vegetation and allows them to examine the feedback interaction between fire and plant communities that can create sharp vegetation shifts within a climate region. The book is structured into three sections. The first section provides an overview of ecosys- tem convergence and indicates the major similari- ties and differences in both vegetation and fire across these regions. The chapters on fire regime and on fire-related plant traits in this section pro- vide an excellent, stand-alone, brief introduction to the ecology of plants and fire. The second section includes a chapter on each of the five MTC regions. Another strength of this book is in having the detailed chapters on each region explicitly compare similarities and differences. Some minor stylistic inconsistencies across chapters betray the multiple authored na- ture of the book (with authors based in four of the five MTC regions), but the chapters on individual regions are quite good and each covers the major vegetation types, the floristic composition and evolutionary history of the lineages that comprise the vegetation types, and detailed information on the historical and current role of fire. The final section covers trait evolution, community diversity and fire management. These chapters synthesize and build upon the informa- tion thus far presented. The authors make the strong argument for fire playing a key role in plant evolution and provide a good review of the accu- mulating experimental and comparative evidence for fire adaptations. A chapter on origins of Medi- terranean-type vegetation is especially useful be- cause it not only covers the paleoclimatic and pa- leobotanical information available, but also rigor- ously examines the assumptions inherent in many previous investigations of convergent evolution. As they do throughout the book, the authors here attempt to determine which elements of climate frontiers of biogeography 5.3, 2013 — © 2013 the authors; journal compilation © 2013 The International Biogeography Society

Roads to Rome. A Guide to Notable Converts from Britain and Ireland from the Reformation to the Present Day (review)

Reviewed by: Roads to Rome. A Guide to Notable Converts from Britain and Ireland from the Reformation to the Present Day Thomas M. McCoog S.J. Roads to Rome. A Guide to Notable Converts from Britain and Ireland from the Reformation to the Present Day. By John Beaumont. (South Bend, IN: St. Augustine's Press. 2010. Pp. xiii, 493. $55.00. ISBN 978-1-587-31720-0.) For Victorian Catholicism, the Catholic Emancipation of 1829 and the reestablishment of a Catholic hierarchy in 1850 restored national identity and respectability to believers villainized and marginalized for 300 years. John Henry Newman's rightly famous "Second Spring" sermon on July 13, 1853, heralded a new era that augured well for the Church's future in Great Britain. W.Gordon Gorman documented Catholic success in "Rome's Recruits": A List of Protestants Who Have Become Catholics since the Tractarian Movement [End Page 332] (London, 1878). Subsequent editions were published, with the last appearing in 1910. The rush of Protestants, especially English Anglicans, to the Church of Rome over the last three decades has occasioned the odd reference to a "third spring." If so, legal consultant and freelance writer John Beaumont assumes the Gorman role. Beaumont became a Roman Catholic in 1980, later compiling Converts to Rome: A Guide to Notable Converts from Britain and Ireland during the Twentieth Century (Port Huron, MI, 2006). Three works followed: Converts from Britain and Ireland in the Nineteenth Century (Port Huron, MI, 2007), Jewish Converts (Port Huron, MI, 2007), and Early Converts (Port Huron, MI, 2008). In his introduction to Converts to Rome, published as an appendix to this volume, Stanley L. Jaki, O.S.B., clearly connects the works of Beaumont and Gorman and considers the former as a revival of "a most praiseworthy enterprise which came to an end shortly before World War I" (p. 473). Perhaps it is slightly disingenuous of Beaumont not to acknowledge Gorman's work in his introduction. Without Gorman, Beaumont's task would have been much harder. Gorman, the Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, and the Catholic Encyclopedia (generally the old rather than the new edition) provide Beaumont with most of his biographical data, but Beaumont must have scoured numerous autobiographical works in his search for the motives behind the conversion. The inclusion of this material makes this volume especially valuable and provides many data for any attempted explanation of the phenomenon of conversion. The entries for Elizabethan and Jacobean England are generally accurate, although stylistic inconsistencies exist (e.g., Anglican clergy referred to as "clergymen" and "ministers," although the latter term is generally restricted to non-Conformist clergy). But the entries for post-Gorman twentieth-century converts, not their Elizabethan predecessors, are the reason for acquiring this book. Many entrants are still alive. However, the criteria for inclusion are unclear. Some distinguished converts (e.g.,Kenneth Noakes, patristic scholar; Colin Amery, architectural writer and adviser to the prince of Wales; and Andrew Sanders, professor of English at the University of Durham) are missing. Actress Diana Dors and her third husband, Alan Lake, are included. Literary distinction demanded the inclusion of such embarrassing converts such as Oscar Wilde and F. W. Rolfe. But what explains the omission of Margaret, duchess of Argyle? Beaumont, like Gorman, excludes a reference to himself. Gorman stressed English, Scottish, and Welsh aristocrats and social elites. Beaumont moves beyond the governing classes to the theater, cinema, literature, and academia. Talk about conversion is not fashionable in a present-day society that is "ecumaniacal" (to use Jaki's term). Beaumont has provided us with a very useful reference work even if we query its apologetic tone. Gorman had intended to publish a new edition and announced in January [End Page 333] 1924 that it was almost ready to go to press. But the litigation that resulted from the mistaken inclusion of a peer of the realm in an earlier edition devastated Gorman. Let us hope that nothing similar prevents Beaumont from continuing this work. Thomas M. McCoog S.J. Fordham University Copyright © 2012 The Catholic University of America Press

A corpora-based detection of stylistic inconsistencies of text in the targeted subgenre

Any text, be it written by humans or generated by computers, must choose a specific style and be consistent. Textual style is based on the genre to which the text should belong. Each genre has its unique characteristics based on the style of narration, the topic, the target audience, and the author’s intentions. Thus, in order to write or produce better passages, a finer-grained style checker sensitive to differences among genres is to be developed. We propose a foundational method for this purpose: the flexible accumulation of data of the style features of atomic expressions based on any kind of contrastive sets of texts representing the good and bad examples for the targeted genre, an analysis of a given text using the style features, and a visualization to effectively help the author detect anomalies for the targeted genre. Any type of genre-sensitive style checker will implement our method or similar ones.

The education of Henry Adams: a centennial version

Both a winner of the Pulitzer Prize and at the head of the Modern Library's list of the one hundred best English-language nonfiction books of the twentieth century, Education of Henry has long been revered as a great work of literature. Written by Adams in the third person, the book became known for founding a new genre best described as 'an education' - an account not of life, but of learning. A tireless historian, politician, and traveler, Adams was from first to last a dedicated learner capable of great originality. In this text, Adams uses his background information (such as place of birth, voyage destinations, and alma mater) but little else, placing his protagonist in front of life's various pitfalls with the object of providing those stepping out into the world with the tools they need to handle themselves in the face of adversity. By inventing his own fictional missteps, Adams allows readers to educate themselves on how to approach life's curveballs.Although Education of Henry has long been considered a classic, until now the only editions available were those from 1907 and 1918. The former, which appeared in Adams' lifetime, was a private printing of only one hundred copies, containing hundreds of printer's errors and editorial inconsistencies. The latter, printed by the Massachusetts Historical Society and Houghton Mifflin Company after Adams' death in March of 1918, amounted to a wholesale modernization of Adams' work, leaving telling defects, including stylistic inconsistencies and incomplete sentences.With Education of Henry Adams: A Centennial Version, editors Edward Chalfant and Conrad Edick Wright have at long last returned this celebrated book to the author's vision. Combining close attention to the private printing's typesetting and editorial shortcomings with valuable insights into the history of the book and Adams' reasons for writing it, they have also inserted marginal corrections by Adams in his working copies of the 1907 printing. With an introductory note, an invitation to readers, and a postscript, they have both traced the text's own story and offered a compelling interpretation of the author's motives.

Tree-Ring Dating of the Karr-Koussevitzky Double Bass: A Case Study in Dendromusicology

Sergei Koussevitzky was one of the world's premier conductors and virtuoso bass players whose favorite instrument was an unusually-shaped bass reportedly made in 1611 by the Amati brothers, Antonio and Girolamo. In 1962, 11 years after Koussevitzky's death, his widow gave the bass to Gary Karr, currently considered to be the world's premier double bassist. In 2004, Karr donated the bass to the International Society of Bassists. Close inspection by a team of experts in 2004, however, revealed stylistic inconsistencies that suggested a later construction date. We used four reference tree-ring chronologies developed from treeline species in the European Alpine region to anchor the dates for the tree rings from the double bass absolutely in time. The bass yielded a 317-year long sequence, the longest sequence yet developed from a single musical instrument. Statistical and graphical comparisons revealed that the bass has tree rings that date from 1445 to 1761. Based on the strength of these correlations, the s...

Segmenting documents by stylistic character

As part of a larger project to develop an aid for writers that would help to eliminate stylistic inconsistencies within a document, we experimented with neural networks to find the points in a text at which its stylistic character changes. Our best results, well above baseline, were achieved with time-delay networks that used features related to the author's syntactic preferences, whereas low-level and vocabulary-based features were not found to be useful. An alternative approach with character bigrams was not successful.

Atlantic History: History of the Atlantic System, 1580–1830

Don’t be fooled by this book’s title; it cannot justly claim to be anything approaching a history of the Atlantic system. This collection of 29 essays grew out of a 1999 conference in Hamburg. The context in which the volume was generated is important, as it explains the collection’s contents. Participants, for example, had to give papers in English or French. The location of the conference generated many essays on German-speaking people and their experiences in the Atlantic, itself a welcome realignment of conventional approaches to Atlantic history. The volume’s scope thus reflects not a coherent effort to engage different aspects of Atlantic history in a systematic fashion, but instead the participation of people who responded to the initial call for papers and those distinguished scholars who were invited to take part. The circumstances of publication further shaped the volume. No author was excluded, aside from those who excluded themselves or who could not prepare an adequate typescript. Moreover, there were no funds for a copy editor. The result is a profoundly uneven collection encumbered by grammatical errors, missing documentation, and stylistic inconsistencies. The editor’s introduction does not help the reader to integrate the individual essays, because it neglects to discuss explicitly the larger themes of the volume or any individual contributions.The essays range enormously in quality. The contributions of several distinguished scholars are worthwhile, although in some instances very similar to pieces already published elsewhere. Nicholas Canny’s essay on the scope, sources, and methods of Atlantic history offers an excellent introduction to the field. James Muldoon offers a nice comparative framework in “Christendom, the Americas, and World Order.” Pieter Emmer’s provocative essay, “In Search of a System: The Atlantic Economy, 1500-1800,” argues that, by economic measures, there was no “Atlantic System” and that the economic impact of that system on Europe was meager. Instead, Emmer insists that the Atlantic system, such as it was, revolved around cultural values. Herbert Klein offers a useful synthesis of slave-trade historiography through 1999. Robin Law’s essay on the Port of Ouidah is particularly noteworthy and should be of special interest to historians of the south Atlantic. Law’s essay is exemplary in its approach to Atlantic history, particularly its insistence “on the continuous involvement of Africans . . . in trans-oceanic exchanges” (p. 350): in this instance, the migration of Brazilians and Afro-Brazilians to Ouidah and the enduring cultural impact of this community there. He offers a refreshing critique of the limits of the Black Atlantic as delineated by Paul Gilroy. Finally, Kenneth Morgan’s essay on the impact of slavery and Atlantic trade on the eighteenth-century British economy revisits a familiar debate, but it does so carefully and thoughtfully, urging readers to eschew an insistence on quantifiable measurements only and instead to consider a range of economic impacts.Four relatively junior scholars contributed strong essays. Ursula Appelt’s “Ethnographic Economies: The Role of Cultural Comparison in English Economic Tracts of the Early Seventeenth Century” employs a method of examining economic tracts for ethnographic purposes that is well worth replicating in other contexts. Claudia Schnurmann explores Dutch and English relations in the seventeenth century and suggests the value of investigating imperial powers in tandem instead of in isolation. William O’Reilly and Christine Hucho contribute innovative essays based on original research on German-speaking migrants.Only seven of the essays (Robin Law’s is the best of the lot) deal with the Ibe-rian Atlantic world. This might seem inadequate to HAHR readers and to those who study the Atlantic in general. These essays privilege economic history (Marina Alfonso Mola on the fleet system, Manuel Bustos Rodríguez on Cádiz, Carlos Martínez Shaw on trade and the Bourbon reforms, Eugenio Pinero on cacao production and household configurations, and Nikolaus Böttcher on Cuba’s trade during the American War for Independence). The two exceptions are Alberto Vieira on the Atlantic islands and Josefina Zoraida Vázquez on Mexican nationalism and the Atlantic revolutions, which offers a refreshing attempt to put Mexico (whose revolution is generally overlooked by scholars of the North Atlantic) into the general narrative of revolution in the Atlantic world. Latin Americanists might be pleasantly surprised to discover an affinity between Argentina and Iceland in the early nineteenth century: Anna Agnarsdottir’s essay on Britain’s efforts to annex Iceland during the Napoleanic Wars offers a fascinating counterfoil to simultaneous British efforts in Buenos Aires.Although, as noted above, there are several excellent essays in this volume and each essay contains a helpful bibliography, on the whole readers would be well served looking elsewhere for new scholarship on the Atlantic world.

A Devil of a Fellow: Self-Criticism

[Published in a German translation by Siegfried Trebitsch, as Ein Teufelskerl: Selbstkritik, in Die Zeu (Vienna), 22 February 1903 (1:1-4, 2:1-4, 3:1), three days before the opening of The Devil's Disciple (the first Shaw play performed on the German-speaking stage) at the Raimund Theater, Vienna. [C1419] The original manuscript in the British Library (50694, ff. 52-66) consists of a holograph draft, except for ff. 52, 56-59, and 66, which are partly or principally typewritten, with alterations in Shaw's hand, captioned (on f. 52) FEUILLETON FUR DIE ZEIT., with note in Shaw's hand on lower half of the leaf: One copy of this on thin paper to G. Bernard Shaw 10 Adelphi Terrace W.C. Wanted on Saturday morning (the 4th Feb) before 1 1 o'clock. This is the first publication of the original text, emended to eliminate stylistic inconsistencies (mostly of punctuation and use of ampersands) and misspellings.]

The Neuroanesthesia Handbook; Fundamentals of Anaesthesia and Acute Medicine

Department of Anesthesia, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157–1009.James C. Eisenach, M.D., EditorThe Neuroanesthesia Handbook. David J. Stone, Richard J Sperry, Joel O. Johnson, Burkhard F. Spiekermann, Terrance A. Yemen. St. Louis, Mosby, 1996. Pages: 516. Price:$39.95.Fundamentals of Anaesthesia and Acute Medicine: Neuroanaesthetic Practice. Edited by H. Van Aken. Series editors: Ronald M. Jones, Alan R. Aitkenhead, and Pierre Foex. BMJ Publishing, 1995. Pages: 307. Price:[pound sterling] 33.00.Several excellent, full-sized textbooks currently describe anesthetic concerns for neurosurgery. The editors of The Neuroanesthesia Handbook attempted to provide a pocket-sized book that functions as a mini-textbook for the resident commencing a rotation in a neurosurgical anesthesia area. Several of the editors previously participated in production of The Manual of Neuroanesthesia, published in 1989. This new handbook is significantly updated and clearly distinct in approach when compared with the previous edition.Particularly enjoyable and extremely relevant to the area of neuroanesthesia is the introductory chapter on neurosurgical anatomy. This multi-authored chapter, by Andrew Chenelle, Mark Shaffrey, Christopher Shaffrey, and David Stone, is profusely illustrated with practical drawings of the cerebral anatomy, as viewed by the neurosurgeon during most common procedures. To the novice practitioner who may not appreciate the surgical challenge of areas such as the posterior fossa, this anatomy is quite enlightening. Additional chapters of the book that are particularly informative include the chapters on pharmacology, by Steven T. Farnsworth and Joel O. Johnson, and the sections produced by Richard J. Sperry, including positioning in neurosurgery, posterior fossa surgery, and anesthesia for patients with spinal cord injury. Robert S. Holtzman tackles anesthesia and neuroradiology. He provides a detailed and informative discussion of the problems of anesthesia remote from the operating room and describes functional evaluation in neuroradiology, a process anesthesiologists must understand to provide optimum care. The chapter on anesthesia for craniofacial and craniobasal surgery produced by Drs. Terrance A. Yemen and David L. Bogdonoff also is excellent.In this multi-authored text, the editors made minimal alterations to each contribution. The occasional stylistic inconsistency may be slightly disconcerting, but if the text is used as expected, the resident and fellowship trainee in neuroanesthesia gains a surprisingly complete and valuable quick reference text. This new work is a fine addition to the teaching arena of neuroanesthesia, and, reasonably priced, it is well within the budget of most anesthesia trainees and clinicians interested in a “handy neuroanesthesia text.”A somewhat larger paperback, but not quite pocket-sized, Neuroanesthetic Practice, edited by Hugo Van Aken, is the first of a new series of Fundamentals of Anesthesia and Acute Medicine that aims to update readers with authoritative reviews of the principal clinical topics that compose specialty areas in anesthesia. Chapters in this inaugural volume cover fundamentals, but emphasize recent developments and controversial issues within the realm of neuroanesthesia. Some of the more interesting chapters contained within this text include a survey of neurologic diseases encountered in an intensive care unit, authored by I. Bone, Jar Nicoll, and Di Graham; anesthetic agents and total intravenous and inhalational anesthesia, authored by Hugo Van Aken; and intraoperative and postoperative monitoring of the central nervous system for neurosurgery, written by Christian Werner and Eberhard Kochs. Overall, the contributions to Neuroanesthetic Practice are well written and have been solicited from recognized experts in the field of neuroanesthesia. References are complete, and the discussions are thought-provoking. This text would serve as an introductory text to neuroanesthesia, but would most likely be more valuable for a trainee pursuing the specific subspecialty of neuroanesthesia in a fellowship. A practitioner, already reasonably well-grounded in the principles and general knowledge basis of neuroanesthetic practice, would likely enjoy the update. The cost of the volume is not prohibitive, and would make this work a welcome addition to the shelves of most practicing anesthesiologists.Patricia H. Petrozza, M.D., Department of Anesthesia, Bowman Gray School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27157–1009.