Building Style Research Articles

U-Net architecture for high-resolution thermal image segmentation: Enhancing CFD models in smart HVAC design

This paper presents an enhanced U-Net architecture for accurately segmenting high-resolution thermal images to facilitate the design of intelligent Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) systems using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) models. Indoor thermal comfort for occupants will improve under the same energy load by imposing comfort demands. Segmented data is fed into CFD simulations using a U-Net variant for thermal imagery. Integrating the segmented thermal data into the CFD simulations increases the model’s accuracy by 15 % for segmentation and 20% for prediction when compared to a traditional U-Net architecture. Experimental findings demonstrate the potential to achieve energy savings of up to 25 % in the simulated scenario by using the trained and validated model on a dataset of 1,500 high-resolution thermal images of various building styles. Compared to existing methods, the proposed method saves 30% in total simulation time for complex building models. Deep learning enables building the next generation of HVAC systems by pushing the boundaries of energy-efficient and environmentally friendly buildings. This study shows that advanced computer vision can be leveraged to create more innovative and sustainable built environments, leading to drastic improvements in energy efficiency.

Characteristics Of Two Original Facades (Gable and Gunungan) Of Malabero Chinese Shop House In Bengkulu City

Building facades convey a period of culture at the time the building was built, as well as providing the identity of a cultural group or community. Building facades and anthropology became the impetus to find out the original characteristics of the two main facades in the row of Malabero Chinese shophouses on Jalan D. I. Panjaitan Bengkulu City. This research uses the field observation method to obtain data through photographs as well as information from the surrounding community, historians, and cultural experts in Bengkulu and Malabero Chinese Village, to get a link to the facade pattern with an emphasis on building facade elements (roof, walls and building openings) through variables of Chinese shophouse facade characteristics and shop house facade indicators. Malabero Bengkulu's Chinese shophouses are grouped within the Chinese settlement (Chinese Kamp) in front of Fort Marlborough, initially having two characteristics of Chinese shophouse building styles based on their facades. The alteration of the south side of the Malabero Chinese shophouses eliminated many of the original characteristics of the original facade of the Malabero Bengkulu Chinese shophouses (gable roof). As a result, many new characteristics of the shophouse facade elements have been replaced. The shape of the roof (gunungan), the removal of the balcony, and the shape of the building openings became the characteristics of the facade face of the south side Malabero Chinese shop house (gunungan roof). This change in the facade is in anticipation of the load being responsive to earthquakes.

History of the development of theater architecture: (5th century BC – beginning of the 20th century)

The article analyzes the stages of formation and development of theater architecture (from antiquity to 1900) in accordance with the evolution of culture, historical, social and economic development of human society. A description of the technologies of the theater building of different eras, its design and construction norms are presented. The authors made an attempt to explain the evolution of architectural styles of theater buildings from ancient times to modern times. It helps to understand the influence of cultural, technological and social factors on architectural decisions. The impact of the development of architectural styles in the construction of theaters of different eras on cultural heritage is also considered. The authors emphasize the need for a comprehensive coverage of the importance of considering the architectural features of theater buildings as part of the cultural heritage of various peoples and eras. For this purpose, the authors reviewed architectural masterpieces that have become symbols of their cities or countries. The authors separately considered the issue of technical progress in the construction of theaters at different times. This part of the article is devoted to explaining the technological innovations that influenced theater architecture, such as improved acoustics, lighting, and construction methods. Also, the authors of the article reviewed modern trends in the use of materials and energy-efficient solutions. The article analyzes the relationship between the development of theater architecture and social aspects, such as changes in audience tastes, the role of theater in society, and the reflection of political and cultural trends in buildings. The authors of the article attempted to determine the influence of theater architecture on modern architecture and society. In particular, an overview of the influence of the heritage of outstanding architects of theater buildings and their contribution to the development of architecture in general is made. The article shows that the expansion of the typological structure of the architecture of various theaters created the prerequisites for a variety of compositional schemes and a fundamentally different presentation of architectural tasks. Different city-building conditions, typological foundations and individual characteristics of the theater led to the appearance of new buildings that contrast in their structure, style and means of artistic expression. Historical experience shows that theater architecture is as inexhaustible as theater art, as inexhaustible and complex multi-meaning concept of theater.

Usefulness of architectural drawing in urban planning decision-making for façade interventions: the ensanche of San Sebastián

The renovation of façades to improve energy efficiency has led to rapid and unregulated change in the landscape of cities. A loss of identity is occurring in urban centres, with previously unknown materials, textures and colours distorting the composition and style of buildings and their respective façade surfacing. This article considers the graphic research conducted to create a pilot system that encourages consistency in façade interventions. Modelling and rendering techniques can generate scenarios to test the consequences of certain regulations. Those graphic techniques were accordingly used to view different regulatory proposals applied to façades. More comparative decision-making based on realistic images is hence achieved, using graphic expression as a decision-making mechanism in urban planning.

China's first sub-meter building footprints derived by deep learning

The high spatial resolution building footprints are crucial for understanding urban development and its associated applications. However, up to now, the sub-meter-level building footprint data of China is still lacking. The challenges arise from two aspects: 1) the number of training samples is inadequate for large-scale building extraction. 2) the accuracy and efficiency of current models are insufficient to conduct large-scale building extraction. Therefore, we propose a framework for large-scale building extraction in this study, including semi-automated sample generation, building extraction model, model training, and post-processing. Specifically, the main technical contributions include: 1) BldgNet (Building Extraction Network) is proposed, including the Large Window Attention, Edge Attention, and Distribution Alignment Module with consideration of spatial contextual information, to address the challenge of the multi-scale building extraction, building boundary delineation, and class imbalance, respectively; 2) a semi-supervised training approach is proposed for large-scale building extraction, leveraging the incomplete information from OpenStreetMap (OSM) to enhance the diversity of building samples and the robustness of the model. Meanwhile, we created an open-source Global Building Dataset (GBD) comprising approximately 800,000 high-resolution (0.25 m) samples. This dataset incorporates diverse building styles worldwide, offering support for global building extraction. Based on the constructed sample set and the proposed deep net, we generated China's first sub-meter (0.5 m) building footprint dataset (CBF). Through testing on 750,000 buildings from 350 cities, the overall F1 score for CBF reached 83.71%. Finally, we validated that the proposed building extraction model can achieve satisfactory results compared to existing representative deep networks. GBD and CBF datasets can be publicly available and downloadable via https://zenodo.org/doi/10.5281/zenodo.10043351.

미국에서의 콘도미니엄 관리

Like apartment buildings in Korea, condominiums in the United States are not a physical style or type of building, but rather a mode of ownership. In addition to the physical elements of private and common areas, condominiums in the U.S. also have an owner's association as a human element. However, unlike Korea, the human factor is much stronger than the physical factor. This is because the U.S. condominium law focuses on collective management of property. On the other hand, the Korean Collective Buildings Act has emphasized the right of separate ownership of the exclusive use part from the time of its enactment, as it originated from the modification of the sharing theory of the civil law to adjust the sharing relationship between the exercise of ownership of each exclusive use part and the common part or land, and to promote the survival of each unit owner with respect to the sharing relationship. However, collective buildings in Korea are becoming larger and larger, and large apartment complexes with many facilities are becoming more popular, and the proportion of common areas to the total area is increasing. Therefore, even in the Collective Building Act, it is necessary to strengthen the human factor through the community of residents to manage the common areas and control the interests of users of the common areas, such as noise between floors.

Differences and Integration of Chinese and Western Urban Garden Architectural Aesthetics

From the perspective of Chinese and Western urban aesthetics, the article studied 15 existing scientific literature sources in terms of building types, building scale, gardening art, the relationship between gardens and architecture, the aesthetic style of castles and buildings, artistic origins, and aesthetic tastes. Using the classification and comparative analysis method, the artistic characteristics of Chinese and Western classical gardens were compared, the reasons for the differences in the artistic characteristics of Chinese and Western classical gardens were analyzed, and it was pointed out that the integration of Eastern and Western garden arts has reference significance for Chinese urban greening.

Architectural design, visual attention, and human cognition: exploring responses to federal building styles

ABSTRACT This article examines the ongoing architectural debate surrounding styles for American government buildings. It tests the results of the 2020 National Civic Art Society survey that found 72% of Americans prefer traditional federal buildings over modern designs. To gain a neuro-biological perspective on these results, eye-tracking emulation software is used to evaluate the relationship between architectural design, visual attention, and human preferences. The hypothesis that traditional buildings would capture and retain pre-attentive visual processing more than modern styles was confirmed in several experiments. The research offers valuable insights for architects, urban planners, and policymakers considering design decisions about federal buildings.

Experimental investigation of transition composite connections in historic style buildings

Historic timber buildings possess immense historical, artistic, and scientific value, but a few of them have survived after thousands of years of natural disasters and wars. Historic style buildings with modern construction material, imitating historic timber buildings forms, have emerged to inherit and promote traditional culture. To investigate the seismic performance of transition columns commonly used in historic style buildings, two full-scaled composite column transition (CCT) connections between steel reinforced concrete (SRC) square column and reinforced concrete (RC) circular column were designed and tested under invariable axial load and cyclic lateral load. Both failure patterns and force mechanism were studied based on the test process of the CCT connections. Then, the influence of axial compressive ratio on the mechanical behaviour of the CCT connections was assessed by looking at the hysteretic curves, backbone curves, characteristic loads, ductility, energy dissipation capacity and strength degradation. The results demonstrated that the failure patterns of the CCT connections were typical flexural failure, with the failure zone occurring at the upper column-root. The CCT connections exhibited excellent capacities of deformation and energy dissipation. As axial compression ratio increases, the failure of the CCT connection becomes more severe, leading to enhanced energy dissipation capacity. However, the strength and ductility of the CCT connection decrease. Based on the experimental results, an equation for calculating the lateral stiffness of CCT connections between SRC square column and RC circular column in historic style buildings was proposed, and verified to be accurate. The findings can provide necessary basis for the rational design and widespread application of historic style buildings.

Общие принципы формирования малоэтажной застройки в России. Исторический контекст

The article delves briefly into the formation of low-rise buildings in Russia, starting from its origins (ancient Rus-sia) and ending in the XX century with the representation of development prospects in our days. It is empha-sized that low-rise buildings are of special importance for people and are becoming increasingly in demand, especially in recent years, as they meet the needs of modern society in comfortable socially oriented housing. On the one hand, low-rise construction allows for rapid development of territories, on the other hand, these are convenient, modern complexes with developed infrastructure, their pronounced style and low density of build-ings, which also contributes to favorable epidemiological living conditions for people. This trend in the condi-tions of development of modern society is becoming more and more relevant, due to the existing realities. The aim of the article was to analyze low-rise buildings in the historical aspect and to determine the evolutionary temporal relationship. Analytical and comparative methods have revealed the main features and advantages of low-rise buildings in Russia.

Significance of Special Concept on Traditional Architecture of the Hausas in Nigeria

This paper looked at the significance of special concepts on Traditional Architecture of the Hausas in Nigeria. Traditional architecture may be defined as an inherited art and science from the past generation in the area of planning and designing with consideration to the provision of spaces for the individual and public interest and the construction of buildings with available local building materials. The aim of this study was to conduct exploratory research on the significance of special concepts of traditional architecture of the Hausas in Nigeria, and specific objectives were used to identify and examine these concepts and their importance and how they have influenced the use of traditional building materials, technology deployed and their consequence on traditional architecture of the Hausas in Nigeria. The study critically reviewed existing literatures on traditional architecture and explores the key importance relating to the concept of Hausa traditional architecture. In addition, the research identified the factors that contribute to the concept of Hausa traditional architecture. The study concluded with a recommendation to all professionals in the built environment to embrace and adapt traditional architecture in their design provisions and execution to give identifiable character. It will be sad if our traditional building styles and construction techniques disappear from the universe. The gains derived from our local methods and materials are enormous and need to be propagated, while any inadequacies associated with the traditional approach can be improved.

Research on the Innovation and Implementation of Interactive Teaching Content of Civic and Political Education in Colleges and Universities under the Digital Transformation of the Academic Style Building

Abstract The construction of ideological and political education and the construction of academic style are complementary to each other and jointly committed to the good development of education and teaching in colleges and universities. This paper starts from the relationship between the two, discusses the interaction between ideological and political education and the construction of academic style in colleges and universities, and draws out the methodological path of ideological and political education in colleges and universities to lead the construction of academic style. It proposes interactive teaching methods to strengthen the construction of ideological and political education by utilizing the interactive teaching process between teachers and students. It points out that the digital video coding technology (H.265/HEVC intra-frame coding technology and H.265/HEVC rate-distortion optimization technology) and the video encryption mechanism based on H.265/HEVC optimize the processing of interactive video to enhance the interactive performance of ideological and political academic style. By comparing the coding performance of H.264 and H.265, as well as the PNSR and SSIM evaluation indices, the rationality of the proposed digital video coding and encryption technology is verified. A survey on the academic style construction of different majors and grades, as well as an analysis of the attitude of Civics academic style construction, is conducted in the sample schools to find out what can be optimized in the academic style construction of Civics education in colleges and universities. In all five schools, 4.76% of students believe that the academic culture situation is not conducive to the current learning culture. However, 58.96% and 14.46% of the groups think that learning is something that has to be done and something that is not interesting, indicating that there is still a lack of interest in the teaching interaction of Civics and Political Science style, and schools should make full use of digital technology to attract students to carry out teaching interaction.

Resiliensi Pembentuk Spirit of Place Komplek Katolik Muntilan

The spirit of place in an area often changes due to natural or human factors. The Muntilan Catholic Complex was founded 1904 as a mission center for native teachers' schools. The architectural styles are village style, Hinduism, Art Deco, and Neo-Gothic. The Catholic complex's architectural form and environment are well preserved, and the functions still remain. This research aims to see the resilience of tangible and intangible heritage in Catholic complexes that form a spirit of place. The research uses qualitative methodology with field observation, literature studies, and interviews to obtain data. The data was then analyzed narratively. The aspects studied were the resilience of architectural, spatial, and visual forms. From an architectural perspective, the infill of the building was carried out due to the replacement of a building that was burnt down (1948). The spatial pattern formed from the building pattern that created the inner courtyard has stayed the same since 1914. The visual architectural style of the new building needs to consider its influence on the spirit of place of the Muntilan Catholic Complex.

Decoding the Images of the Polish Countryside, by Louise Arner Boyd (1887-1972)

This article looks at the photographic legacy of Louise Arner Boyd’s (1887-1972) expedition through the Second Polish Republic in the context of her discovery of the otherness and social diversity of the country she visited in 1934. The authors were particularly captivated by the portrayal of the Ruthenians/Ukrainians of what is now Western Ukraine, as depicted in the Boyd photography. The authors focus lies on the unprocessed photographic content from the library collections of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee and the book she published a few years after her journey with the cooperation of the American Geographical Society in New York. The authors told the story of Louise A. Boyd’s trip to Poland primarily to introduce the reader to the context of the creation of the photographic collection, in which authors try to discover content and meanings that have not been sought before. Their analysis of the making-off process and reception into academia for Boyd’s book entitled Polish Countryside is also crucial to understanding that it is only a part of the collection. It is a specific vision and a compromise between the photographer’s and the publisher’s expectations. The Boyd photographic collection focused on rural landscapes and the architecture of villages and farms, capturing various farming methods, road and water transport scenes, village types and traditional clothing. With meticulous descriptions and detailed lists of the photographed locations and subjects, the collection serves as valuable documentation of building styles and techniques, traditional costumes, transportation, markets and agricultural and fishing practices. Thanks to Boyd’s skilled photographer’s eye, she was able to capture visually attractive photographs that also serve as scientifically intriguing documents of a bygone era. The significance of these photos extends beyond the confines of ethnography, as we have endeavoured to emphasise in this article. Through reinterpreting Ruthenians/ Ukrainians portraits in Boyd photographs after almost a century, we aim to grasp the preserved and concealed contexts, thereby reconstructing, if not the complete image, at least its distinct components. However, the images of contemporary Western Ukraine and its inhabitants by Louise Arner Boyd that the authors analysed are currently in the photography collection mentioned above from the UWM as part of the digitalised archive of the American Geographical Society. The authors had attempted to look at them both as an example of ethnographic photography typical of the interwar period and a unique image of a world that no longer exists. In the authors’ opinion, Louise A. Boyd’s photograms, placed as raw ethnographic material in the mentioned repository of the UWM library, today have the value that she wanted to give them from the beginning when she was considering the publication of Polish Countrysides, and they are a reminder of a world whose traces have almost disappeared today.

Research on the Localization of Modern Christian Church Architecture: A Case Study of Hangzhou Sicheng Hall

Christian churches have had great importance in Western classical architecture since the introduction of Christianity into China, which to better integrate into the local community and improve public acceptance, Christian churches were built in China with the characteristics of traditional Chinese architecture. At the same time, it retains the plane shape and spatial sequence similar to that of Western churches and has evolved into the image of "combining Chinese and Western" today. In order to study the localization characteristics of Protestant churches built in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province under the historical and humanistic background. This paper takes "Sicheng Church", the oldest existing Christian church in Hangzhou, as the research object. Through literature research and field research. Based on the analysis of the development history of the church, the location selection, plane shape, architectural style, and architectural decoration of the church building, the retention and localization characteristics of the church building and their influencing factors are discussed, and the root cause of localization in the Christian mission and church construction is obtained.

The New Mission of Abandoned Architectural Heritage

The construction of pit cave dwellings is a longstanding custom in China. However, as living standards have increased, this distinctive style of building is being gradually forgotten. Sanmenxia, Henan Province is known for its unique clay, which has contributed to the advancement of construction and architectural design. The region's unique climate, which is warm in the winter and cool in the summer, has also made people more nostalgic, which has led to a boom in the tourism industry. It's urgent to figure out how to revitalize and change the historic structures that will soon decay and vanish into something new in order to stay relevant.This essay explores the distinctive architectural style of China's pit cave dwellings, capturing its essence and adapting it to modern demands. It also serves to highlight the disappearing ancient architectural and cultural form while revitalizing the abandoned kiln and bringing it back to life. Enhancing the recreational area for the locals and drawing attention to the region's distinctive culture, the abandoned kiln will be transformed into a tourist destination with cultural activities.

A Comparison and Combination of Modern and Historical Architecture

Considering the rapid development of today's society, earth-shaking changes have taken place in many areas, and the field of architecture is no exception. More and more new buildings are emerging. Some of them are built with different materials, some are in innovative styles, and some are for diverse uses. People can clearly find the differences between modern buildings and ancient buildings, including the differences in materials, uses, structures, etc. By tracing and analyzing the relationship between ancient architecture and modern architecture, this paper discusses the architectural style, materials, and how to combine the two. It can be concluded that there are differences existing in materials, structures, and space utilization between ancient and modern buildings. Ancient buildings pay attention to beauty and the embodiment of national spirit, but they do not perform well in the fire resistance and the construction period is long. Modern buildings focus on practicality and safety but may allow less daylighting to enter or have other unreasonable designs. Therefore, the materials and styles of ancient buildings and modern buildings can be well integrated to maximize the role of architecture.

Research on landscape design of Chinese museumsTaking Suzhou museum as an example

Museum design needs to consider how art and architecture can be combined to create a unique, aesthetically pleasing and attractive space. In the new Chinese pattern, a point is often used as the axis, and the elements, color matching and space proportion on both sides are symmetrical forms, showing a stable and dignified symmetry aesthetic feeling. The new Chinese style needs to be integrated into the landscape design, because the color requirements of the new Chinese style reflect Chinese characteristics. At the same time, it is combined with modern landscape materials, and the classical "national color" is perfectly integrated with modern materials. Therefore, this paper investigates the design of several museums and new Chinese style buildings, summarizes the environmental factors, functional factors, artistic factors and technical factors, and believes that environmental factors, artistic factors and technical factors are important, while functional factors are not. Finally, taking the Suzhou Museum as an example, this paper discusses the importance of several factors to provide help and reference for the subsequent museum design. The factors that should be considered in the design of the Suzhou Museum include environment, function, art and technology. The factors to be considered in the design of buildings include Functional requirements, building safety, building environment, building materials, building shapes, building costs, and building regulations.

A kinematic model linking the Sevier and Laramide belts in the Idaho-Montana fold-thrust belt, U.S. Cordillera

Abstract The Sevier and Laramide belts of the U.S. Cordillera are differentiated based on thin- and thick-skinned structural domains, commonly inferred to have formed under different plate-boundary conditions. However, spatial and temporal overlap in the Idaho-Montana fold-thrust belt suggests that thin- and thick-skinned thrust systems are kinematically linked. We present the first balanced and sequentially restorable cross section that integrates the Sevier and Laramide belts. Encompassing most of the width of the Cordilleran retroarc, our kinematic model accounts for at least 244 km of horizontal shortening, linking thin- and thick-skinned thrust systems. We hypothesize that thin strata overlying the Lemhi arch basement high determined the geometry and relative timing of the later thrusting. Early shortening (pre–ca. 90 Ma) was thin skinned, with the décollement of the Medicine Lodge–McKenzie thrust system following Devonian shales on top of the Lemhi arch unconformity. Displacement on upper thin- and lower thick-skinned thrusts overlapped between ca. 90 and 70 Ma as a mid-crustal décollement was activated, efficiently transmitting strain through the Lemhi arch to the Blacktail-Snowcrest uplift in the foreland. A regional-scale duplex (Patterson culmination) linked the lower and upper décollements, internally thickening and increasing the basal slope of the orogenic wedge. Thick-skinned thrusts of the Dillon cutoff (Hawley Creek, Cabin, and Johnson thrusts) eventually thickened the wedge and exhumed the abandoned upper décollement. Following this, the thick-skinned wedge advanced in-sequence from ca. 70 to 55 Ma. This kinematic model establishes continuity between thin- and thick-skinned thrust systems by a mid-crustal décollement. In this model, the stratigraphic thicknesses of sedimentary cover rocks limit the availability of décollement horizons, determining the style of mountain building and triggering a slow transition from thin- to thick-skinned thrusting.

Characteristics of Balinese architectural fat houses in Denpasar City

This research aims to find factors that influence the characteristics of flats with a Balinese architectural perspective and plan a design model for apartments in Bali based on the concept of Balinese architecture. The research method used is a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. The first stage uses quantitative methods, and the second stage uses qualitative methods. The research sample was taken using nonprobability random sampling with a sample size of 200 respondents. Data analysis was done through univariate analysis by presenting tables, pictures, and graphs. The results of the research show that the factors that influence the characteristics of flats with a Balinese architectural style include the principles of spatial planning with the choice of location in the city of Denpasar, the principles of building layout with a 3-story flat building height, and the selection of building facades with a Balinese architectural style, the principles of utilities and facilities which include green open space, lift facilities, traditional and cultural facilities, centralized parking facilities, easily accessible merchant facilities, health, education, and an integrated and organized waste processing system. Apart from that, Balinese architectural principles such as Tri Hita Karana and the Hulu Teben concept are also used as references. Principles of building layout with a 3-story apartment building height and the selection of Balinese architectural style building facades, principles of utilities and facilities which include green open space, lift facilities, traditional and cultural facilities, centralized parking facilities, merchant facilities, health, easy education accessible, and an integrated and organized waste processing system. Apart from that, Balinese architectural principles such as Tri Hita Karana and the Hulu Teben concept are also used as references. Principles of building layout with a 3-story apartment building height and the selection of Balinese architectural style building facades, principles of utilities and facilities which include green open space, lift facilities, traditional and cultural facilities, centralized parking facilities, merchant facilities, health, easy education accessible, and an integrated and organized waste processing system. Apart from that, Balinese architectural principles such as Tri Hita Karana and the Hulu Teben concept are also used as references.