Stunting In Infants Research Articles

M-SAKHI - Mobile health solutions to help community providers promote maternal and infant nutrition and health: a description of development of the Program Impact Pathway using Theory of Change.

Behaviour Change Communication (BCC) intervention programmes often lack documentation of successful processes. This manuscript aims to describe the development of Program Impact Pathway (PIP) using Theory of Change (ToC) approach for a mHealth BCC intervention titled 'Mobile Solutions Aiding Knowledge for Health Improvement (M-SAKHI)' aimed at reducing stunting in infants at 18 months of age. The PIP was developed using ToC to design the intervention and plan its implementation. Literature review and data from previous pilots helped to identify health service gaps that needed to be addressed by the PIP of this intervention. M-SAKHI was implemented in 244 villages under governance of forty primary health centres of Nagpur and Bhandara districts of eastern Maharashtra in central India. The study investigators and the public health stakeholders participated in developing the PIP. M-SAKHI evaluation study recruited 2501 pregnant women who were followed up through delivery until their infants were 18 months old. The PIP was developed, and it identified the following pathways for the final impact: (1) improving maternal and infant nutrition, (2) early recognition of maternal and infant danger signs, (3) improving access and utilisation to healthcare services, (4) improving hygiene, sanitation and immunisation practices, and (5) improving implementation and service delivery of community health workers through their training, monitoring and supervision in real time. This paper will illustrate the significance of development of PIP for M-SAKHI. It can aid other community-based programmes to design their PIP for nutrition-based BCC interventions.

Comparative Analysis of Nutritional Advice and a Combined Approach for Addressing Impending Stunting in Infants: A Clinical Trial.

Weight faltering (WF) has been associated with stunting and with long-term adverse consequences for health and development. Nutritional care for managing WF may consist of giving nutritional advice (NA) and/or provision of oral nutrition supplements (ONSs). In this study, we aimed to evaluate practical management options in the community for infants with WF aged 6-12 months. This nonrandomized clinical trial was conducted in the community of Makassar, South Sulawesi, from March 2022 to March 2023. A total of 1013 infants were enrolled for screening. Anthropometric measures were performed in 913 infants, of which 170 showed WF below the 15th percentile of the WHO weight increment table without stunting. Infants with a weight increment below P5th were assigned to receive NA plus ONS, while infants between P5th and below P15th were assigned to receive only NA. At the second and third months, ONSs were administered to WF infants who were below P15th. One month after the intervention, 87/105 infants in the NA-plus-ONS group (82.8%) and 52/65 infants in the NA-only group (80%) were no longer WF. After 3 months, infants in the NA-plus-ONS group achieved greater weight gain than infants in the NA group (264.1 g vs. 137.4 g, p < 0.001) as well as greater length gain (2.35 cm vs. 2.14 cm, p < 0.001). WF management should be started at below P15th to achieve a better result. Infants with greater nutritional deficits should be assigned to receive the combination of NA plus ONSs to achieve a higher rate of resolution of growth.

Acceptance Testing of Sate Lilit PAHU (Patin Fish and Tofu) Modification According to Infant and Child Feeding Principles as an Alternative to Prevent Stunting

Stunting for children under the age of 5 years is caused by long-term protein deficiency and it is a public health problem in Indonesia. Patin fish is rich in protein, selenium and taurine, which help stimulate the growth and development of children. The aim of study was to assess the acceptability of thigh skewers (made with Patin fish and tofu) as a potential alternative to prevent stunting in infants and children, based on the principles of proper nutrition. Experimental study was conducted on a control group and three treatment groups. Organoleptic test was conducted among 25 panelists by using indicators of color, taste, aroma and texture. The average distribution of formulas for SLT 0 (3.73), SLT 1 (3.91), SLT 2 (3.57), SLT 3 (2.85). The most preferred formula was SLT 1. The SLT 1 consisted of 70 grams of Patin fish and 30 grams of tofu. The protein content of one serving of Sate wrapped around the thigh (Patin fish and tofu) is adequate to meet the protein requirements of toddlers. It providing 7.55 g of protein per snack, with a protein energy ratio of 24.61% and energy density of 3.62.

Counseling on The Importance of The Diction of “Side Dishes Amis-Amis” for Pregnant, Breastfeeding Women and Toddler for Preventing Bad Nutrition and Stunting in Kalisat Village, Jember District, East Java

Jember Regency ranks 8th in East Java and 11th in Indonesia for cases of malnutrition and stunting in infants. Kalisat District is among the top 5 for stunted babies in Jember. The root of the problem is not only the local economy but also the public's understanding of the term "nutrition," which is not yet reflected in daily life. Therefore, counseling on understanding the word nutrition, replaced with "amis-amis or mis-amis" for various high-protein side dishes, is essential. The young mothers in Jember had poor understanding and very low reflection on the term nutrition, contributing to malnutrition and stunting in Kalisat Village, Kalisat District. The solution is to conduct counseling and practical sessions on the importance of understanding the term "fishy side dishes" that are high in animal protein for pregnant and breastfeeding mothers to enhance brain and physical growth (fetal) and avoid malnutrition and stunting. The methods of implementation include observation, interviews (in FGD), counseling, and practical sessions in Kalisat Village, Jember. The results show that community service involving counseling or socialization of the understanding of the word nutrition, implemented through the replacement of the term with "fishy side dishes," is more effective. This approach includes FGD, counseling, and practical sessions of cooking and eating together using high-protein fishy side dishes. These methods are aimed at improving growth and development in children (from the womb, during breastfeeding, and in toddlers) to prevent malnutrition and stunting.

The Utilization of Hand Soap for Hand Washing and Family Latrine Ownership as Preventive Measures Against Stunting in Infants and Toddlers in the Parigi Moutong District of Central Sulawesi Province

Stunting is a malnutrition condition in children under five, characterized by delayed growth and inappropriate height. Environmental factors, such as nutrition, digestive infections, low birth weight, and poor environmental sanitation, indirectly impact the health of children under five, affecting their nutritional status. This research aims to determine the level of knowledge, ownership of toilets, and hand washing habits as factors for preventing stunting in the working area of the Ampibabo Community Health Center. The study used an analytical observational research with a case-control design, with 70 respondents consisting of mothers of babies and toddlers. The results showed a relationship between knowledge, latrine ownership, and hand washing habits and stunting incidence in babies and toddlers. This suggests that community health centers should provide regular and continuous assistance to cadres in providing education about stunting prevention at all levels of society, especially those without family toilets and without soap-washing habits.

Health Education Influences Mother's Knowledge in Preventing Stunting in Infants

Introduction: The 2022 SSGI results indicate that the prevalence of stunting in Indonesia has decreased from 24.4% to 21.6% compared to the previous year. The target to be achieved by 2024 is to reduce the prevalence of stunting to 14%. Efforts to reduce the incidence of stunting include conducting health promotions about stunting. Purpose: This research aims to analyze the effect of health education on mothers' knowledge about stunting prevention in toddlers in the Malei Health Center working area, Poso Regency. Method: This quasi-experimental study employed a pre-experiment research design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The research was conducted in July 2023 in the working area of the Malei Health Center, Lage District, Poso Regency. The sample size was 65 people, selected through simple random sampling. Result: Univariate analysis showed that the majority of respondents were aged 20–35 years (53.9%), had education levels ranging from elementary to junior high school (58.5%), and were unemployed (72.3%). The Wilcoxon test was used for bivariate analysis due to the non-normal distribution of the data. Statistical test results showed a significant increase in respondents' knowledge, with an average score increase of 50.2 and a p-value &lt;0.05. Conclusion: Health education significantly influences maternal knowledge of stunting prevention. It is recommended that health promotion efforts be enhanced through education about stunting.

Edukasi Menarik Pencegahan Stunting dan Pemanfaatan Aplikasi E-Posyandu dalam Monitoring Gizi Anak

Posyandu is the main forum for monitoring nutritional status and preventing stunting in infants and toddlers. Stunting is a condition where growth is inhibited in children due to lack of nutritional intake for a long time because food intake is not in accordance with nutritional needs. Maternal nutrition plays a major role in preventing stunting in children from an early age. In addition to growth problems, stunting also affects children's intelligence levels and learning abilities. Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) is a community service program that provides opportunities for students to apply the knowledge and skills gained on campus directly in the community. Through Real Work Lecture (KKN) activities as a student community service program, it aims to socialize the dangers of stunting on children's growth and development, and socialize how to prevent stunting. In addition, this activity is also carried out to conduct counseling to the community about a healthy menu with balanced nutrition which aims to provide an understanding of the importance of regulating nutrition in the food given to children. This Real Work Lecture (KKN) activity can be a forum to provide understanding and education in an interesting way about the dangers of stunting.

Upaya Peningkatan Self Awareness Masyarakat pada Kondisi Stunting di Wilayah Puskesmas Porong Sidoarjo

The issue of nutrition, such as stunting, falls under Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 2, which aims to eliminate all forms of malnutrition. Stunting is a serious problem as it can impact cognitive abilities, unbalanced bodily functions, and result in an undesirable body posture. One of the causes of the increasing incidence of stunting, particularly in the Porong Sidoarjo Health Center, is the lack of community understanding about health, especially regarding stunting. The prevalence of stunting in Sidoarjo is 23.9%, and in the Porong Health Center's working area, it is 28%. The objective of this community service is to enhance the self-awareness of the community to address the condition of stunting in the Porong Sidoarjo Health Center. The target audience for this community service activity is mothers of infants and toddlers who are indicated as stunted in the Porong Sidoarjo Health Center's working area. The method of this activity involves counseling with presentations, practical exercises on reading high z-scores for height/weight and weight/age, Q&amp;A sessions, and completing pretest and posttest questionnaires. The results of this community service activity indicate that the majority of participants have experienced an increase in knowledge, particularly regarding the characteristics and impacts of stunting, and have improved self-awareness regarding stunting in infants and toddlers.

Effects of Cooking with Liquefied Petroleum Gas or Biomass on Stunting in Infants

BackgroundHousehold air pollution is associated with stunted growth in infants. Whether the replacement of biomass fuel (e.g., wood, dung, or agricultural crop waste) with liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) for cooking can reduce the risk of stunting is unknown.MethodsWe conducted a randomized trial involving 3200 pregnant women 18 to 34 years of age in four low- and middle-income countries. Women at 9 to less than 20 weeks’ gestation were randomly assigned to use a free LPG cookstove with continuous free fuel delivery for 18 months (intervention group) or to continue using a biomass cookstove (control group). The length of each infant was measured at 12 months of age, and personal exposures to fine particulate matter (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 μm) were monitored starting at pregnancy and continuing until the infants were 1 year of age. The primary outcome for which data are presented in the current report — stunting (defined as a length-for-age z score that was more than two standard deviations below the median of a growth standard) at 12 months of age — was one of four primary outcomes of the trial. Intention-to-treat analyses were performed to estimate the relative risk of stunting.ResultsAdherence to the intervention was high, and the intervention resulted in lower prenatal and postnatal 24-hour personal exposures to fine particulate matter than the control (mean prenatal exposure, 35.0 μg per cubic meter vs. 103.3 μg per cubic meter; mean postnatal exposure, 37.9 μg per cubic meter vs. 109.2 μg per cubic meter). Among 3061 live births, 1171 (76.2%) of the 1536 infants born to women in the intervention group and 1186 (77.8%) of the 1525 infants born to women in the control group had a valid length measurement at 12 months of age. Stunting occurred in 321 of the 1171 infants included in the analysis (27.4%) of the infants born to women in the intervention group and in 299 of the 1186 infants included in the analysis (25.2%) of those born to women in the control group (relative risk, 1.10; 98.75% confidence interval, 0.94 to 1.29; P=0.12).ConclusionsAn intervention strategy starting in pregnancy and aimed at mitigating household air pollution by replacing biomass fuel with LPG for cooking did not reduce the risk of stunting in infants. (Funded by the National Institutes of Health and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation; HAPIN ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02944682.)

The Effect of Moringa Leaf Decoction on Breast Milk Production and Hemoglobin Levels in Postpartum Mothers at Juliana Clinic Tanjung Morawa in 2023

Moringa leaves (Moringa oleifera) are functional plants with an abundance of nutrients both macronutrients and micronutrients. The need for nutrition in postpartum and lactating mothers is more than the nutritional needs of mothers during pregnancy, during the first 6 months the mother needs an additional energy of 500 calories / day which is useful for producing adequate milk production for the baby. The use of Moringa leaves has been widely used by the community as an alternative menu that is beneficial for mothers during pregnancy and breastfeeding mothers. For postpartum and lactating mothers, Moringa leaves are very useful and contain phytosterol compounds that are lactagogum effects that can increase and launch milk production so that they can improve the baby's health status by increasing the baby's weight and can also prevent stunting in infants. This research is a Quasy Experiment research with One Group Pretest and Postest Design approach. The sample in this study was determined by Purposive Sampling technique, which is a sample with a total of 19 postpartum mothers at the Juliana Tanjung Morawa midwife clinic. The results of the study found a difference between before and after being given Moringa leaf boiled water on maternal breast milk production, this can be seen from the sig value of 0.000 and the difference between before and after being given Moringa leaf cooking water on maternal HB levels, this can be seen from the GIS value of 0.000, it was concluded that there was an effect of Moringa leaf cooking water on breast milk production and Hb levels of postpartum mothers at the Juliana Tanjung Morawa clinic.

Risk Factors of Stunting in Toddlers in The Village of Gunung Batin Udik, Lampung Tengah

Nutritional status in Indonesia, especially in toddlers is still a health problem, including malnutrition and stunting. Stunting is a linear growth disorder caused by chronic malnutrition or recurrent chronic infectious diseases. Risk Factors for chronic nutritional status in toddlers are not the same between regions, so this study aims to determine the risk factors for stunting in children under five in Gunung Batin Udik Village. This type of research was quantitative and the research design used observational analytics with a case-control approach. When this research was conducted on 5-20 November 2021 in Gunung Batin Udik Village, Terusan Nyunyai District, Central Lampung Regency in 2021. The population in this study were all toddlers of age 1-5 years old with a sample size of 120 respondents using simple random technique sampling. Data collection used questionnaires and observations then analyzed with the chi-square test. The results showed several risk factors for stunting events such as exclusive breastfeeding (OR: 2.704), mother's education level (OR: 3.455), mother's knowledge level (OR: 2.444), and family income (OR: 3.541). Whereas the fewer risk factors such as LBW (OR: 1,588), mother's employment status (OR: 2,093), latrine ownership (OR: 1,481), ownership of standard trash bins (OR: 0.576), and standard SPAL (OR: 0.619). Several factors are at risk for the incidence of stunting in infants.

EXCLUSIVE BREAST FEEDING AS AN EFFORT TO OVERCOME STUNTING IN TODDLERS WITH THE FAMILY EMPOWERMENT STRATEGY APPROACH

Background : Stunting is a major problem experienced by toddlers in the world and Indonesia is included in the fifth country with the highest number of toddlers experiencing stunting in the world.&#x0D; Method : The research design used is a non-experimental quantitative research design. This type of research is a correlational descriptive study using a cross sectional approach. &#x0D; Result : The results of the study showed that 76% of toddlers who experienced stunting did not get exclusive breastfeeding.&#x0D; Analysis : Some researchers suspect that the effect of exclusive breastfeeding on stunting does not come from aspects of nutritional intake, but from efforts to prevent infection. &#x0D; Conclution : there is a relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting in infants.

Determinants of stunting in children aged 24-59 months: a case- control study

Stunting is a sign of persistent malnutrition during a critical period of child development, especially in the second trimester of pregnancy. This study aimed to determine the causes of stunting in infants between 24 and 59 months. The Kamaipura Health Center in Sigi Regency, Indonesia is the location for the research. Data was collected from January to December 2020 from medical record data. The population consisted of 156 children under the age of five, of which 134 samples were selected using a purposive sampling technique and were divided into two groups: stunting and non-stunting. Analytic test using Chi-square, OR, and logistic regression (p=0.05). Infants who are not exclusively breastfed have a 9.44 times higher risk of stunting (OR=9.44; 95% CI=4.28 to 20.7), according to an analysis with a CI of -95%. Chronic energy deficiency and low birth weight during pregnancy are associated with an increased risk of growth disorders by 5.98 (OR=5.98; 95% CI=2.47 to 14.43) and 4.6 times (OR=4.6) respectively; 95% CI=1.73 to 12.42). In addition, the R-square logistic regression analysis of 0.374 indicates that the overall influence of the variables is 37.4%. A history of exclusive breastfeeding, low birth weight (LBW) babies, and chronic energy deficiency (CED) during pregnancy is strongly associated with the prevalence of stunting. To reduce the prevalence of poor growth, better health promotion is needed from the beginning of pregnancy.

The Relationship Between Parenting and Feeding Patterns On The Incidence Of Stunting

Stunting is a significant highlight in Indonesia because it is continually rising. Factor pattern of bad parenting and inappropriate infant feeding is a risk cause of stunting. The purpose of this research is to analyze the connection pattern parenting and patterns of provision of food to the incidence of stunting in infants. This research is a quantitative study with a cross-sectional design. This research was conducted in the Health Center Cipadung working area in January- March 2022. The research population is mothers with toddlers. A sample of 84 respondents was taken randomly. The instruments used are a measuring tool height and a questionnaire. Data analysis used the chi-square test. The research showed that pattern parenting (p=0.045 and POR=2.9) and pattern feeding (p=0.014 and POR=3.3) are associated with stunting. Parenting and patterns of feeding are related to the incidence of stunting. Good maternal parenting can prevent children from experiencing stunting and feeding; if mothers provide the right food for their children, then children can be spared from stunting.

The Incidence of Stunting in Infants and Toddlers

The incidence of short toddlers, or stunting, is a condition where toddlers have less height than their age. This condition is measured by length or height, which is less than minus two standard deviations of the WHO child growth standard median. This research aims to describe the incidence of stunting in infants and toddlers in the workplace. Research Method: This research is descriptive research with a retrospective approach. The population in the study were all children under five, with a total of 1297 people, and the sample was children under five who experienced stunting, as many as 126 people. The sampling technique in this study was a purposive sample using secondary data processed manually using a calculator and presented in the form of a frequency distribution table. Results of the study: The frequency of stunting incidents based on age that experienced the most stunting was 60 people (47.7%) aged 24-59 months, 80 people (63.4%) male sex, 108 short height people (85.8%). Conclusion: From the study results, it can be concluded that the most stunting incidents were from ages 24-59 months, male sex, and short height

The Relationship Between Diverse Food Consumption and Stunting in Infants Aged 6-24 Months in Indonesia

&lt;div&gt;&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="left" valign="top"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Inadequate feeding practices result in malnutrition and stunting which results in delayed growth and development of infants and children. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between the consumption of various foods and the incidence of stunting in infants aged 6-24 months in Indonesia. The method used in writing this article is the literature review, which is a literature search both nationally and internationally carried out using a database. Article searches are conducted using four electronic databases, namely Google Scholar, Researchgate, PubMed Central, and ScienceDirect. The search returned 11 articles after removing duplicate articles, 8 remaining. After screening the titles and abstracts which are not in accordance with the themes included, are letters/reports/brief communications/chapters. The final screening resulted in 8 articles that met the inclusive criteria. The results of the study show that food diversity in Breast Milk Mp is one of the indicators used to assess nutritional adequacy in preventing stunting. It can also be used to see an overview of the food groups consumed by children aged 6-23 months in assisting breastfeeding. It is recommended for cadres and health workers to be more active in providing counseling about complementary foods for the development of toddler nutrition and it is suggested to provide nutrition training to mothers who have toddlers in order to increase mothers' knowledge about nutritious food for toddlers.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keyword: Babies 6-24 months,&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;strong&gt;Breast Milk,&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Food, Stunting, Various &lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/em&gt;

The Relationship Between the Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women, Infant Birth Weight and Stunting Incidence in Toddlers

&lt;table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" align="left"&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td align="left" valign="top"&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;Stunting is still a major nutritional problem faced by Indonesia. The prevalence of stunting in North Sumatra ranks nineteenth at 21.1%. Mandailing Natal District has the highest prevalence in North Sumatra Province at 47.7%. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the nutritional status of pregnant women (LILA) and the birth weight of infants aged 6-36 months with the stunting process in the Working Area of the Kotanopan Health Center, Mandailing Natal. This type of research is observational with a cross-sectional study design with a sample of all infants aged 6-36 months at the Kotanopan Health Center, Mandailing Natal. This research was conducted in the Working Area of the Kotanopan Health Center, Mandailing Natal, in December-February 2023. The population in this study was all toddlers aged 6-36 months, totaling 1457 toddlers. The sample in the study was 97 toddlers. They collected data in this study using a questionnaire. The sampling technique uses simple random sampling—data analysis in this study with the Chi-Square test. The results of the study explained that there were 97 respondents for the category of nutritional status of pregnant women (LILA), and 34.0% of pregnant women experienced chronic energy deficiency. There were 25.7% of babies born with low birth weight (LBW) and 47.4% of babies experiencing stunting for the category of infant nutritional status based on height/age. The results of statistical tests showed that there was a significant relationship between the Nutritional Status of Pregnant Women (LILA) and stunting in infants (p=0.01) and birth weight in infants with stunting (p=0.02). Suggestions for health workers need to increase the provision of PMT to pregnant women to prevent an increase in the number of pregnant women suffering from CED in the working area of the Kotanopan Health Center, Mandailing Natal.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Keywords: Infant Birth&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt; &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Weight, Stunting, Upper Arm Circumference (LILA)&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;

The Relationship between Maternal Anemia History and Exclusive Breastfeeding with Stunting Incidence in Infants 6-12 Months in West Kupang District

Background: Stunting in the infant can caused by a history of exclusive breastfeeding and report of anemia during pregnancy and can also affect growth in the first 1000 days of life. Research Objective: Research objective was to identify the relationship between the mother's history of anemia during pregnancy on the antenatal care examination and the history of exclusive breastfeeding given to infants aged 6-12 months with stunting in Kuanheun Village and Bolok Village. Method: The method is Cross-sectional. This research was assess in august-September 2022. The total number of respondents was 39 people. The inclusion criteria used; like to become research respondents, respondents who had toddlers aged 6-12 months in Kuanheun Village and Bolok Village, and respondents who brought Maternal and Child Health (MCH) books of the study subject. The data type used was the history of Antenatal Care (ANC) in the mother's MCH book and anthropometric measurements on the infant. Results: Spearman's rho test there was no significant association between the history of ANC K4 anemia and the incidence of stunting in infants 6-12 months p = 0.7 &gt;0,05 and there was no significant association between the history of exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of stunting in infants 6-12 months p = 0.1 &gt;0,05. Conclusion: There is no relationship between the report of anemia in ANC K4 and the history of exclusive breastfeeding with the incidence of stunting in infants aged 6-12 months in Kuanheun Village and Bolok Village.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Tempe Daun Singkong Sebagai Cemilan Bernutrisi Untuk Ibu Hamil Dan Anak-Anak Sebagai Pencegahan Stunting Di Kota Padang Panjang

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; Prevention of stunting in infants and toddlers can be done starting during pregnancy. Nutritional intake in pregnant women can be done by consuming quality food. In an effort to fulfill nutrition for pregnant women and children by consuming nutritious snacks, this service conducted training on making cassava leaf tempeh to the community in the Bukit Surungan village, West Padang Panjang, Padang Panjang City in July 2022. The training activity began with an explanation about the content of cassava leaf tempeh to the trainees and a demonstration of how to make cassava leaves into tempeh with the addition of tempeh yeast. The finished cassava leaf tempeh is fried with tempeh flour and eaten with the trainees. The trainees said that tempeh was delicious and almost the same as tempeh in general. This tempe-making training has been successfully implemented and the community is interested in eating the fried tempeh as a nutritious snackservice activity that has been carried out has achieved its goal of preventing stunting in the city of Padang Panjang.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

Iron supplementation and deworming during pregnancy reduces the risk of anemia and stunting in infants less than 2 years of age: a study from Sub-Saharan Africa

BackgroundIn sub-Saharan Africa, infant anemia, stunting and low birth weight remains major public health problems. It is unclear whether prenatal iron supplementation and/or deworming can reduce the risk of infant stunting, anemia and low birth weight. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between iron supplementation and/or deworming and stunting, anemia, and low birth weight in infants under two years of age in sub-Saharan Africa.MethodsOur studies examined pooled data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in twenty-three African countries collected between 2014 and 2020. childhood anemia and stunting in infants under the age of two were the primary outcomes. Iron supplementation and deworming during prenatal visits were the main exposure variables. A multivariate logistic regression model was used to investigate these relationships.ResultsThe prevalence of stunting was 29.9%, severe stunting was 10.6%, childhood anemia was 74.3%, childhood severe anemia was 3.2%, and low birth weight was 16.4%, respectively. The use of prenatal iron supplementation alone was associated with a significant reduction of childhood anemia [aOR (95% CI) = 0.9 (0.8–1.0)]. Prenatal deworming alone was associated with a significantly reduced risk of stunting [aOR (95% CI) = 0.7 (0.8–1.0)], childhood anemia [aOR (95% CI) = 0.7 (0.8–0.9)], and low birth weight [aOR (95% CI) = 0.7 (0.8–1.0)]. Prenatal iron supplementation plus deworming or iron supplementation (with or without deworming) were not associated with childhood anemia, infant stunting and low birth weight.ConclusionsIn Sub-Saharan Africa, prenatal deworming alone has the potential to improve infants’ outcomes. Childhood anemia was improved with prenatal iron supplementation alone. Our recent findings indicate the necessity for prospective studies on the association between prenatal iron supplementation plus deworming and childhood anemia, stunting and low birth weight.